Performance Evaluation of Two Series Vertical Flow Filters for Wastewater Treatment: A Case Study of the Prototype Installed at Gaston Berger University, Saint-Louis, Senegal

This paper evaluates the efficacy of two sequential vertical flow filters (VFF), FV1 and FV2, implanted with Typha, in a pilot-scale wastewater treatment system. FV1 comprises three cells (FV1a, FV1b, and FV1c), while FV2 consists of two cells (FV2a and FV2b), each designed to reduce various physicochemical and microbiological pollutants from wastewater. Quantitative analyses show significant reductions in electrical conductivity (from 1331 to 1061 μS/cm), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5 from 655.6 to 2.3 mg/L), chemical oxygen demand (COD from 1240 to 82.2 mg/L), total nitrogen (from 188 to 37.3 mg/L), and phosphates (from 70.9 to 14.6 mg/L). Notably, FV2 outperforms FV1, particularly in decreasing dissolved salts and BOD5 to remarkably low levels. Microbiological assessments reveal a substantial reduction in fecal coliforms, from an initial concentration of 7.5 log CFU/100mL to 3.7 log CFU/100mL, and a complete elimination of helminth eggs, achieving a 100% reduction rate in FV2. The study highlights the impact of design parameters, such as filter material, media depth, and plant species selection, on treatment outcomes. The findings suggest that the judicious choice of these components is critical for optimizing pollutant removal. For instance, different filtration materials show varying efficacies, with silex plus river gravel in FV1c achieving superior pollutant reduction rates. In conclusion, VFFs emerge as a promising solution for wastewater treatment, underscoring the importance of design optimization to enhance system efficiency. Continuous monitoring and adaptation of treatment practices are imperative to ensure water quality, allowing for safe environmental discharge or water reuse. The research advocates for ongoing improvements in wastewater treatment technologies, considering the environmental challenges of the current era. The study concludes with a call for further research to maximize the effectiveness of VFFs in water management.

On Fuzzy Regularly Closed Filters in Michálek Fuzzy Topological Space

C.L. Chang’s introduction of fuzzy topology in 1981 opened up new avenues for parallel theories in topology. However, Chang’s work appears to focus more on the topology of fuzzy sets rather than fuzzy topology itself. In 1975, Michálek presented a functional definition of ordinary topology and later developed fuzzy topology as a distinct extension of this idea, setting it apart from Chang’s approach. While there has been significant research on Chang’s fuzzy topology, Michálek’s version has not received as much attention. This paper introduces the concept of fuzzy regularly closed filters, or FRCM filters, within Michálek’s fuzzy topological space and explores some properties of FRCM ultrafilters.

Photoprotection-UV Filters： Properties, Use and Safety in Sun Products

Sunscreen application is a common strategy used to prevent the damage induced by UV radiations. In the last 30 years a variety of protective agents against UV exposure have been developed： physical filters, chemical filters and organic filters. Physical filters are the safest： they scatter and reflect UV rays, but are difficult to apply on the skin. Chemical filters are capable of absorbing these rays, they are cosmetically pleasant, but recent studies suggest a toxicological nature for some of these agents. Organic filters are the newest advance in sun products. Since 2003 the COLIPA Index [Europe] has regulated sun product availability on the market. In the USA, the FDA establishes the classification and the safety of sun products, which are considered topical medical drugs. This article summarizes the dermatologist＇s point of view, according to the patient＇s request, professional ethics and increasing offer of sun product.

Correction of microwave pulse reflection by digital filters in superconducting quantum circuits

Reducing the control error is vital for high-fidelity digital and analog quantum operations.In superconducting circuits,one disagreeable error arises from the reflection of microwave signals due to impedance mismatch in the control chain.Here,we demonstrate a reflection cancelation method when considering that there are two reflection nodes on the control line.We propose to generate the pre-distortion pulse by passing the envelopes of the microwave signal through digital filters,which enables real-time reflection correction when integrated into the field-programmable gate array(FPGA).We achieve a reduction of single-qubit gate infidelity from 0.67%to 0.11%after eliminating microwave reflection.Real-time correction of microwave reflection paves the way for precise control and manipulation of the qubit state and would ultimately enhance the performance of algorithms and simulations executed on quantum processors.

Data-Based Filters for Non-Gaussian Dynamic Systems With Unknown Output Noise Covariance

This paper proposes linear and nonlinear filters for a non-Gaussian dynamic system with an unknown nominal covariance of the output noise.The challenge of designing a suitable filter in the presence of an unknown covariance matrix is addressed by focusing on the output data set of the system.Considering that data generated from a Gaussian distribution exhibit ellipsoidal scattering,we first propose the weighted sum of norms(SON)clustering method that prioritizes nearby points,reduces distant point influence,and lowers computational cost.Then,by introducing the weighted maximum likelihood,we propose a semi-definite program(SDP)to detect outliers and reduce their impacts on each cluster.Detecting these weights paves the way to obtain an appropriate covariance of the output noise.Next,two filtering approaches are presented:a cluster-based robust linear filter using the maximum a posterior(MAP)estimation and a clusterbased robust nonlinear filter assuming that output noise distribution stems from some Gaussian noise resources according to the ellipsoidal clusters.At last,simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed filtering approaches.

Multiple Kalman filters model with shaping filter GPS real-time deformation analysis

In order to detect the deformation in real-time of the GPS time series and improve its reliability, the multiple Kalman filters model with shaping filter was proposed. Two problems were solved: firstly, because the GPS real-time deformation series with a high sampling rate contain coloured noise, the multiple Kalman filter model requires the white noise, and the multiple Kalman filters model is augmented by a shaping filter in order to reduce the colored noise; secondly, the multiple Kalman filters model with shaping filter can detect the deformation epoch in real-time and improve the quality of GPS measurements for the real-time deformation applications. Based on the comparisons of the applications in different GPS time series with different models, the advantages of the proposed model were illustrated. The proposed model can reduce the colored noise, detect the smaller changes, and improve the precision of the detected deformation epoch.

AAK Theorem and a Design of Multidimensional BIBO Stable Filters

Rational approximation theory occupies a significant place in signal processing and systems theory. This research paper proposes an optimal design of BIBO stable multidimensional Infinite Impulse Response filters with a realizable (rational) transfer function thanks to the Adamjan, Arov and Krein (AAK) theorem. It is well known that the one dimensional AAK results give the best approximation of a polynomial as a rational function in the Hankel semi norm. We suppose that the Hankel matrix associated to the transfer function has a finite rank.

Quantum stochastic filters for nonlinear time-domain filtering of communication signals

Principles and performances of quantum stochastic filters are studied for nonlinear time-domain filtering of communication signals. Filtering is realized by combining neural networks with the nonlinear Schroedinger equation and the time-variant probability density function of signals is estimated by solution of the equation. It is shown that obviously different performances can be achieved by the control of weight coefficients of potential fields. Based on this characteristic, a novel filtering algorithm is proposed, and utilizing this algorithm, the nonlinear waveform distortion of output signals and the denoising capability of the filters can be compromised. This will make the application of quantum stochastic filters be greatly extended, such as in applying the filters to the processing of communication signals. The predominant performance of quantum stochastic filters is shown by simulation results.

Bloom Filters散列函数数目多阶段动态优化算法

标准Bloom Filters在操作前需要知道数据集合中不同元素数目才能确定最佳的Hash函数数目,但是数据集的分布情况并不容易事先获得.本文提出一种多阶段Hash函数数目动态优化的Bloom Filters(Multi-stage Dynamicoptimization Bloom Filters,MDBF),它将元素插入过程分为多个阶段,在每个阶段根据比特向量的使用情况分析插入元素的分布,动态调整最优的Hash函数数目.实验表明MDBF能够适应元素多样性和偏斜分布的复杂情况,选择最优的Hash函数数目,获得更低的误检率.

偏态数据流中的Bloom Filters自适应机制研究

针对Count Bloom Filters(CBF)在对偏态分布的网络数据流进行频度检测时,其使用的固定位数的计数器容易溢出的不足,提出了一种自适应性Bloom Filters(Adaptive Bloom Filters ABF),ABF使用可扩展的逻辑计数器替代CBF中大小固定的物理计数器进行计数,逻辑计数器由数目动态变化的若干个物理计数器组成,初始状态逻辑计数器等同于物理计数器,但逻辑计数器在频度数值上溢时会自适应扩展,覆盖其外部的物理计数器,增加数值容量,保证数值的测量准确性.实验表明ABF能够更好地适应检测频度的变化,并且不显著增加误判率,在对数据偏态分布的频度测量场合比其它Count Bloom Filters更具有优势.

COMPARISON AND EVALUATION OF CURRENT REFERENCE GENERATION STRATEGIES FOR ACTIVE POWER FILTERS IN THREE-PHASE FOUR-WIRE SYSTEMS

For three phase four-wire active power filters （APFs）, several typical power theories and corresponding current reference generation strategies are induced, p-q, d-q, unify power factor （UPF） and instantaneous active current （IAC） methods are analyzed and compared with each other. The interpretation of active and reactive currents in non-sinusoidal and unbalanced three-phase four-wire systems is given based on the generalized instantaneous reactive power theory. The performance and the characteristic are evaluated, and the application conditions of current reference generation strategies are concluded. Simulation results under different source voltages and loads verify the evaluation result.

基于抽样和Bloom Filters的长流检测

长流检测对网络检测和管理有着重要的意义.提出一种基于抽样和Bloom Filters的长流检测算法,首先对报文进行抽样,然后通过Bloom Filters哈希运算,在内存中用临时表和流信息表来判断到达阈值的流并维护其信息,满足了高速网络环境下长流检测的要求,在保证测量精度的同时有效得控制了资源消耗.实验分析表明,和已有的方法相比,具有简单易行、资源可控等优点.

New Planar Dual-Mode Filters without Coupling Gaps

A class of new planar dual-mode filters without coupling gaps is proposed. The proposed structures use a single patch wiuhout coupling gaps. Attenuation poles can be implemented on either side of the passband by changing the locations of two feed lines. By cutting two corners in the patch, two attenuation poles on both sides of passband are implemented. A novel dual-mode elliptic-function bandpass filter structure without coupling gaps is also proposed. These new filters can provide a low insertion loss and reduce uncertainty in fabrication owing to the absence of coupling gaps.

II-Type Products of L-Fuzzy Filters

W. Gahler has proposed the concept of L-fuzzy filters and discussed the product of L-fuzzy filters. This note is devoted to the discussion of another type product, we called it I I-type product of L-fuzzy filters.

基于Multi-Bloom Filters的数据流聚集查询

针对数据流上任意时间段的历史数据的聚集查询问题,提出基于BF技术的概要存储模型MBF。采用全局比特位向量提供数据元素的快速插入和查找,结合动态分配的局部计数器向量存储不同时间段下的历史数据,使MBF支持不同时间粒度上历史数据的有效存储和高效查询,给出历史时间跨度较大情况下MBF的压缩方法以及MBF模型的参数最优化设置。理论分析证明,MBF具有较大的灵活性,能有效支持时间范围内历史数据元素的近似聚集查询。

基于Bloom Filters的流抽样算法研究

本文提出了基于Bloom Filters的流抽样算法,对测量间隔内到达的报文进行抽样,并采用Bloom Filters哈希结构映射到流信息表来创建和维护流信息。该方法具有灵活性、简单性,在误差允许的情况下,有效地减少了流测量所需的存储空间。

Non-traditional Machining Techniques for Fabricating Metal Aerospace Filters

Thanks to recent advances in manufacturing technology, aerospace system designers have many more options to fabricate high-quality, low-weight, high-capacity, cost-effective filters. Aside from traditional methods such as stamping, drilling and milling, many new approaches have been widely used in filter-manufacturing practices on account of their increased processing abilities. How- ever, the restrictions on costs, the need for studying under stricter conditions such as in aggressive fluids, the complicity in design, the workability of materials, and others have made it difficult to choose a satisfactory method from the newly developed processes, such as, photochemical machining （PCM）, photo electroforming （PEF） and laser beam machining （LBM） to produce small, inexpensive, lightweight aerospace filters. This article appraises the technical and economical viability of PCM, PEF, and LBM to help engineers choose the fittest approach to turn out aerospace filters.

The Logical Properties of Filters of Lattice Implication Algebra

In this paper, we discuss some propertie s of lattice implication algebra and difine the transitivity of implication in a set, we show the transitivity of implication and the substitution Theorem hold i n filters. So every filter of lattice implication algebra satisfies the Syllogis m and substitution Theorem of propositional logic.

On-line Popularity Monitoring Method Based on Bloom Filters and Hash tables for Differentiated Traffic

Towards line speed and accurateness on-line content popularity monitoring on Content Centric Networking(CCN) routers, we propose a three-stage scheme based on Bloom filters and hash tables for differentiated traffic. At the first stage, we decide whether to deliver the content to the next stage depending on traffic types. The second stage consisting of Standard Bloom filters(SBF) and Counting Bloom filters(CBF) identifies the popular content. Meanwhile, a scalable sliding time window based monitoring scheme for different traffic types is proposed to implement frequent and real-time updates by the change of popularities. Hash tables according with sliding window are used to record the popularity at the third stage. Simulation results reveal that this method reaches a 40 Gbps processing speed at lower error probability with less memory, and it is more sensitive to the change of popularity. Additionally, the architecture which can be implemented in CCN router is flexible and scalable.

Design of non-polarizing thin film edge filters

The separation between s- and p-polarization components invariably affects thin film edge filters used for tilted incidence and is a difficult problem for many applications, especially for optical communication. This paper presents a novel design method to obtain edge filters with non-polarization at incidence angle of 45°. The polarization separation at 50% trans-mittance for a long-wave-pass filter and a short-wave-pass filter is 0.3 nm and 0.1 nm respectively. The design method is based on a broadband Fabry-Perot thin-film interference filter in which the higher or lower interference band at both sides of the main transmittance peak can be used for initial design of long-wave-pass filter or short-wave-pass filter and then can be refined to reduce the transmittance ripples. The spacer 2H2L2H or 2L2H2L of the filter is usually taken. Moreover, the method for expanding the bandwidth of rejection and transmission is explained. The bandwidth of 200 nm for both rejection region and transmission band is obtained at wavelength 1550 nm. In this way, the long-wave-pass and short-wave-pass edge filters with zero separation between two polarization components can easily be fabricated.