Regulatory Issues and Countermeasures in International Financial Markets

With the deepening of globalization,the development speed of capital markets is constantly accelerating,presenting a trend of globalization.At the same time,the emergence of multiple forms of trading platforms and diversified financial products further highlights the competitive relationship between security exchanges and other trading platforms.While promoting the transformation of security exchange forms in various countries,it also prompts governments to re-examine the financial regulatory system of securities markets.In this situation,it is very important to research the international financial market and financial regulatory system.This article explores the regulatory issues and countermeasures in the international financial market,intending to promote the stability and healthy development of the international financial market.

Copula-EVT Based Tail Dependence Structure of Financial Markets in China

Tail dependence structure model based on Copula theory and extreme value theory （EVT） is constructed to picture the tail correlation of financial time series more exact. The empirical research results show that the Gumbel Copula can fit the upper and lower tail dependence structures of Shanghai A share index and Shenzhen A share index, and correlation of upper tails of both indices is stronger than that of lower-tails.

Will high-frequency trading practices transform the financial markets in the Asia Pacific Region?

High-frequency trading(HFT)practices in the global financial markets involve the use of information and communication technologies(ICT),especially the capabilities of high-speed networks,rapid computation,and algorithmic detection of changing information and prices that create opportunities for computers to effect low-latency trades that can be accomplished in milliseconds.HFT practices exist because a variety of new technologies have made them possible,and because financial market infrastructure capabilities have also been changing so rapidly.The U.S.markets,such as the National Association for Securities Dealers Automated Quote(NASDAQ)market and the New York Stock Exchange(NYSE),have maintained relevance and centrality in financial intermediation in financial markets settings that have changed so much in the past 20 years that they are hardly recognizable.In this article,we explore the technological,institutional and market developments in leading financial markets around the world that have embraced HFT trading.From these examples,we will distill a number of common characteristics that seem to be in operation,and then assess the extent to which HFT practices have begun to be observed in Asian regional financial markets,and what will be their likely impacts.We also discuss a number of theoretical and empirical research directions of interest.

Volatility spillover effect between financial markets:evidence since the reform of the RMB exchange rate mechanism

The volatility spillover effect between the foreign exchange and stock markets has been a major issue in economic and financial studies.In this paper,GC-MSV model was used to study the spillover effect between the foreign exchange market and the stock market after the reform of the RMB exchange rate mechanism.The empirical results show that there is a negative correlation of dynamic price spillovers between the foreign exchange and stock markets.There are asymmetric volatility spillover effects between these two markets for both RMB stages—continued RMB appreciation or constant RMB shock(a significant reduction in appreciation).However,this has been reduced over time.In conclusion,The RMB exchange rate is a key variable that can affect the internal and external equilibrium of the national economy in an open economic environment,and the stock market is capable of quickly reflecting subtle changes in the real economy.In order to keep the stability of the financial markets and the healthy and rapid development of national economy,some suggestions were proposed.

A Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis of the Ising Financial Markets Model with Small World Topology

We present a multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis （MFDFA） of the time series of return generated by our recently-proposed Ising financial market model with underlying small world topology. The result of the MFDFA shows that there exists obvious multifractal scaling behavior in produced time series. We compare the MFDFA results for original time series with those for shuffled series, and find that its multifractal nature is due to two factors： broadness of probability density function of the series and different correlations in small- and large-scale fluctuations. This may provide new insight to the problem of the origin of multifractality in financial time series.

Asymmetric and symmetric meta-correlations in financial markets

In financial markets, the relation between fluctuations of stock prices and trading behaviors is complex. It is intriguing to quantify this kind of meta-correlation between market fluctuations and the synchronous behaviors. We refine the theoretical index leverage model proposed by Reigneron et al., to exactly quantify the meta-correlation under various levels of price fluctuations [Reigneron P A, Allez R and Bouchaud J P 2011 Physica A 390 3026]. The characteristics of meta-correlations in times of market losses, are found to be significantly different in Chinese and American financial markets. In addition,unlike the asymmetric results at the daily scale, the correlation behaviors are found to be symmetric at the high-frequency scale.

THE METRIC GENERALIZED INVERSE AND ITS SINGLE-VALUE SELECTION IN THE PRICING OF CONTINGENT CLAIMS IN AN INCOMPLETE FINANCIAL MARKET

This article continues to study the research suggestions in depth made by M.Z.Nashed and G.F.Votruba in the journal"Bull.Amer.Math.Soc."in 1974.Concerned with the pricing of non-reachable"contingent claims"in an incomplete financial market,when constructing a specific bounded linear operator A:l_(1)^(n)→l_(2) from a non-reflexive Banach space l_(1)^(n) to a Hilbert space l_(2),the problem of non-reachable"contingent claims"pricing is reduced to researching the(single-valued)selection of the(set-valued)metric generalized inverse A■ of the operator A.In this paper,by using the Banach space structure theory and the generalized inverse method of operators,we obtain a bounded linear single-valued selection A^(σ)=A+of A■.

Crossover Phenomena in Detrended Fluctuation Analysis Used in Financial Markets

A systematic analysis of Shanghai and Japan stock indices for the period of Jan. 1984 to Dec. 2005 is performed. After stationarity is verified by ADF （Augmented Dickey-Fuller） test, the power spectrum of the data exhibits a power law decay as a whole characterized by 1/f^β processes with possible long range correlations. Subsequently, by using the method of detrended fluctuation analysis （DFA） of the general volatility in the stock markets, we find that the long-range correlations are occurred among the return series and the crossover phenomena exhibit in the results obviously.Further, Shanghai stock market shows long-range correlations in short time scale and shows short-range correlations in long time scale. Whereas, for Japan stock market, the data behaves oppositely absolutely. Last, we compare the varying of scale exponent in large volatility between two stock markets. All results obtained may indicate the possibility of characteristic of multifractal scaling behavior of the financial markets.

Improvement in Hurst exponent estimation and its application to financial markets

This research aims to improve the efficiency in estimating the Hurst exponent in financial time series.A new procedure is developed based on equality in distribution and is applicable to the estimation methods of the Hurst exponent.We show how to use this new procedure with three of the most popular algorithms(generalized Hurst exponet,total triangles area,and fractal dimension)in the literature.Findings show that this new approach improves the accuracy of the original methods,mainly for longer series.The second contribution of this study is that we show how to use this methodology to test whether the series is self-similar,constructing a confidence interval for the Hurst exponent for which the series satisfies this property.Finally,we present an empirical application of this new procedure to stocks of the S&P500 index.Similar to previous contributions,we consider this to be relevant to financial literature,as it helps to avoid inappropriate interpretations of market efficiency that can lead to erroneous decisions not only by market participants but also by policymakers.

An exchange rate determination model for central banks＇interventions in financial markets

We establish an exchange rate determination model for central banks' interventions in financial markets. The model shows that central banks can adjust exchange rate by several policy instruments and that different instruments may have different effects on exchange rate determination. It specifies potential policy instruments for central banks as well as their policy effects. Based on these effects, feasible matches of policy instruments in contingent intervention are put forth.

The Influence of Financial Markets on Countries＇ Economic Life

This working paper aims to investigate one of the most present markets in whole economic life： financial market. Even if not everyone is playing on financial market, the result of trading on this markets can be seen and felt by any participant on economic life--individuals, businesses, and government. Those which are participating and trading on financial markets influence economic and social life in a way or another. The paper comes to showing how existence and trading on financial markets can change the money supply and behavior of individuals, businesses, and later they can affect entire economic and social life. The author uses financial data provided by international database such as： Eurostat, central banks, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, BMI Research, website of domestic ministries of finance, and/or economy. The research concluded that in those countries where there is an active and experienced financial market, with a huge volume of transactions, also exists a financial and fiscal stability. Unemployment rate is lower, and a higher level of confidence of investors. A very active financial market can also help governments to maintain their balance of payment in equilibrium and/or to accelerate the development of productive capacity, and for raising and maintaining social stability level.

A New Approach for Solving Boundary Value Problem in Partial Differential Equation Arising in Financial Market

In this paper, we present a new approach for solving boundary value problem in partial differential equation arising in financial market by means of the Laplace transform. The result shows that the Laplace transform for the price of the European call option which pays dividend yield reduces to the Black-Scholes-Merton model.

Financial Market in China

China has opened up its financial marketof banking, insurance and the stock marketto foreign capital step by step. The pacequickened significantly in the past year inline with its WTO commitments. Last monththe authorities began to allow foreigninvestors to trade long-reserved A shares andbonds, through so-called qualified foreigninstitutional investors.

Financial Market of Montenegro： Evidence of Crisis and Beyond

The financial sector has played a small role in the restructuring of the manufacturing sector in transition economies, and in some cases, financial liberalization may have undermined real sector development. However, stable and stimulating business environment is crucial for economic development. The aim of this paper is to show the main changes that have been implemented in Montenegro so far, and guidelines for changes in the financial market in Montenegro, for further harmonization in accordance with the requirements of European Union （EU） accession. Also, the ability of governments of transition economies to enforce contracts and to achieve fiscal and monetary responsibility is of great importance for economic and financial development. By adopting the new Constitution of Montenegro, in the field of regulation of the financial system, there have been significant changes, recognizing the Central Bank as an institution responsible for financial stability. The authors will give a review of the actual state of the financial market in Montenegro, as well as recommendations for further changes in order to create a favorable climate for entrepreneurship and to strengthen the overall financial system.

Some Remarks About Financial Market Modelling Using a Minority Game Approach

The methods adopted by static physics corroborating the existence of electromagnetic forces are applicable to the theory of financial markets. Perceived from a classically physical angle, the financial market is defined as a system composed of several individual entries cooperating upon electromagnetic principles. The approach concerned gives rise to a certain model of financial market, otherwise known as a minority game. In the case of minority game, the allocation of securities and funds is conditioned exclusively upon the fluctuation of prices, where a higher tendency to purchase goods and stocks results in the scale being more profitable and vice versa. Thus players from a minority group gain a prevailing position.

Can Twitter Sentiment Gives the Weather of the Financial Markets?

Finance 3.0 is still in its infancy.Yet big data represents an unprecedented opportunity for finance.The massive increase in the volume of data generated by individuals every day on the Internet offers researchers the opportunity to approach the question of financial market predictability from a new perspective.In this article,we study the relationship between a well-known Twitter micro-blogging platform and the Tunisian financial market.In particular,we consider,over a 12-month period,Twitter volume and sentiment across the 22 stock companies that make up the Tunindex index.We find a relatively weak Pearson correlation and Granger causality between the corresponding time series over the entire period.

Promote Global Financial Market Integration

The B20 finance-driven growth taskforce provided four policy recommendations,including the optimization of global financial supervision,supporting stable growth of the world economy,the promotion of the development of green finance,and the pro-

Structural Stability of the Financial Market Model: Continuity of Superhedging Price and Model Approximation

The present paper continues the topic of our recent paper in the same journal,aiming to show the role of structural stability in financial modeling.In the context of financial market modeling,structural stability means that a specific“no-arbitrage”property is unaffected by small(with respect to the Pompeiu–Hausdorff metric)perturbations of the model’s dynamics.We formulate,based on our economic interpretation,a new requirement concerning“no arbitrage”properties,which we call the“uncertainty principle”.This principle in the case of no-trading constraints is equivalent to structural stability.We demonstrate that structural stability is essential for a correct model approximation(which is used in our numerical method for superhedging price computation).We also show that structural stability is important for the continuity of superhedging prices and discuss the sufficient conditions for this continuity.

A MULTISCALE MODELING APPROACH INCORPORATING ARIMA AND ANNS FOR FINANCIAL MARKET VOLATILITY FORECASTING

The financial market volatility forecasting is regarded as a challenging task because of irreg ularity, high fluctuation, and noise. In this study, a multiscale ensemble forecasting model is proposed. The original financial series are decomposed firstly different scale components （i.e., approximation and details） using the maximum overlap discrete wavelet transform （MODWT）. The approximation is pre- dicted by a hybrid forecasting model that combines autoregressive integrated moving average （ARIMA） with feedforward neural network （FNN）. ARIMA model is used to generate a linear forecast, and then FNN is developed as a tool for nonlinear pattern recognition to correct the estimation error in ARIMA forecast. Moreover, details are predicted by Elman neural networks. Three weekly exchange rates data are collected to establish and validate the forecasting model. Empirical results demonstrate consistent better performance of the proposed approach.

Does development of financial markets help firm innovation?Evidence from China

This paper examines the impact of financial market development on firm R&D investment.Using hand-collected R&D investment data of 221 high-tech firms listed in China’s small and mediumsized board in the period of 2009–2015,we find that equity financing,particularly internal cash flow,is the main source for R&D investment of high-tech firms.Mature firms make more use of debt financing than young ones and are faced with less severe financial constraints.The development of financial markets relieves the dependence of R&D investment on internal capital,and the effect is more recognisable in young firms than in mature ones.However,the constraint of debt financing is not alleviated as much as that of equity financing by financial deepening,which suggests that debt markets still need developing,and more favourable policies are necessary for innovative firms.