Glutamine supplementation attenuates intestinal apoptosis by inducing heat shock protein 70 in heatstroke rats

BACKGROUND:Heatstroke is the most hazardous heat-related illness and has a high fatality rate.We investigated whether glutamine supplementation could have a protective effect on heatstroke rats.METHODS:Twenty-five 12-week-old male Wistar rats(weight 305±16 g)were randomly divided into a control group(n=5),heatstroke(HS)group(n=10),and heatstroke+glutamine(HSG)group(n=10).Seven days before heat exposure,glutamine(0.4 g/[kg·d])was administered to the rats in the HSG group by gavage every day.Three hours after heat exposure,serum samples were collected to detect white blood cells,coagulation indicators,blood biochemical indicators,and inflammatory cytokines in the rats.The small intestine tissue was stained to analyze pathological structural changes and apoptosis.Finally,immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used to analyze the expression levels of heat shock protein 70(HSP70).Multiple comparisons were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance,and the Bonferroni test was conducted for the post hoc comparisons.RESULTS:After heat exposure,the core temperature of the HS group(40.65±0.31°C)was higher than the criterion of heatstroke,whereas the core temperature of the HSG group(39.45±0.14°C)was lower than the criterion.Glutamine supplementation restored the increased white blood cells,coagulation indicators,blood biochemical indicators,and inflammatory cytokines that were induced by heatstroke to normal levels.The intestinal mucosa was injured,and the structure of tight junctions was damaged in the HS group;however,the structure of intestinal mucosal epithelial cells was stable in the HSG group.Glutamine supplementation alleviated intestinal apoptosis and up-regulated HSP70 expression.CONCLUSION:Glutamine supplementation may alleviate intestinal apoptosis by inducing the expression of HSP70 and have a protective effect on heatstroke rats.

Association of high expression in rat gastric mucosal heat shock protein 70 induced by moxibustion pretreatment with protection against stress injury

AIM:To study the effect of moxibustion on Zusanli or Liangmeng point on gastric mucosa injury in stress-induced ulcer rats and its correlation with the expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). METHODS:Sixty healthy SD rats (30 males,30 females) were divided into control group,injury model group,Zushanli point group,Liangmeng point group. Stress gastric ulcer model was induced by binding cold stress method. Gastric mucosa ulcer injury (UI) index was calculated by Guth method. Gastric mucosa blood flow (GMBF) was recorded with a biological signal analyzer. Protein content and gene expression in gastric mucosal HSP70 were detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Thiobarbital method was used to determine malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Gastric mucosal endothelin (ET) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were analyzed by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:High gastric mucosal UI index,high HSP70 expression,low GMBF and PGF2,elevated MDA and ET were observed in gastric mucosa of rats subjected to cold stress. Moxibustion on Zusanli or Liangmeng point decreased rat gastric mucosal UI index,MDA and ET. Conversely,the expression of HSP70,GMBF,and PGE2 was elevated in gastric mucosa after pretreatment with moxibustion on Zusanli or Liangmeng point. The observed parameters were significantly different between Zusanli and Liangmeng points. CONCLUSION:Pretreatment with moxibustion on Zusanli or Liangmeng point protects gastric mucosa against stress injury. This protection is associated with the higher expression of HSP70 mRNA and protein,leading to release of PGE2 and inhibition of MDA and ET,impairment of gastric mucosal index.

Heat shock protein 70 antisense oligonucleotide inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901

AIM: Heat shock protein (HSP)70 is over-expressed in human gastric cancer and plays an important role in the progression of this cancer. We investigated the effects of antisense HSP70 oligomer on human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901, and its potential role in gene therapy for this cancer.METHODS: Human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901 was treated in vitro with various concentrations of antisense HSP70 oligonucleotides at different intervals. Growth inhibition was determined as percentage by trypan blue dye exclusion test. Extracted DNA was electrophoresed on agarose gel, and distribution of cell cycle and kinetics of apoptosis induction were analyzed by propidium iodide DNA incorporation using flow cytometry, which was also used to detect the effects of antisense oligomer pretreatment on the subsequent apoptosis induced by heat shock in SGC-7901 cells. Proteins were extracted for simultaneous measurement of HSP70 expression level by SDS-PAGE Western blotting.RESULTS: The number of viable cells decreased in a doseand time-dependent manner, and ladder-like patterns of DNA fragments were observed in SGC-7901 cells treated with antisense HSP70 oligomers at a concentration of 10 μmol/L for 48 h or 8 μmol/L for 72 h, which were consistent with inter-nucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Flow cytometric analysis showed a dose- and time-dependent increase in apoptotic rate by HSP70 antisense oligomers. This response was accompanied with a decrease in the percentage of cells in the G1 and S phases of the cell cycle, suggesting inhibition of cell proliferation. In addition, flow cytometry also showed that pretreatment of SGC-7901 cells with HSP70 antisense oligomers enhanced the subsequent apoptosis induced by heat shock treatment. Western blotting demonstrated that HSP70 antisense oligomers inhibited HSP70 expression, which preceded apoptosis, and HSP70 was undetectable at the concentration of 10 μmol/L for 48 h or 8 μmol/L for 72 h.CONCLUSION: Antisense HSP70 oligomers can abrogate HSP70 expression in SGC-7901 cells, which may in turn induce apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation, conversely suggesting that HSP70 is required for the proliferation and survival of human gastric cancer cells under normal conditions.

Correlation between clinicopathology and expression of heat shock protein 70 and glucose-regulated protein 94 in human colonic adenocarcinoma

AIM: To investigate the correlation between clinicopathology and expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and glucose-regulated protein 94 (grp94) in human colonic carcinoma. METHODS: The expression of HSP70 and grp94 was studied in 80 human colonic cancers with or without metastasis as well as in their adjacent mucous membrane by way of immunohistochemistry and pathology photograph analysis. RESULTS: The expression of HSP70 and grp94 was significantly higher in cancer than that in adjacent mucous membrane (92.5%, 85.0% vs 56.3%, 42.5%, P<0.01). HSP70 and grp94 expressed higher in moderately- and poorly-differentiated colonic cancers than that in their adjacent tissues (93.7%, 87.5%; 100%, 90% vs56.3%, 42.5%;P<0.01). Dukes C and D stages of colonic cancers showed higher positive rates than Dukes A and B stage groups (97.1%, 91.2%; 100%, 90.9%; vs 80%, 70%; 78.6%, 71.4%; P<0.05). There were definite differences in HSP70 and grp94 expression between metastasis groups and non-metastasis groups (100% vs 75%, 100% CONCLUSION: The HSP70 and grp94 expression rates in colonic cancer groups are significantly higher than that in their adjacent mucous membrane. The HSP70 and grp94 expression in poorly-differentiated colonic cancers with metastasis is significantly higher than well-differentiated cancers without metastasis. The overexpression of HSP70 and grp94 can be used as diagnostic or prognostic markers for colonic cancer.

Expression and significance of heat shock protein 70 and glucose-regulated protein 94 in human esophageal carcinoma

AIM: To investigate the expression and significance of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and glucose-regulated protein 94 (grp94) in human esophageai carcinoma and adjacent normal tissues. METHODS: The expression of HSP70 and grp94 in 78 human esophageai cancer and adjacent normal tissues was studied by immunohistochemistry and pathology photograph analysis. RESULTS: Both esophageai cancer and adjacent normal tissues could express HSP70 and grp94. Of the 78 cases of esophageai carcinoma, 95.0%(72/78) showed positive HSP70, mainly stained in nuclei, while grp94 was mainly stained in cell plasma, and the positive rate was 71.8% (56/78).There was a significant difference in the expression of HSP70 and grp94 between esophageai cancer and adjacent normal tissues (P<0.01). Compared with adjacent normal tissues, there was a significant difference between differential types and HSP70 expression (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: HSP70 and grp94 express differently in cell plasma and nuclei. The expression intensity of HSP70 is related to the differentiation of esophageai carcinoma.

Influence of Tanshinone lla on heat shock protein 70,Bcl-2 and Bax expression in rats with spinal ischemia/reperfusion injury

Tanshinone lla is an effective monomer component of Danshen, which is a traditional Chinese medicine for activating blood circulation to dissipate blood stasis. Tanshinone Ila can effectively improve brain tissue ischemia/hypoxia injury. The present study established a rat model of spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury and intraperitoneally injected Tanshinone lla, 0.5 hour prior to model establishment. Results showed that Tanshinone Ila promoted heat shock protein 70 and Bcl-2 protein expression, but inhibited Bax protein expression in the injured spinal cord after ischemia/reperfusion injury. Furthermore, Nissl staining indicated a reduction in nerve cell apoptosis and fewer pathological lesions in the presence of Tanshinone Ila, compared with positive control Danshen injection.

Radiofrequency ablation,heat shock protein 70 and potential anti-tumor immunity in hepatic and pancreatic cancers:a minireview

BACKGROUND: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure which has widespread popularity in the treatment of hepatic and pancreatic cancers. Increased evidence indicates that RFA stimulates anti-tumor immunity, possibly through the induction heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression. HSP70 has the capacity to affect the immunogenicity of tumor cells, to chaperone antigenic peptides and deliver these into antigen presentation pathways within antigen-presenting cells, and to activate and regulate innate and adaptive immunity, which makes it useful in immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancers. DATA SOURCES: An English-language literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (1991-2010) on anti-tumor immunity, heat shock protein 70, radiofrequency ablation, hepatic cancer, pancreatic cancer, and other related subjects. RESULTS: RFA has an increasing application in the surgical treatment of hepatic and pancreatic cancers. Increased evidence indicates that RFA can induce the expression of HSP70 which possesses properties that enable it to influence a variety of immunological processes. Tumor-derived HSP70 is regarded as a potent adjuvant facilitating presentation of tumor antigens and induction of anti-tumor immunity. CONCLUSIONS: This review addresses the potential association of RFA, HSP70, and anti-tumor immunity in treatment of hepatic and pancreatic cancers. To establish direct evidence of a potential association of RFA, HSP70, and anti-tumor immunity in hepatic and pancreatic cancers, further investigations should be conducted.

Co-expression of heat shock protein 70 and glucose-regulated protein 94 in human gastric carcinoma cell line BGC-823

AIM:To investigate the co-expression and significance of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and glucose-regulated protein 94 (grp94) in human gastric carcinoma cell line BGC-823. METHODS: The expression and localization of HSP70 and grp94 in human gastric carcinoma cell line BGC-823 were determined by immunocytochemistry and indirect immunofluorescence cytochemical staining. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the correlation between expression of HSP70, grp94 and cell cycle in BGC-823 cell line. RESULTS: Gastric cancer cell line BGC-823 expressed high level of HSP70 and grp94. The positive rate of HSP70 and grp94 was 84.9±4.94% and 79.6±5.16%, respectively. Both of them were stained in cell plasma. There was a significant difference compared with control group (1.9±0.94%, P<0.01). During the cell cycle, HSP70 and grp94 were continuously expressed in BGC-823. CONCLUSION: HSP70 and grp94 are highly expressed in human gastric carcinoma BGC-823 cells through the whole cell cycle. There is no relationship between expression of HSP70, grp94 and cell cycle.

Heat shock protein 70 chaperoned alpha-fetoprotein in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line BEL-7402

AIM: To investigate the interaction between heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and α-fetoprotein (AFP) in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line BEL7402.METHODS: The expression and localization of HSP70 and AFP in human HCC cell line BEL-7402 were determined by immunocytochemistry and indirect immunofluorescence cytochemical staining. The interaction between HSP70 and AFP in HCC cells was analyzed by immunoprecipitation and Western blot.RESULTS: Immunocytochemical staining detection showed that HCC cell BEL-7402 expressed a high level of HSP70 and AFP synchronously. Both were stained in cell plasma.AFP existed in the immunoprecipitate of anti-HSP70 mAb,while there was HSP70 in the immunoprecipitate of antiAFP mAb.CONCLUSION: HSP70 chaperones AFP in human HCCcell BEL-7402. The interaction between HSP70 and AFP in human HCC cell can be a new route to study the pathogenesis and immunotherapy of HCC.

STUDY ON THE ANTI-TUMOR EFFICACY INDUCED BY HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 70-PEPTIDE COMPLEXES DERIVED FROM TUMOR CELLS

OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy and explore the mechanism of the anti-tumor immunity elicited by heat shock protein 70-peptide complexes (HSP70-PC) derived from tumor cells. METHODS: Cells culture, flow cytometric analysis, affinity chromatography for protein purification, SDS-PAGE, Western-blotting and animal experiment were used. RESULTS: HSP70-PC immunization rendered protective effect to both naive tumorl-bearing mice. All of the naive mice obtained complete resistance to Hcaf cell attack; 40% of the tumor-bearing mice survived for over 90 days, whereas the mice of control group died within 2 weeks (P

Expression of Heat Shock Protein 70 and 27 in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer and Its Clinical Significance

The heat shock proteins （HSPs） 70 and HSP 27 expression in patients with non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC） was studied and the relation.ship between HSP 70 and HSP 27 with the clinicopathological features of NSCLC was investigated. The expression of HSP 70 and HSP 27 was detected in tumor tissues from 60 patients with NSCLC by S-P immunohistochemistry. The findings were analyzed in combination with the histological types, histopathological differentiation, lymph node metastasis, patients＇ clinical stages, smoking history and gender. The results showed that of the 60 NSCLC tissue specimens studied, the immunoreactivity of HSP 70 and HSP 27 was detected in 47 （78.3 %） and 43 （71.7 %） specimens, respectively. A positive correlation was found between the overexpression of HSP 70 and HSP 27. The histopathological differentiation, lymph node metastasis, clinical stages and smoking history were correlated to the expression of HSP 70, but not to the expression of HSP 27. No statistical significance was observed in histological types and gender with respect to both HSP 70 and HSP 27 expression. It is suggested that the HSP 70 expression is a powerful and significant prognostic indicator and is related to histopathological differentiation, lymph node metastasis, patients＇ clinical stages, smoking history, whereas HSP 27 expression is not.

Heat Shock Protein 70 Gene Polymorphisms in Han Nationality of China with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases

In order to investigate whether polymorphism in gene for heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) has any bearing on individual susceptibility to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), the geotypes of 88 patients with COPD and 87 healthy smoking control subjects were tested by polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment polymorphism analysis for HSP70 gene. In COPD group, HSP70 1 genotype A/A, A/B and B/B was 59.1 %, 35.2 % and 5.7 %, HSP70 2 genotype A/A, A/B and B/B was 26.1 %, 54.6 % and 19.3 %, and HSP70 hom genotype A/A, A/B and B/B was 70.4 %, 27.3 % and 2.3 % respectively. In the control group, it was 60.9 %, 27.5 % and 3.5 %, 20.7 %, 56.3 % and 23.0 %, and 54.0 %, 42.5 % and 3.5 %, respectively. The frequency of polymorphic genetypes showed no difference between the COPD group and the control group ( P >0.05). It was suggested that geneic polymorphism in HSP70 is not associated with development of COPD in Han nationality of China.

Neuroprotective effect of heat shock protein 70 Inhibition of Tau protein expression

BACKGROUND： Previous studies have shown that heat shock protein 70 （HSP70） has neuroprotective effects by decreasing phosphorylation of Tau protein, thereby reducing the expression of Tau protein and proper aggregation. OBJECTIVE： To observe and verify expressional changes of HSP70 and Tau in retinal ganglion cells following stretch injury to the right optic nerve in rats, and to determine the effect of heat stress pretreatment on HSP70 and Tau protein expressions. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized, controlled, animal experiment was performed at the Laboratory of Neurology Research Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from March to June 2006. MATERIALS： Instant SABC immunohistochemistry kit, as well as mouse anti-HSP70 and rabbit anti-Tau polyclonal antibodies, were purchased from Wuhan Boster Bioengineering Limited, China. METHODS： A total of 57 male, Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups： control （n = 3）; 150-180 g stretch force was induced in the right optic nerves in stretch-only group （n = 18） to establish optic nerve stretch injury model; heat stress was applied to 18 animals in heat-stress treatment group; 18 rats in the heat-stress pretreatment plus stretch group were subjected to identical stretch injury as stretch-only group after 24-hour heat-stress pretreatment. According to sacrifice time, the groups were assigned to 6 subgroups at different time points of 4, 8, and 16 hours, and 1,3, and 5 days, with 3 rats in each subgroup. No treatment was performed in the control group except anesthesia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Morphological changes of optic nerves and retinal ganglion cells following stretch injury were observed by light microscopy following hematoxylin-eosin staining. HSP70 and Tau protein expression levels were observed in retinal ganglial cells from each group using im munohistochemistry. RESULTS： （1） Compared with the control group, morphological axonal and retinal ganglial cell changes, as well as a decreased number of retinal ganglial cells, were identified in the stretch-only group （P 〈 0.01）. Pathological damage in optical nerve and retinal ganglial cells were not remarkable in the heat-stress pretreatment plus stretch group, with no statistical difference in the number of retinal ganglial cells compared with the control group （P 〉 0.05）. （2） Compared with the control group significantly increased HSP70 expression in retinal ganglial cells occurred in the stretch-only, heat-stress treatment, and heat-stress pretreatment plus stretch groups （P 〈 0.05 or P 〈 0.01 ）. The peak of HSP70 expression was earlier in the heat-stress pretreatment plus stretch group compared with the stretch-only and heat-stress treatment groups, and was expressed over a longer period of time compared with the heat-stress treatment group. Compared with the control group, Tau expression in the retinal ganglial cells rapidly increased 4-16 hours following stretch injury in the stretch-only group （P 〈 0.05 or P 〈 0.01）, and obviously decreased in the heat-stress pretreatment plus stretch group （P 〈 0.05 or P 〈 0.01 ）. CONCLUSION： Tau expression increased following stretch injury, with an earlier expression peak than HSP70, which indicated that stretch injury-induced HSP70 expression was not strong or quick enough to sufficiently protect the nerve. A much more enhanced HSP70 expression, with an earlier peak and longer expression period, was observed in rats subjected to stretch injury following heat stress, which demonstrated that HSP70 exhibited neuroprotective functions by reducing abnormal aggregation of Tau.

Genotoxicity and Reduced Heat Shock Protein 70 in Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells Exposed to Cigarette Smoke Extract

Cigarette smoke is associated with the development of several diseases, such as chronic ob- structive pulmonary disease （COPD）. The purpose of this study was to investigate genotoxicity and heat shock protein 70 （Hsp70） in human airway smooth muscle cells （HASMCs） exposed to cigarette smoke extract （CSE）. HASMCs was exposed to CSE with different doses for 24 h. The level of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine （8-OHdG） was determined by using HPLC-ECD, the DNA damage was ana- lyzed by using comet assay, and apoptosis was examined by using Annexin-FITC/PI staining. The pro- duction of Hsp70 after CSE stimulation was tested. Results indicated that CSE significantly increased the level of 8-OHdG, DNA damage and cell apoptosis, and reduced the production of Hsp70. In par- ticular, levels of Hsp70 were inversely correlated with 8-OHdG, DNA damage and cell apoptosis. It was concluded that cigarette smoke induced genotoxicity and decreased the production of cell protective protein Hsp70, which may contribute to the development of some airway diseases.

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes response in vitro activated by dendritic cells pulsed with heat shock protein 70 derived from human bladder tumor cell lines of EJ

Objective： To investigate whether human dendritic cells （DC） derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells （PBMC）, which were pulsed by heat shock protein 70 （HSP70） isolated from human bladder tumor cell lines of E J, were able to induce peptide specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes （CTL） response in vitro and give the experimental foundation for the future clinical trials of immunotherapy in bladder tumor. Methods： The E J-derived HSP70 co-cultured with DC from the healthy volunteers＇ PBMC, along with the crude lysate （the supematant before HSP70 purification） from EJ cells were used as the experimental groups and DC not pulsed by any tumor cells antigen were the blank control. The autologous T-lymphocytes were added into the above various DC groups, and after incubation, the stimulation indexes （SI） and interferon-y （IFN-γ） were detected to evaluate the immune activities of various DC groups. The killing effects of CTL to target cells, EJ and Hela cells, were determined with 51^Cr releasing test. Results： Both DC/HSP70 and DC/the crude lysate could effectively activate CTL in vitro and kill target cells EJ. The killing effect of DC/HSP70 to EJ was much stronger than DC/the crude lysate （the supernatant before HSP70 purification） （P 〈 0.05）. DC without any tumor cell antigens had a lower killing power to EJ. Meanwhile, DC/ HSP70 had little killing power to Hela non-relevant to bladder tumor histopathologically as compared with EJ cells （P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion： The DC pulsed by HSP70 derived from the autologous tumor cells could induce a peptide complexes specific CTL response to tumor cells, and the CTL response induced by the DC/HSP70 was stronger, which display the basis of the possible clinical application of DC/HSP70 for bladder tumor.

Novel heat shock protein Hsp70L1 activates dendritic cells and acts as a Th1 polarizing adjuvant

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are reported to act as effective adjuvants to elicit anti-tumor and anti-infection immunity. Here, we report that Hsp70-like protein 1 (Hsp70L1), a novel HSP derived from human dendritic cells (DCs), has potent adjuvant effects that polarize responses toward Th1. With a calculated molecular weight of 54.8 kDa, Hsp70L1 is smaller in size than Hsp70 but resembles it both structurally and functionally. Hsp70L1 shares common receptors on DCs with Hsp70 and can interact with DCs, promoting DC maturation and stimulating secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 12p70 (IL-12p70), IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and the chemokines IP-10, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), MIP-1beta, and normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES). The induction of interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) secretion by Hsp70L1 is not shared by Hsp70, and other functional differences include more potent stimulation of DC IL-12p70, CC-chemokine, and CCR7 and CXCR4 expression by Hsp70L1. Immunization of mice with the hybrid peptide Hsp70L1-ovalbumin(OVA)(257-264) induces an OVA(257-264)-specific Th1 response and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) that results in significant inhibition of E.G7-OVA tumor growth. The ability of Hsp70L1 to activate DCs indicates its potential as a novel adjuvant for use with peptide immunizations; the Hsp70L1 antigen peptide hybrid may serve as a more effective vaccine for the control of cancer and infectious diseases.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON MOXIBUSTION AT ZUSANLI(ST 36) AND LIANGMEN (ST 21) INDUCING HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 70 (HSP70) EXPRESSION TO RESIST OXIDATIVE INJURY OF GASTRIC MUCOSA

To observe effect of moxibustion at Zusanli （足三里 ST 36） and Liangmen （梁门 ST 21 ） on expression of heat shock protein 70 （HSP70） in gastric mucosa of the rat of stress ulcer （SU） to explore the mechanism of moxibustion in resisting oxidative injury of the gastric mucosa. Methods： Sixty SD rats were evenly randomized into 4 groups, a blank group, a model group, an acupoint moxibustion group and a non-acupoint moxibustion group. Water restraint stress （WRS） method was used to make stress gastric ulcer rat model. The ulcerative index （Ul） of gastric mucosa was evaluated by using GUTH method, the gastric mu- cosa blood flux （GMBF） was detected by a laser Doppler bloodflow monitor, and HSP70 expression and malondialdehyde （MDA） content in the gastric mucosa were determined respectively with immunohistochemical and thiobarbiturate methods. Results： Moxibustion at Zusanli （ST 36） and Liangmen （ST 21 ） significantly de- creased Ul, up-regulated HSP70 expression, increased GMBF, and decreased MDA content in the gastric mucosa in the rat of stress gastric ulcer, with significant differences as compared with the model group and the non-acupoint moxibustion group （P 〈 0.05 or P 〈 0.01 ）. Conclusion： Moxibustion at Zusanli （ST 36） and Liangmen （ST 21 ） can induce high expression of HSP70 and decrease MDA content in the gastric mucosa, so as to resist oxidative injury, with relative acupoint specificity.

Effect of heat shock protein 70 on cerebral ischemia

OBJECTIVE： TO summarize the relationship between heat shock protein 70 （HSP70） and cerebra ischemia. DATA SOURCES： An online search of Medline database was undertaken to identify relevant articles published in English from January 1980 to December 2005 by using the keywords of ＂heat shock protein 70, ischemia＂. Meanwhile, Chinese relevant articles published from January 2000 to December 2005 were searched in China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI） database and Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation with the keywords of ＂heat shock protein 70, cerebral ischemia＂ in Chinese. STUDY SELECTION ： More than 100 related articles were screened, and 29 references mainly about HSP70 and cerebral ischemia were selected, including basic and clinical researches. As to the articles with similar content, those published in the authoritative journals in recent 3 years were preferential. DATA EXTRACTION： A total of 29 articles were collected and classified according to the structure, function and clinical application of HSP70. Among them, 1 article is about the structure of HSP70, 27 about the relationship between HSP70 and cerebral ischemia, and 2 about the clinical application of HSP70. DATA SYNTHESIS： HSP70 is one of the most conservative proteins during biological evolution. Experiments in cerebral ischemia revealed that HSP70 expression was time-dependent, also correlated with the injured site and severity. The cerebral ischemia induced HSP70 gene expression in hippocampus of gerbil had protection to tolerance of fatal ischemic injury for neurons. The increase of HSP70 expression may be one of the endogenous protective mechanisms during cerebral ischemia, and can effectively alleviate cerebral ischemia. Thus HSP70 protein and HSP70 mRNA have been taken as important indexes extensively applied in the basic study of cerebral ischemia by some scholars abroad. CONCLUSION： HSP70 plays a protective role in cerebral ischemia, and a deeper research into the biological function of HSP70 will provide a new way for the therapy of cerebral ischemia.

The polymorphism of heat shock protein 70 genes in Chinese Han population in Fujian province

To understand the polymorphism of the heat shock protein 70 （HSPTO） genes in Chinese Han population and to explore the co-relations between HSP70 polymorphism and disease, three polymorphic loci of HSP70 genes in 127 healthy Chinese Han population in Fujian province were analyzed by PCR and restriction enzyme analysis, and the genotypes and allele frequencies of HSPTO in different populations from various area were compared. It was found that the proportions of HSPTO-1 genotypes GG, GC and CC among Chinese Han population in Fujian province were 55.1%, 40.2% and 4.7% respectively, while those of HSP70-2 genotypes AA, AG and GG were 44.1%, 48.8 % and 6.9% respectively, and those of HSP70-hom genotypes TF, TC and CC were 59.8%, 37.0% and 3.2% respectively. The allele frequencies of G and C in HSP70-1 were 75.2% and 24.8% ; those of A and G in HSP70-2 were 68.5% and 31.5% and those ofT and C in HSP70-hom were 78.3% and 21.7% respectively. The distribution of the HSPTO-1 polymorphisms in Chinese Han population was almost the same as those in Japanese and Mexican populations, but it was rather different from those of American and Spanish populations with a significant differences. Meanwhile, the frequency of GG homozygote in HSPTO- 1 was signifi- cantly higher than those in American and Spanish populations. No significant difference was found in the distribution of HSPTO-2 polymorphism between Chinese and Japanese populations, in which the differences among American, Mexican and Spanish populations were quite obvious. The frequency of AA homozygote in HSPTO-2 was significantly higher than those in Mexican, American and Spanish populations, while, the distribution of HSPTO-hom genotype and allele frequency in Chinese Han population was almost just the same as those in Japanese and Mexican populations. Furthermore, it was also found that the genotype distribution and allele frequencies of the HSPTO genes in Han population of Fujian province were almost the same as those in Han population in Taiwan, but they were different in certain loci from those of Han population in Wuhan area. It is evident that the distribution of HSPTO gene polymorphisms among Chinese Han population are different from other regions in the world.

Enhancing the treatment effects of tumor cell purified autogenous heat shock protein 70-peptide complexes on HER-3-overexpressing breast cancer

Objective The aim of this study was to enhance the treatment effect of tumor purified autogenous heat shock protein 70-peptide complexes(HSP70-PCs)on HER-3-overexpressing breast cancer.Methods In this study,we first studied the expression of HER-3 in breast cancer tissues and its relationship with patient characteristics.We then purified HSP70-PCs from primary breast cancer cells with different HER-2 and HER-3 expression profiles and determined the cytotoxicity of autogenous dendritic cells(DCs)and CD8+T cells induced by these complexes.Third,recombinant human HSP70-HER-3 protein complexes were used to inhibit the autogenous HSP70-PCs purified from HER-3-overexpressing breast cancer cells,and the resulting immunological response was examined.Results The results show that HSP70-PCs can be combined with recombinant HSP70-HER-3 protein complexes to induce stronger immunological responses than autogenous HSP70-PCs alone and that these treatments induce autogenous CD8+T cell killing of HER-3-positive breast cancer cells.Conclusion These findings provide a new direction for HSP70-DC-based immunotherapy for patients with HER-3-overexpressing breast cancer.