Influence on shallow ground water by nitrogen in polluted river

The main purpose of the research is to discuss the influence on ground water by NH4-N in polluted river and river bed.In the lab-scale experiment three kinds of natural sand were chosen as infiltration medium,and polluted rivers were simulated by domestic sewage,after 10-month sand column test it was found that NH_4-N came to adsorption sa- turation on the 17th day in coarse sand and on the 130～140th day in medium sand,then had a higher effluent concentration because of desorption.It is concluded that NH_4-N eas- ily moved to ground water.When the concentration of NH_4-N in Liangshui River were 46.86,26.95 mg/L,that in groundwater are less than 1.10 mg/L.It is found that Liangshui River have a little influence on groundwater because of bottom mud,thickness and char- acter of the infiltration medium under the river bed and seepage quantity of river water. Clean water leaching test states that after the silt is cleared away and clean water is poured,NH_4-N in the penetration media under the polluted river is obviously carried into ground water,and ground water is polluted secondly.

Influence on shallow ground water by heavy metal in polluted river

The main purpose of the research is to study the influence on shallow ground water by heavy metal in polluted river. In the lab-scale experiment polluted rivers were simulated by domestic sewage, and three kinds of natural sand were chosen as infiltration medium, it was found that Cr（Ⅵ）penetrated on the 13th day and then had a removal ratio of 77%-99% in coarse sand,over 91% and 96% in two kinds of medium sand. From beginning to end in column 2 and column 3 the removal ratio of lead were greater than 97%. It is difficult for Cr（Ⅵ） and lead to enter ground water. In on-site test it indicates that the concentration of Cr（Ⅵ） in No.1-3 and coal yard well along the bank of Liangshui River is not greater than background concentration in groundwater, so Cr （Ⅵ） in Liangshui River has a little influence on ground water. The mechanism of Cr（Ⅵ） removal is reducing action and sedimentation. The removal mechanism of lead primarily is chemical adsorption and generation deposit. Cr（Ⅵ） mainly is transformed to precipitation by reducing action because of abundant reduction agent in the infiltration media, so the tests indicat that polluted river is not the source of Cr （Ⅵ） pollution in ground water. Generally lead may polluted soil, but not groundwater.

The Conservation of Ground Water Levels in the Peat Swamp Forest at Ayer Hitam North Forest Reserve, Muar in Johor, Malaysia

The management of peat swamp forests in Malaysia contends with two major issues: forest fires and the effects of abandoned forest-logging drainage systems or canals. Forest fire occurs during low rainfall season related to the local people activities. The drainage networks change the hydrological function of the intact forest ecosystem. A key function of the hydrological system in the undisturbed forest is to absorb water during rainfall season, thus delaying downstream runoff and preventing flash floods. The objective of the project described here is to restore the hydrological function of peat swamp forest (PSF) at Ayer Hitam North Forest Reserve (AHNFR) in Muar, Johor, Malaysia. The oil palm plantations, especially in the southern part of the area affect the forest reserve. Water flows out of the forest reserve through the drainage system constructed for managing these plantations. In 2016 and 2017, two water block structures or check dams were constructed near the boundaries of the forest reserve to hold the water and raise the groundwater level in the forest reserve. The implementation of the check dams at the two locations has conserved the groundwater level and subsequently, about 1.2 million m3 of water was saved annually from leaving the forest reserve from each of the check dam. This project is also part of the Coca-Cola Company’s sustainability commitment for water strategy with the global that is to replenish 100% of the equivalent volume of water consumed in their products and production by 2020. Replenishment is the key sustainability commitment for the Company.

Removal of Iron, Coliforms and Acidity from Ground Water Obtained from Shallow Aquifer Using Trickling Filter Method

Ground water is a major source of drinking water. In the Niger Delta, the ground water is unfit for human consumption due to high concentration of iron, coliforms and acidity. In an attempt to make the water potable, groundwater samples were collected from domestic boreholes and analyzed for physicochemical and microbial parameters using standard analytical methods. The groundwater samples were collected after single and double trickling filter treatment. The treated water from the single and double trickling filter was similarly analyzed. Results show that after treatment, iron decreased from 5.23-9.96 mg/L in the raw water to 1.67-2.02 mg/L in the single treatment and 0.05-0.31 mg/L in the double treated water （P 〈 0.05）. Similarly, pH increased from 4.39-5.17 in the raw water to 5.31-5.87 in the single treatment and 6.09-6.90 in the double treatment （P 〈 0.05）. Coliforms decreased from 60-85 MPN/100 mL in the raw water to 3-10 MPN/100 mL in the single treatment and 0-2 MPN/100 mL in the double treatment （P 〈 0.05）. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that it is unsafe to drink untreated groundwater as currently practiced in the Niger Delta, but should be subjected to double trickling filter treatment and chlorination before consumption.

Using geospatial technologies to delineate Ground Water Potential Zones(GWPZ)in Mberengwa and Zvishavane District,Zimbabwe

The main objective of the study was to delineate Ground Water Potential Zones(GWPZ)in Mberengwa and Zvishavane districts,Zimbabwe,utilizing geospatial technologies and thematic mapping.Various factors,including geology,soil,rainfall,land use/land cover,drainage density,lineament density,slope,Terrain Ruggedness Index(TRI),and Terrain Wetness Index(TWI),were incorporated as thematic layers.The Multi Influencing Factor(MIF)and Analytical Hierarchical Process(AHP)techniques were employed to assign appropriate weights to these layers based on their relative significance,prioritizing GWPZ mapping.The integration of these weighted layers resulted in the generation of five GWPZ classes:Very high,high,moderate,low,and very low.The MIF method identified 3%of the area as having very high GWPZ,19%as having high GWPZ,40%as having moderate GWPZ,24%as having low GWPZ,and 14%as having very low GWPZ.The AHP method yielded 2%for very high GWPZ,14%for high GWPZ,37%for moderate GWPZ,37%for low GWPZ,and 10%for very low GWPZ.A strong correlation(ρof 0.91)was observed between the MIF results and groundwater yield.The study successfully identified regions with abundant groundwater,providing valuable target areas for groundwater exploitation and highvolume water harvesting initiatives.Accurate identification of these crucial regions is essential for effective decision-making,planning,and management of groundwater resources to alleviate water shortages.

Different Approaches on the Investigation of Ground Water

In this paper we discuss ways to obtain information about the quality of ground water and their availability. We classify the different approaches in two categories： geophysical methods, e.g., electroresistivity sounding, seismic survey, gravimetry, MT （magnetotelluric） method, and geochemical methods. The former ones are able to provide information on the geological structure,meaning depth, range, amount of water and possible connections among different exploration areas or regions at risk due to contamination. On the other hand, the last ones provide information about the quality of water and the possible of use for agriculture, industry or human consumption. As a case study we aim at the Guarani Aquifer, more specifically at its recharge zone on the southern rim.

Temporal Variations in Physico-Chemical Parameters of Ground Water in Kibujjo Village, Namayumba Sub-County, Wakiso District, Uganda

Water is one of the essential life’s basic needs. However, the purity and quality of water from groundwater sources in developing countries are still in doubt due to contamination by different anthropogenic activities. This study assessed the temporal variations in physico-chemical parameters of water sources in Kibujjo Village, Wakiso District, Uganda. Water samples were collected from four water sources: two (2) wells and two (2) boreholes. The levels of both physical and chemical parameters were assessed using APHA standard analytical methods. The results indicated that most of the measured water quality variables did not exceed the UNBS and WHO standards for drinking water, and the majority of the water parameters positively correlated. Borehole waters had a better quality than well waters. The highest levels of most of the variables were recorded during the wet season. There was a significant statistical difference (p SO2-4 showed a significant difference in the dry season amongst the water sources but no significant difference during the wet season (p > 0.05). Therefore, water from wells is not recommended for drinking before treatment, most especially during the wet season.

The Case Study of the Assessment of Ground Water Quality and Acceptance in Residential Urban Suburbs in Bindura, Zimbabwe

The research centered on the groundwater quality parameters in five boreholes and three wells in residential urban areas of Zimbabwe. Ten runs of chemical analysis for water pH, EC （electrical conductivity）, water hardness were carried out weekly and averages were calculated for each at Bindura University laboratory. Iron concentrations analysis was done at the Tobacco Research Station. The results from boreholes and wells were compared to the WHO （World Health Organisation） drinking water acceptable standards to measure the deviations. It was found that the boreholes had hard waters （112 mg/L）, EC （425 s/m） and iron concentration （0.49 ppm） outside the WHO standards （〉 64 mg/L; 400 s/m; 0.3 ppm respectively）. In contrary the wells had only the water pH slightly outside the acceptable ranges （5.8）; other parameters were in the acceptable ranges （EC 379 s/m; water hardness 0.38 mg/L as CaCO3 and iron concentration 0.38 ppm）. The difference in chemical composition between the boreholes and wells caused the borehole water rejection in favor of well water. High iron concentrations and water hardness in boreholes were major contributors to the water rejection by the residents.

Solar Photochemical Pre-Treatment for Sulphurous Ground Water Purification Process

The sulfurous water deposit exploitation in volcanic, swamp, or wetland regions, represents an alternative option for potable water supply in cities and communities around the world. However, before its consumption, it must be treated by the application of physicochemical or biological methods with the ability to separate high contents in sulfates, hydrogen sulphite and sulphides which have laxative, allergic and toxic properties in humans. Conventional methods require the supply of chemical compounds or the adequate control of different parameters such as pH, temperature, etc., and the constant maintenance within their reactors. For these reasons, the systems could have elevated operating costs and require additional steps to enable the treatment of its separated products and the final disposal of its residual waste generated. In this research, compound parabolic collectors are implemented for the use of solar energy radiation, UV-B type, in Solar Advanced Oxidation Processes in H2O2/O3/UVsolar homogeneous phase. Its application during the pre-treatment of four sulfur water wells from the region of Puebla, Mexico, demonstrated its ability to transform their sulfur compounds in sulfates of easy removal by a later stage of reverse osmosis, in an approximately 15 min treatment time process.

Ground Water Pollution around the Northern Part of Yokkaichi City

Water pollution in the ground water has been widely found in the northern part of Yokkaichi city. The biggest illegal disposal site of industrial waste in central Japan was found in this area. In order to identify the source of this pollution, the authors have investigated the ground water pollution around this illegal landfill site. Investigation of well and the seepage water was carried out at 26 observation sites, and the concentrations of the following parameters such as pH, EC, COD, T-N, T-P, D-Fe, D-Mn, arsenic and 1, 4-dioxane were analyzed. Pollution of COD, T-P, T-N, D-Fe, D-Mn, arsenic and 1, 4-dioxane was found. However, relation between these pollutants and the illegal disposal is not apparent, and needs further investigation.

Influence of Seasonal Ground Water Level Fluctuations on the Stability of the Rohingya Refugee Camp Hills of Ukhiya, Teknaf, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh—A Threat for Sustainable Development

Bangladesh is a south Asian Monsoonal Country and the recent precipitation pattern in the Cox’s Bazar area of Bangladesh is changing and increasing the number of monsoonal slope failures and landslide hazards in the Kutubpalong & Balukhali Rohingya camp area. An attempt has been made to see the influence of seasonal variation of ground water level (G.W.L.) fluctuations on the stability of the eco hills and forests of Ukhiya Teknaf region. Ukhiya hills are in great danger because of cutting trees from the hill slopes and it is well established that due to recent change of climate, short term rainfall for few consecutive days during monsoon might show an influence on the factor of safety (Fs) values of the camp hill slopes. A clear G.W.L. variation between dry and wet seasons has an influence on the stability (Fs) values indicating that climate has a strong influence on the stability and threatening sustainable development. A stable or marginally stable slope might be unstable during raining and show a variation of ground water level (G.W.L.). The generation of pore water pressure (P.W.P.) is also influenced by seasonal variation of ground water level. During wet season negative P.W.P. called suction plays an important role to occur slope failures in the Ukhiya hills. Based on all calculated factor of safety values (Fs) at different locations, four (4) susceptible landslide risk zones are identified. They are very high risk (Fs = 0.18 to 0.46), high risk (Fs = 0.56 to 0.75), medium risk (Fs = 0.76 to 1.0) and marginally stable areas (Fs ≈ 1). Proper geo-engineering measures must be taken by the concerned authorizes to reduce P.W.P. during monsoon by installing rain water harvesting system, allowing sufficient drainage & other geotechnical measures to reduce the risk of slope failures in the Ukhiya hills. Based on the stability factor (Fs) at different slope locations of the camp hills, a risk map of the investigated area has been produced for the local community for their safety and to build up awareness & to motivate them to evacuate the site during monsoonal slope failures. The established “Risk Maps” can be used for future geological engineering works as well as for sustainable planning, design and construction purposes relating to adaptation and mitigation of landslide risks in the investigated area.

Determination of Different Trace Heavy Metals in Ground Water of South West Bank/Palestine by ICP/MS

Heavy metal contamination of the groundwater of south West Bank in Palestine was assessed. The groundwater samples were analyzed for different trace heavy metals (Tl, Pb, Bi, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Ag, and Cd), and Al content by ICP/MS. This study was conducted to determine the water quality of ground water which is used for drinking in the study area. Water samples from ten groundwater wells were obtained in four different dates of the year (October 2012, November 2012, March 2013, and April 2013). Three water samples were obtained from each well for each sampling date. A total of 120 water samples were collected from the ten wells. The samples were analyzed for their pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and different trace metals content. The pH, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids of all water samples were found to be within the US Environmental protection Agency limits. Results showed that Pb, Al, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Mo were detected in all water samples analyzed in this study, while Tl, Bi, Mn, Ag, and Cd were detected in 80%, 88%, 90%, 75%, and 95% of the water samples analyzed in this study, respectively. In general, 93% of all samples analyzed contained one or more of the 13 metals studied each in varying concentration. Furthermore, results showed that the concentration of Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Mo is within the allowed WHO limits in drinking water. However the concentration of Pb Cd, and Al are found to be higher than the allowed WHO limits in 40%, 8%, and 33% of the water samples analyzed in this study, respectively. Statistical analyses showed that concentrations of the metals studied in this study vary significantly between the ten ground water wells, indicating that the wells analyzed in this study is different from each other in terms of heavy metal content. Additionally, from the statistical results obtained, it was found that there is a significant difference in the concentration of the metals in each well for the four sampling times (October 2012, November 2012, March 2013, and April 2013), denoting that metal concentration in the wells vary significantly with sampling time. The results obtained from this study suggest a possible risk to the population of the study area given the toxicity of these metals, and the fact that for many people in the study area, ground water is a main source of their water supply.

Sorption Kinetics, Isotherm and Thermodynamic Modeling of Defluoridation of Ground Water Using Natural Adsorbents

The aim of study is to investigate the removal ability of some natural adsorbents for fluoride ion from aqueous solution. The batch dynamic adsorption method was carried out at neutral pH as the functions of contact time, adsorbent dose, adsorbate concentration, temperature and effect of co-anions, which are commonly present in water. The sorption kinetics and equilibrium adsorption isotherms of fluoride on natural adsorbing materials had been investigated at afore-mentioned optimized. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms, viz., Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were investigated. Lagergren and Morris-Weber kinetic equations were employed to find the rate constants. The negative enthalpy ΔH = -46.54 KJ·mol-1 and Gibbs free energy calculated was ΔG288-333—(2.07785, 3.08966, 4.1064, 4.90716 and 5.38036 KJ·mol-1) respectively, envisage exothermic and spontaneous nature of sorption.