Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome(PRRS) is one of the most important diseases of swine industry. The causal agent, PRRS-virus(PRRSV), is able to evade the host immune response and survive in the organism c...Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome(PRRS) is one of the most important diseases of swine industry. The causal agent, PRRS-virus(PRRSV), is able to evade the host immune response and survive in the organism causing transient infections. Despite all scientific efforts, there are still some gaps in the knowledge of the pathogenesis of this disease. Antigen presenting cells(APCs), as initiators of the immune response, are located in the first line of defense against microorganisms, and are responsible for antigen recognition, processing and presentation. Dendritic cells(DCs) are the main type of APC involved in antigen presentation and they are susceptible to PRRSV infection. Thus, PRRSV replication in DCs may trigger off different mechanisms to impair the onset of a host effective immune response against the virus. On the one side, PRRSV may impair the basic functions of DCs by regulating the expression of major histocompatibility complex class Ⅱ and CD80/86. Other strategy followed by the virus is the induction of cell death of APCs by apoptosis, necrosis or both of them. The impairment and/or cell death ofAPCs could lead to a failure in the onset of an efficient immune response, as long as cells could not properly activate T cells. Future aspects to take into account are also discussed in this review.展开更多
1 免疫反应人体感染幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,Hp)后可发生全面和强烈的体液和细胞免疫反应.有局部免疫反应,也有全身免疫反应.但人体对 Hp 的自然免疫反应对 Hp 既无清除作用,也无保护人体不受 Hp 再感染的作用.因此这种免疫反...1 免疫反应人体感染幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,Hp)后可发生全面和强烈的体液和细胞免疫反应.有局部免疫反应,也有全身免疫反应.但人体对 Hp 的自然免疫反应对 Hp 既无清除作用,也无保护人体不受 Hp 再感染的作用.因此这种免疫反应对机体没有保护作用,相反由 Hp 介导的病理免疫反应如局部胃粘膜中性粒细胞炎症反应,Hp 抗体激活补体后诱导炎症递质释放,Hp 特异性 T 细胞免疫应答等都可能损害胃粘膜细胞.Hp 作为一种在人体内持续几年乃至几十年的慢性感染,宿主的免疫病理反应是其重要致病机制之一.但近年大量实验证明小鼠接受 Hp展开更多
Antigen-presentation via major histocompatibility complex(MHC)to T cells is the key event to initiate adaptive immune responses.In teleosts,as in mammals,the main types of professional antigen-presenting cells(APCs)ar...Antigen-presentation via major histocompatibility complex(MHC)to T cells is the key event to initiate adaptive immune responses.In teleosts,as in mammals,the main types of professional antigen-presenting cells(APCs)are dendritic cells(DCs),monocytes/macrophages,and B cells.In the current study,flow cytometry,immunostaining and qPCR have been used to show that neutrophils in the teleost fish Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar L.)have antigen-presenting properties.The neutrophils were positive for MHC class II,CD83 and CD80/86,and upon in vitro bacterial exposure,gene expression analysis of purified neutrophils showed that IL-12p40,which is essential for proliferation of naïve T cells,was highly upregulated at both 6 and 24 h post bacterial exposure.Based on presence of MHC class II and upregulation of molecules involved in antigen presentation and T cell activation,we suggest that neutrophils in Atlantic salmon have potential to function as professional APCs.This work makes an important basis for further exploring the potential of using neutrophils to develop new,targeted immunoprophylactic measures.展开更多
基金Supported by The Spanish Ministry of Education and Science,No.AGL2009-12438/GAN
文摘Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome(PRRS) is one of the most important diseases of swine industry. The causal agent, PRRS-virus(PRRSV), is able to evade the host immune response and survive in the organism causing transient infections. Despite all scientific efforts, there are still some gaps in the knowledge of the pathogenesis of this disease. Antigen presenting cells(APCs), as initiators of the immune response, are located in the first line of defense against microorganisms, and are responsible for antigen recognition, processing and presentation. Dendritic cells(DCs) are the main type of APC involved in antigen presentation and they are susceptible to PRRSV infection. Thus, PRRSV replication in DCs may trigger off different mechanisms to impair the onset of a host effective immune response against the virus. On the one side, PRRSV may impair the basic functions of DCs by regulating the expression of major histocompatibility complex class Ⅱ and CD80/86. Other strategy followed by the virus is the induction of cell death of APCs by apoptosis, necrosis or both of them. The impairment and/or cell death ofAPCs could lead to a failure in the onset of an efficient immune response, as long as cells could not properly activate T cells. Future aspects to take into account are also discussed in this review.
文摘1 免疫反应人体感染幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,Hp)后可发生全面和强烈的体液和细胞免疫反应.有局部免疫反应,也有全身免疫反应.但人体对 Hp 的自然免疫反应对 Hp 既无清除作用,也无保护人体不受 Hp 再感染的作用.因此这种免疫反应对机体没有保护作用,相反由 Hp 介导的病理免疫反应如局部胃粘膜中性粒细胞炎症反应,Hp 抗体激活补体后诱导炎症递质释放,Hp 特异性 T 细胞免疫应答等都可能损害胃粘膜细胞.Hp 作为一种在人体内持续几年乃至几十年的慢性感染,宿主的免疫病理反应是其重要致病机制之一.但近年大量实验证明小鼠接受 Hp
文摘Antigen-presentation via major histocompatibility complex(MHC)to T cells is the key event to initiate adaptive immune responses.In teleosts,as in mammals,the main types of professional antigen-presenting cells(APCs)are dendritic cells(DCs),monocytes/macrophages,and B cells.In the current study,flow cytometry,immunostaining and qPCR have been used to show that neutrophils in the teleost fish Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar L.)have antigen-presenting properties.The neutrophils were positive for MHC class II,CD83 and CD80/86,and upon in vitro bacterial exposure,gene expression analysis of purified neutrophils showed that IL-12p40,which is essential for proliferation of naïve T cells,was highly upregulated at both 6 and 24 h post bacterial exposure.Based on presence of MHC class II and upregulation of molecules involved in antigen presentation and T cell activation,we suggest that neutrophils in Atlantic salmon have potential to function as professional APCs.This work makes an important basis for further exploring the potential of using neutrophils to develop new,targeted immunoprophylactic measures.
