A life-cycle assessment(LCA) model was developed to comparatively analyze the use of manual and automated mining equipment in underground copper mine sites.Processes and key variables that were determined to contribut...A life-cycle assessment(LCA) model was developed to comparatively analyze the use of manual and automated mining equipment in underground copper mine sites.Processes and key variables that were determined to contribute to the environmental impact of operations were identified for six mine sites in a range of geographical locations around the world.Our model successfully calculated carbon dioxide(CO_(2) eq.) emissions to within 4.9% of the reported annual emissions from the site's respective companies.The implementation of automation was found to decrease global warming potential by a range of 11.4%-18.0% or 3.9-17.9 kg CO_(2) eq./t ore.The model was also used to estimate the average reductions across several impact potentials including,acidification(11.9%-17.8%),eutrophication(7.6%-13.7%),and human toxicity(16.0%-20.0%).World-wide the mining industry is moving toward introducing significantly more automation to enhance productivity and safety.This novel work demonstrates an important third dimension that can support this move,reduced environmental impact.展开更多
Cotton,the most important natural fiber crop in the world,is a mainstay in China's economy.However,for over two decades,cotton yields both in China and U.S.have been at a plateau.
SoiI in Africa is one of the most infertiIe soiIs on the earth. With soiIs in Burundi as study objects, the soiI-forming conditions, the properties of basic soiI types, and soiI improvement were discussed, which provi...SoiI in Africa is one of the most infertiIe soiIs on the earth. With soiIs in Burundi as study objects, the soiI-forming conditions, the properties of basic soiI types, and soiI improvement were discussed, which provides a reference for the decision maker and the rational deveIopment and utiIization of soiI in Burundi.展开更多
By use of bathymetric chart, recent change of the riverbed in the North Passage of the Yangtze Estuary has been studied in this paper. The main channel of the upper, middle and lower (section) in the North Passage h...By use of bathymetric chart, recent change of the riverbed in the North Passage of the Yangtze Estuary has been studied in this paper. The main channel of the upper, middle and lower (section) in the North Passage has been successively eroded and its groin field significantly deposited. At the same time, sediment has been deposited on the entrance region. Erosion and deposition had responded rapidly to the construction of the regulation engineering. There was about one year duration of lagging between erosion in the deep channel and the construction of the regulation engineering. The siltation lag of time in the groin field varied with the initial depth, but the average deposited thickness was about 0.5 m per year. Volumetric analysis demonstrates that there is a increasing trend of siltation in the North Passage after 2002, because of the difference in duration and quantity between erosion in the deep channel and deposition in the groin field. The water volume of the North Passage was reduced by =9% (280 million m^3) between 2002 and 2006. Sediment budget reveals that the main sediment deposited in the North Passage takes its source from the river and the ocean. The decreasing water volume was attributable to shoaling in the groin field. Its triggering factors for increased sedimentation are the navigational improvements(jetties and groins) after 1998, which altered the passage boundary and destroyed the equilibrium state on the average ebb and flood sediment fluxes. The establishment of a stable estuary is attributed to a reduction in depth of the groin field. The forecast on the sediment deposition quantity and continuous infilling time in the groin system is about 325 × 10^6m^3 and 6 - 7 years, respectively.展开更多
Specific fluorophore was introduced into ionic liquid based on its tunability,thus a kind of novel fluorescent ionic liquid probe[P66614][HQS]was designed,synthesized and characterized.Compared with non-fluorescent HQ...Specific fluorophore was introduced into ionic liquid based on its tunability,thus a kind of novel fluorescent ionic liquid probe[P66614][HQS]was designed,synthesized and characterized.Compared with non-fluorescent HQS,ionic liquid[P66614][HQS]emitted a certain amount of fluorescence,which could be attributed to the well-delocalized frontier orbitals and its charge transfer character,as demonstrated by quantum chemical calculation.Considering the interaction of[P66614][HQS]with metal ions,the application for detecting specific substance as a chemical sensor,such as Al3+was investigated.Compared with the traditional probe HQS,significant improvements in Al^3+detecting was achieved by[P66614][HQS]with stronger binding ability,better sensitivity and selectivity.The better performance of[P66614][HQS]was contributed to the changed charge distribution,leading to the stronger binding interaction.We believe that this new fluorescent ionic liquid exhibited unique properties in detecting Al^3+in aqueous solution,which would broaden the application of ionic liquids.展开更多
Recently, numerous biological macromolecular experiments have been conducted with optical tweezers. For the single molecular stretching experiment with optical tweezers, three ways to determine the initial adhesion po...Recently, numerous biological macromolecular experiments have been conducted with optical tweezers. For the single molecular stretching experiment with optical tweezers, three ways to determine the initial adhesion point of DNA on the coverslip are described in this work. In addition, a new method through analyzing the displacement variance of the trapped particle to obtain the trap height is introduced. Using our proposed methods, the obtained force-extension curve for the operated dsDNA agrees well with the worm-like chain model. These improved methods are also applicable to other related biological macromolecular experiments requiring high precision.展开更多
One technical fishway and two innovative nature-like fishways were installed at three dams on the Acushnet River in Acushnet, Massachusetts to facilitate migration of river herring and juvenile American eels (elvers...One technical fishway and two innovative nature-like fishways were installed at three dams on the Acushnet River in Acushnet, Massachusetts to facilitate migration of river herring and juvenile American eels (elvers). Pre-construction and post-construction monitoring of river herring and elver populations used census counting and abundance estimation, respectively. Numbers of adult river herring returning to the upstream spawning grounds during the pre-construction phase were very low; elver counts declined during the pre-construction period and served as baseline levels to determine the effectiveness of the new fishways. Post-construction monitoring of river herring and elvers indicated an increasing trend of spawning adult river herring returning to the spawning grounds, with the total count in the fourth year of post-construction representing an increase of 1,140% over baseline, pre-construction conditions. Results also show increased elver recruitment into the river as well as increased proportions of elvers accessing habitat in the upper watershed that was mostly inaccessible prior to fishway installation. The new fishways at the three dams on the river have improved diadromous fish passage, thereby increasing the probability of restoring healthy populations of river herring and American eels to the Acushnet River system.展开更多
This paper deals with a case study of a context-sensitive solution of the Jamestown Corridor, located along James City County and the City of Williamsburg in Virginia. The corridor is an important passageway to many t...This paper deals with a case study of a context-sensitive solution of the Jamestown Corridor, located along James City County and the City of Williamsburg in Virginia. The corridor is an important passageway to many tourist attractions in the Historic Triangle of Hampton Roads. During the improvement process, the project should minimize the congestions impacts, maximize convenience, safety and reliability of the surrounding transportation systems, minimize social impact to the local community and address long-term capacity issues. Through the project, the agencies involved learned that projects near any of the historic resources must be context-sensitive and should include all stakeholders early and often to make sure that a comprehensive schedule was developed. They also learned that time should be considered for review and input from key regional stakeholders for a variety of issues.展开更多
In order to establish more simple and effective rat orthotopic lung transplantation models, 20 rats were divided into donor and recipient groups. Rat lung transplantation models were established by using improved cuff...In order to establish more simple and effective rat orthotopic lung transplantation models, 20 rats were divided into donor and recipient groups. Rat lung transplantation models were established by using improved cuff technique. All the 10 operations were accomplished successfully. The mean operative time of recipients was 45 ± 4 min. The survival time was over 30 days after lung transplantation. The checks of X-ray were almost normal. There was no significant difference in the blood gas analysis before and after clipping the right hilum (P〉. 05). This method is more simple, applicable and requires less time.展开更多
In this paper, the effectiveness, applicability and validity of chemicalephysical combined methods(CPCMs) for treatment of marine clay (MC) slurries were evaluated. The method CPCM1 combineschemical stabilization ...In this paper, the effectiveness, applicability and validity of chemicalephysical combined methods(CPCMs) for treatment of marine clay (MC) slurries were evaluated. The method CPCM1 combineschemical stabilization and vacuum preloading (VP), while CPCM2 is similar to CPCM1 but includes boththe application of surcharge and use of geo-bags to provide confinement during surcharge preloading.The key advantage of CPCM2 using geo-bags is that the surcharge can be immediately applied on thechemically stabilized slurries. Two types of geo-bags were investigated under simulated land filling anddyke conditions, respectively. The test results show that the shear strength (cu) of treated slurry byCPCM2 is generally much higher than that by CPCM1. Besides, the use of CPCM2 can significantly reducethe treatment time due to the short drainage paths created by geo-bags. Overall, CPCM2 allows fasterconsolidation and higher preloading that help to achieve higher mechanical properties of the stabilizedslurry. There are consistent relationships between cU and water content of slurries treated by CPCM2.Several important observations were also made based on comparisons of experimental data. 2015 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.展开更多
In this paper the problems on SP kiln period is discussed, whichlead to low CaCO_3 decarbon- ation rate in the hot meal, so that kilncoating is vulnerable and material frequently falls off and blocksthe pre- heater. E...In this paper the problems on SP kiln period is discussed, whichlead to low CaCO_3 decarbon- ation rate in the hot meal, so that kilncoating is vulnerable and material frequently falls off and blocksthe pre- heater. Excellent effects are achieved when skipping the SPkiln period, neglecting the function of the dividing gate below theC4 preheater and sending the material completely into the calciner.展开更多
Legislatively,the people’s assessors are defined as individuals who share judicial power.However,in the context of dispute resolutions,their role is restricted by the courts,which affects the extent of their assessor...Legislatively,the people’s assessors are defined as individuals who share judicial power.However,in the context of dispute resolutions,their role is restricted by the courts,which affects the extent of their assessorial activities.It is imperative to reconsider the implications of the people’s assessors’deep involvement in mediation from the standpoint of societal division of labor.To enhance this division of labor,it is advisable that the people’s assessors relinquish their mediation roles.It is necessary to redefine the distinctions between people’s assessors,judges,and people’s mediators,including specially invited mediators.This would not only make up the deficiencies in the role of professional judges but also relieve the tension between judicial professionalism and popular accountability.展开更多
Purpose: To share our clinical experience of an optimized and comprehensive pediatric TBI technique. Methods and Materials: Through the use of incident learning, safety-critical areas were identified in our procedure ...Purpose: To share our clinical experience of an optimized and comprehensive pediatric TBI technique. Methods and Materials: Through the use of incident learning, safety-critical areas were identified in our procedure for total body irradiation (TBI) for pediatric patients under anesthesia for bone-marrow transplant. The previous procedure lacked flexibility to accommodate various requests from the anesthesia team due to the wide range of patient sizes. To address this issue and to improve the process overall, we updated our procedure for TBI simulation, dosimetry planning, patient setup during treatment, and in vivo dosimetry. A simulation form was redesigned with additional detailed instructions and documentation requirements. The dose calculation procedure was reformulated to remove dependence on setup variations. Tissue compensation determination and therefore dose uniformity were improved by introducing rigorous calculation methods. Calculations were performed on 28 previously-treated patients to compare the dose uniformity using the new versus previous methods. Results: The new procedures improve interdepartmental communication, simplify the workflow, decrease the risk of treating patients in a setup that differs from that used during the simulation, and reduce dose heterogeneity. The new compensator design significantly improved patient dose uniformity: 0.8% ± 0.4% (new method) vs. 4.2% ± 2.3% (previous method) (p Conclusion: A near-miss incident reporting system was used to improve the safety and quality of pediatric TBI procedures under anesthesia.展开更多
The demand for high performance“green”or“sustainable”buildings is rapidly becoming the most significant trend in the building industry.As the Architecture,Engineering,and Construction(AEC)industry develops the str...The demand for high performance“green”or“sustainable”buildings is rapidly becoming the most significant trend in the building industry.As the Architecture,Engineering,and Construction(AEC)industry develops the strategies and technologies for these projects,an increased emphasis must be placed on the processes and competencies required to deliver high performance buildings.This paper defines an emerging research and education program at Penn State called the Lean and Green Initiative.Focused on understanding all aspects of the delivery of high performance projects,this program is underpinned by established process-based theories and structured around a systematic methodology designed to minimize waste,maximize value,and reduce cost.Current research and educational activities are described in the paper including nine primary research thrusts and their respective goals.Initial results of each research thrust are also provided,providing an early look at the benefits of a process improvement approach to the delivery of high performance buildings.展开更多
Machine Translation has been playing an important role in modern society due to its effectiveness and efficiency,but the great demand for corpus makes it difficult for users to use traditional Machine Translation syst...Machine Translation has been playing an important role in modern society due to its effectiveness and efficiency,but the great demand for corpus makes it difficult for users to use traditional Machine Translation systems.To solve this problem and improve translation quality,in November 2016,Google introduces Google Neural Machine Translation system,which implements the latest techniques to achieve better outcomes.The conspicuous achievement has been proved by experiments using BLEU score to measure performance of different systems.With GNMT,the gap between human and machine translation is narrowing.展开更多
Soil desertification and salinization are the main environmental disasters in arid and semi-arid areas.It is of great significance to study the water-salt migration law of saline soil and propose corresponding water-s...Soil desertification and salinization are the main environmental disasters in arid and semi-arid areas.It is of great significance to study the water-salt migration law of saline soil and propose corresponding water-salt regulation and control measures.Microbial-induced calcite precipitation(MICP)technology was proposed to improve saline soil based on salt inhibition,and the water–salt–heat coupling migration law and salt-frost heave deformation law of saline soil before and after improvement were studied using soil column model tests.XR1#,XR2#(Saline-alkali-tolerant mineralization bacteria isolated from saline soil)and Sporosarcina pasteurii were used in the MICP improvement and the effect of XR1#was the best.Under high-temperature evaporation,the water migration change rate,water loss rate,accumulated evaporation amount,and accumulated salt content of the improved soil columns within a depth range of 0–40 cm were reduced by an average of 53.6%,47.3%,69.5%,and 40%,respectively,compared with the untreated soil column.During low-temperature cooling,the characteristics of water-salt migration changed significantly,and the deformation of salt-frost heave decreased significantly.The water-salt content at the freezing point(−4.5°C)changed from a cliff-like steep drop(untreated saline soil)to a slow decrease at environmental temperature(MICP-treated saline soil),and the amount of water crystallization decreased from 81%to 56.7%at−5°C.At the end of the cooling process,the amount of salt-frost heaving on the surface of the soil columns decreased by an average of 62.7%.Based on the measured data,a numerical simulation was conducted using the HYDRUS-1D model,which had good reliability and accurately simulated and predicted the law of water-salt migration in saline soil under the conditions of microbial solidification and improvement.MICP technology significantly reduced the change rate of water-salt migration and water evaporation in saline soil,hindered salt accumulation,and reduced salt-frost heave deformation,which effectively improved saline soil.The research results provide an important innovation and theoretical basis for the improvement of saline soil.展开更多
A large number of genes related to source, sink,and flow have been identified after decades of research in plant genetics. Unfortunately, these genes have not been effectively utilized in modern crop breeding. This pe...A large number of genes related to source, sink,and flow have been identified after decades of research in plant genetics. Unfortunately, these genes have not been effectively utilized in modern crop breeding. This perspective paper aims to examine the reasons behind such a phenomenon and propose a strategy to resolve this situation. Specifically, we first systematically survey the currently cloned genes related to source, sink, and flow;then we discuss three factors hindering effective application of these identified genes, which include the lack of effective methods to identify limiting or critical steps in a signaling network, the misplacement of emphasis on properties, at the leaf, instead of the whole canopy level,and the non-linear complex interaction between source,sink, and flow. Finally, we propose the development of systems models of source, sink and flow, together with a detailed simulation of interactions between them and their surrounding environments, to guide effective use of the identified elements in modern rice breeding. These systems models will contribute directly to the definition of crop ideotype and also identification of critical features and parameters that limit the yield potential in current cultivars.展开更多
The advanced distributed hydrology-soil-vegetation model DHSVM,developed by Wigmosta et al.(1994)is introduced from US Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.To apply DHSVM in China for the first time some improvements...The advanced distributed hydrology-soil-vegetation model DHSVM,developed by Wigmosta et al.(1994)is introduced from US Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.To apply DHSVM in China for the first time some improvements have been made in terms of the basin characteristics: 1)to change evapotranspiration model,using the improved Penman-Monteith approach in place of the original one;2)to change the model structure,inserting datasets from 4 stations to grid cells for each river basin,instead of datasets from one or two stations;3)to develop new hydrology, vegetation and soil parameterization schemes for improving the simulated results,with focus on calculation and adjustment of 11 parameters,such as soil porosity (?),field capacity θ_(fc),leaf area index LAI,stochastic resistance γ_s,among the total 33 parameters.Then the improved DHSVM is driven by observed datasets for Luanhe River Basin and Sanggan River Basin,respectively.The simulated evapotranspiration(ET),runoff,snow water equivalent,water table,soil moisture and percolation are then gained as DHSVM outputs.The simulated ET shows that the highest peak appears in May or June instead of July or August.This is consistent with the real situations, owing to the improvement of ET model.The simulated runoff process and flood peak are quite consistent with the observed ones.The model efficiency values for Luanhe River and Sanggan River Basins are 0.89 and 0.82,respectively,which shows high simulating ability of the model system for both relatively humid and dry basins.展开更多
In this paper some improvements on certainty factor model are discussed aiming at:1)including, in a rule“E→H”,not only the CF of H when E exists but also CF of(?)when E does not exist(partly or completely).For this...In this paper some improvements on certainty factor model are discussed aiming at:1)including, in a rule“E→H”,not only the CF of H when E exists but also CF of(?)when E does not exist(partly or completely).For this purpose another factor(?)is added into the original model;2) improving the model so that it can tackle problems with unknown evidence.In this aspect two concepts are introduced:(relative)maximum existence risk and(relative)maximum non-existence risk.An impor- tant result is that even if some necessary evidence is unknown one can still know the tendency whether the conclusion is true.Based on the improvements a conflict resolution model for problem-level conflict is also presented展开更多
On the basis of the existing originally modified calculation models of theoretical combustion temperature(TCT),some factors,such as the combustion ratio of pulverized coal injection(PCI),the decomposition heat of ...On the basis of the existing originally modified calculation models of theoretical combustion temperature(TCT),some factors,such as the combustion ratio of pulverized coal injection(PCI),the decomposition heat of PCI and the heat consumption of SiO2 in ash reduced in high temperature environment,were amended and improved to put forward a more comprehensive model for calculating TCT.The influences of each improvement on TCT were studied and the results were analyzed compared with those of traditional model and originally modified model,which showed that the present model could reflect the thermal state of a hearth more effectively.展开更多
基金Sudbury Integrated Nickel Operations, Mitacs [IT11703], Laurentian Universitythe Goodman School of Mines for their continued support of the research。
文摘A life-cycle assessment(LCA) model was developed to comparatively analyze the use of manual and automated mining equipment in underground copper mine sites.Processes and key variables that were determined to contribute to the environmental impact of operations were identified for six mine sites in a range of geographical locations around the world.Our model successfully calculated carbon dioxide(CO_(2) eq.) emissions to within 4.9% of the reported annual emissions from the site's respective companies.The implementation of automation was found to decrease global warming potential by a range of 11.4%-18.0% or 3.9-17.9 kg CO_(2) eq./t ore.The model was also used to estimate the average reductions across several impact potentials including,acidification(11.9%-17.8%),eutrophication(7.6%-13.7%),and human toxicity(16.0%-20.0%).World-wide the mining industry is moving toward introducing significantly more automation to enhance productivity and safety.This novel work demonstrates an important third dimension that can support this move,reduced environmental impact.
基金This work is supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China(2004CB117300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30530490)
文摘Cotton,the most important natural fiber crop in the world,is a mainstay in China's economy.However,for over two decades,cotton yields both in China and U.S.have been at a plateau.
基金Supported by Guangxi S&T Development Planning Program(14125007-2-7)~~
文摘SoiI in Africa is one of the most infertiIe soiIs on the earth. With soiIs in Burundi as study objects, the soiI-forming conditions, the properties of basic soiI types, and soiI improvement were discussed, which provides a reference for the decision maker and the rational deveIopment and utiIization of soiI in Burundi.
基金The workis supported bythe Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources Hydraulic Engineering,Hohai University(Grant No.2005409111)
文摘By use of bathymetric chart, recent change of the riverbed in the North Passage of the Yangtze Estuary has been studied in this paper. The main channel of the upper, middle and lower (section) in the North Passage has been successively eroded and its groin field significantly deposited. At the same time, sediment has been deposited on the entrance region. Erosion and deposition had responded rapidly to the construction of the regulation engineering. There was about one year duration of lagging between erosion in the deep channel and the construction of the regulation engineering. The siltation lag of time in the groin field varied with the initial depth, but the average deposited thickness was about 0.5 m per year. Volumetric analysis demonstrates that there is a increasing trend of siltation in the North Passage after 2002, because of the difference in duration and quantity between erosion in the deep channel and deposition in the groin field. The water volume of the North Passage was reduced by =9% (280 million m^3) between 2002 and 2006. Sediment budget reveals that the main sediment deposited in the North Passage takes its source from the river and the ocean. The decreasing water volume was attributable to shoaling in the groin field. Its triggering factors for increased sedimentation are the navigational improvements(jetties and groins) after 1998, which altered the passage boundary and destroyed the equilibrium state on the average ebb and flood sediment fluxes. The establishment of a stable estuary is attributed to a reduction in depth of the groin field. The forecast on the sediment deposition quantity and continuous infilling time in the groin system is about 325 × 10^6m^3 and 6 - 7 years, respectively.
基金We acknowledge the support of the National Key Basic Research Program of China(2015CB251401)the Natural Science Foundation of China(21776239)+1 种基金Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LZ17B060001)the Fundamental Research Funds of the Central Universities,the instrument support of professor Peng Xiaogang,professor Jin Yizheng and associate professor Qin Haiyan.
文摘Specific fluorophore was introduced into ionic liquid based on its tunability,thus a kind of novel fluorescent ionic liquid probe[P66614][HQS]was designed,synthesized and characterized.Compared with non-fluorescent HQS,ionic liquid[P66614][HQS]emitted a certain amount of fluorescence,which could be attributed to the well-delocalized frontier orbitals and its charge transfer character,as demonstrated by quantum chemical calculation.Considering the interaction of[P66614][HQS]with metal ions,the application for detecting specific substance as a chemical sensor,such as Al3+was investigated.Compared with the traditional probe HQS,significant improvements in Al^3+detecting was achieved by[P66614][HQS]with stronger binding ability,better sensitivity and selectivity.The better performance of[P66614][HQS]was contributed to the changed charge distribution,leading to the stronger binding interaction.We believe that this new fluorescent ionic liquid exhibited unique properties in detecting Al^3+in aqueous solution,which would broaden the application of ionic liquids.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 91023049the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant No 2012CB937500
文摘Recently, numerous biological macromolecular experiments have been conducted with optical tweezers. For the single molecular stretching experiment with optical tweezers, three ways to determine the initial adhesion point of DNA on the coverslip are described in this work. In addition, a new method through analyzing the displacement variance of the trapped particle to obtain the trap height is introduced. Using our proposed methods, the obtained force-extension curve for the operated dsDNA agrees well with the worm-like chain model. These improved methods are also applicable to other related biological macromolecular experiments requiring high precision.
文摘One technical fishway and two innovative nature-like fishways were installed at three dams on the Acushnet River in Acushnet, Massachusetts to facilitate migration of river herring and juvenile American eels (elvers). Pre-construction and post-construction monitoring of river herring and elver populations used census counting and abundance estimation, respectively. Numbers of adult river herring returning to the upstream spawning grounds during the pre-construction phase were very low; elver counts declined during the pre-construction period and served as baseline levels to determine the effectiveness of the new fishways. Post-construction monitoring of river herring and elvers indicated an increasing trend of spawning adult river herring returning to the spawning grounds, with the total count in the fourth year of post-construction representing an increase of 1,140% over baseline, pre-construction conditions. Results also show increased elver recruitment into the river as well as increased proportions of elvers accessing habitat in the upper watershed that was mostly inaccessible prior to fishway installation. The new fishways at the three dams on the river have improved diadromous fish passage, thereby increasing the probability of restoring healthy populations of river herring and American eels to the Acushnet River system.
文摘This paper deals with a case study of a context-sensitive solution of the Jamestown Corridor, located along James City County and the City of Williamsburg in Virginia. The corridor is an important passageway to many tourist attractions in the Historic Triangle of Hampton Roads. During the improvement process, the project should minimize the congestions impacts, maximize convenience, safety and reliability of the surrounding transportation systems, minimize social impact to the local community and address long-term capacity issues. Through the project, the agencies involved learned that projects near any of the historic resources must be context-sensitive and should include all stakeholders early and often to make sure that a comprehensive schedule was developed. They also learned that time should be considered for review and input from key regional stakeholders for a variety of issues.
文摘In order to establish more simple and effective rat orthotopic lung transplantation models, 20 rats were divided into donor and recipient groups. Rat lung transplantation models were established by using improved cuff technique. All the 10 operations were accomplished successfully. The mean operative time of recipients was 45 ± 4 min. The survival time was over 30 days after lung transplantation. The checks of X-ray were almost normal. There was no significant difference in the blood gas analysis before and after clipping the right hilum (P〉. 05). This method is more simple, applicable and requires less time.
基金the R&D project, titled " Creating a Marine Clay Matrix with Incineration Bottom Ash (IBA) for Land Reclamation " (Wu et al., 2014), under the Innovation for Environmental Sustainability (IES) Fund from National Environment Agency (NEA) of Singapore (ETO/CF/3/1)
文摘In this paper, the effectiveness, applicability and validity of chemicalephysical combined methods(CPCMs) for treatment of marine clay (MC) slurries were evaluated. The method CPCM1 combineschemical stabilization and vacuum preloading (VP), while CPCM2 is similar to CPCM1 but includes boththe application of surcharge and use of geo-bags to provide confinement during surcharge preloading.The key advantage of CPCM2 using geo-bags is that the surcharge can be immediately applied on thechemically stabilized slurries. Two types of geo-bags were investigated under simulated land filling anddyke conditions, respectively. The test results show that the shear strength (cu) of treated slurry byCPCM2 is generally much higher than that by CPCM1. Besides, the use of CPCM2 can significantly reducethe treatment time due to the short drainage paths created by geo-bags. Overall, CPCM2 allows fasterconsolidation and higher preloading that help to achieve higher mechanical properties of the stabilizedslurry. There are consistent relationships between cU and water content of slurries treated by CPCM2.Several important observations were also made based on comparisons of experimental data. 2015 Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting byElsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
文摘In this paper the problems on SP kiln period is discussed, whichlead to low CaCO_3 decarbon- ation rate in the hot meal, so that kilncoating is vulnerable and material frequently falls off and blocksthe pre- heater. Excellent effects are achieved when skipping the SPkiln period, neglecting the function of the dividing gate below theC4 preheater and sending the material completely into the calciner.
文摘Legislatively,the people’s assessors are defined as individuals who share judicial power.However,in the context of dispute resolutions,their role is restricted by the courts,which affects the extent of their assessorial activities.It is imperative to reconsider the implications of the people’s assessors’deep involvement in mediation from the standpoint of societal division of labor.To enhance this division of labor,it is advisable that the people’s assessors relinquish their mediation roles.It is necessary to redefine the distinctions between people’s assessors,judges,and people’s mediators,including specially invited mediators.This would not only make up the deficiencies in the role of professional judges but also relieve the tension between judicial professionalism and popular accountability.
文摘Purpose: To share our clinical experience of an optimized and comprehensive pediatric TBI technique. Methods and Materials: Through the use of incident learning, safety-critical areas were identified in our procedure for total body irradiation (TBI) for pediatric patients under anesthesia for bone-marrow transplant. The previous procedure lacked flexibility to accommodate various requests from the anesthesia team due to the wide range of patient sizes. To address this issue and to improve the process overall, we updated our procedure for TBI simulation, dosimetry planning, patient setup during treatment, and in vivo dosimetry. A simulation form was redesigned with additional detailed instructions and documentation requirements. The dose calculation procedure was reformulated to remove dependence on setup variations. Tissue compensation determination and therefore dose uniformity were improved by introducing rigorous calculation methods. Calculations were performed on 28 previously-treated patients to compare the dose uniformity using the new versus previous methods. Results: The new procedures improve interdepartmental communication, simplify the workflow, decrease the risk of treating patients in a setup that differs from that used during the simulation, and reduce dose heterogeneity. The new compensator design significantly improved patient dose uniformity: 0.8% ± 0.4% (new method) vs. 4.2% ± 2.3% (previous method) (p Conclusion: A near-miss incident reporting system was used to improve the safety and quality of pediatric TBI procedures under anesthesia.
文摘The demand for high performance“green”or“sustainable”buildings is rapidly becoming the most significant trend in the building industry.As the Architecture,Engineering,and Construction(AEC)industry develops the strategies and technologies for these projects,an increased emphasis must be placed on the processes and competencies required to deliver high performance buildings.This paper defines an emerging research and education program at Penn State called the Lean and Green Initiative.Focused on understanding all aspects of the delivery of high performance projects,this program is underpinned by established process-based theories and structured around a systematic methodology designed to minimize waste,maximize value,and reduce cost.Current research and educational activities are described in the paper including nine primary research thrusts and their respective goals.Initial results of each research thrust are also provided,providing an early look at the benefits of a process improvement approach to the delivery of high performance buildings.
文摘Machine Translation has been playing an important role in modern society due to its effectiveness and efficiency,but the great demand for corpus makes it difficult for users to use traditional Machine Translation systems.To solve this problem and improve translation quality,in November 2016,Google introduces Google Neural Machine Translation system,which implements the latest techniques to achieve better outcomes.The conspicuous achievement has been proved by experiments using BLEU score to measure performance of different systems.With GNMT,the gap between human and machine translation is narrowing.
基金funded by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51968057),(No.52378348),(No.12262031)Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China(No.2023QN04016),(No.2019LH05028)+1 种基金Basic scientific research business fees for universities directly under the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China(No.JY20220204)Doctoral Research Foundation of Inner Mongolia University of Technology of China(No.DC2300001265).
文摘Soil desertification and salinization are the main environmental disasters in arid and semi-arid areas.It is of great significance to study the water-salt migration law of saline soil and propose corresponding water-salt regulation and control measures.Microbial-induced calcite precipitation(MICP)technology was proposed to improve saline soil based on salt inhibition,and the water–salt–heat coupling migration law and salt-frost heave deformation law of saline soil before and after improvement were studied using soil column model tests.XR1#,XR2#(Saline-alkali-tolerant mineralization bacteria isolated from saline soil)and Sporosarcina pasteurii were used in the MICP improvement and the effect of XR1#was the best.Under high-temperature evaporation,the water migration change rate,water loss rate,accumulated evaporation amount,and accumulated salt content of the improved soil columns within a depth range of 0–40 cm were reduced by an average of 53.6%,47.3%,69.5%,and 40%,respectively,compared with the untreated soil column.During low-temperature cooling,the characteristics of water-salt migration changed significantly,and the deformation of salt-frost heave decreased significantly.The water-salt content at the freezing point(−4.5°C)changed from a cliff-like steep drop(untreated saline soil)to a slow decrease at environmental temperature(MICP-treated saline soil),and the amount of water crystallization decreased from 81%to 56.7%at−5°C.At the end of the cooling process,the amount of salt-frost heaving on the surface of the soil columns decreased by an average of 62.7%.Based on the measured data,a numerical simulation was conducted using the HYDRUS-1D model,which had good reliability and accurately simulated and predicted the law of water-salt migration in saline soil under the conditions of microbial solidification and improvement.MICP technology significantly reduced the change rate of water-salt migration and water evaporation in saline soil,hindered salt accumulation,and reduced salt-frost heave deformation,which effectively improved saline soil.The research results provide an important innovation and theoretical basis for the improvement of saline soil.
基金Research funding by the CAS Strategic Leading Project (XDA08020301)National Natural Science Foundation of China (31501240)+4 种基金the open funding from State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice (2016KF06)the CAS-CSIRO collaboration grant (GJHZ1501)National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFD0301502)the project of Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (2018JJ2286)the project of Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (2017JC04)
文摘A large number of genes related to source, sink,and flow have been identified after decades of research in plant genetics. Unfortunately, these genes have not been effectively utilized in modern crop breeding. This perspective paper aims to examine the reasons behind such a phenomenon and propose a strategy to resolve this situation. Specifically, we first systematically survey the currently cloned genes related to source, sink, and flow;then we discuss three factors hindering effective application of these identified genes, which include the lack of effective methods to identify limiting or critical steps in a signaling network, the misplacement of emphasis on properties, at the leaf, instead of the whole canopy level,and the non-linear complex interaction between source,sink, and flow. Finally, we propose the development of systems models of source, sink and flow, together with a detailed simulation of interactions between them and their surrounding environments, to guide effective use of the identified elements in modern rice breeding. These systems models will contribute directly to the definition of crop ideotype and also identification of critical features and parameters that limit the yield potential in current cultivars.
文摘The advanced distributed hydrology-soil-vegetation model DHSVM,developed by Wigmosta et al.(1994)is introduced from US Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.To apply DHSVM in China for the first time some improvements have been made in terms of the basin characteristics: 1)to change evapotranspiration model,using the improved Penman-Monteith approach in place of the original one;2)to change the model structure,inserting datasets from 4 stations to grid cells for each river basin,instead of datasets from one or two stations;3)to develop new hydrology, vegetation and soil parameterization schemes for improving the simulated results,with focus on calculation and adjustment of 11 parameters,such as soil porosity (?),field capacity θ_(fc),leaf area index LAI,stochastic resistance γ_s,among the total 33 parameters.Then the improved DHSVM is driven by observed datasets for Luanhe River Basin and Sanggan River Basin,respectively.The simulated evapotranspiration(ET),runoff,snow water equivalent,water table,soil moisture and percolation are then gained as DHSVM outputs.The simulated ET shows that the highest peak appears in May or June instead of July or August.This is consistent with the real situations, owing to the improvement of ET model.The simulated runoff process and flood peak are quite consistent with the observed ones.The model efficiency values for Luanhe River and Sanggan River Basins are 0.89 and 0.82,respectively,which shows high simulating ability of the model system for both relatively humid and dry basins.
文摘In this paper some improvements on certainty factor model are discussed aiming at:1)including, in a rule“E→H”,not only the CF of H when E exists but also CF of(?)when E does not exist(partly or completely).For this purpose another factor(?)is added into the original model;2) improving the model so that it can tackle problems with unknown evidence.In this aspect two concepts are introduced:(relative)maximum existence risk and(relative)maximum non-existence risk.An impor- tant result is that even if some necessary evidence is unknown one can still know the tendency whether the conclusion is true.Based on the improvements a conflict resolution model for problem-level conflict is also presented
基金Item Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(50974143)
文摘On the basis of the existing originally modified calculation models of theoretical combustion temperature(TCT),some factors,such as the combustion ratio of pulverized coal injection(PCI),the decomposition heat of PCI and the heat consumption of SiO2 in ash reduced in high temperature environment,were amended and improved to put forward a more comprehensive model for calculating TCT.The influences of each improvement on TCT were studied and the results were analyzed compared with those of traditional model and originally modified model,which showed that the present model could reflect the thermal state of a hearth more effectively.