SIMULATING METHOD OF MAGNETIZING INRUSH CURRENT OF POWER TRANSFORMERS USING CONCEPT OF INSTANTANEOUS POWER

In this paper,a new simulating method is presented,using only the normal magnetizing curve (B-H) of the transformer core material,its geometric dimensions,the no-load power loss data and the concept of instantaneous power. At the end of this paper the simulating calculation using EMTP has been also performed for the same transformer. The comparison shows that the two sets of results are very close to each other,and proves the correctness of the new method. The new method presented in this paper is helpful to verify the correctness of the power transformer design,analyze the behavior of the transformer protection under switching and study the new transformer protection principles.

An Active Inrush Current Limiter Based on SCR Phase Shift Control for EV Charging Systems

This article gives an overview of the main passive solutions and active techniques, based on AC switches to limit inrush currents in medium power AC-DC converters （up to 3.7 kW） for electric vehicle charging systems. In particular, a strategy, based on SCR （silicon controlled rectifier） phase, shift control in a mixed rectifier bridge with diodes and thyristors, is proposed. The challenge is to help designers optimize the triggering delay of SCRs to both limit the peak value of inrush current spikes and optimize the charge duration of the DC-link capacitor. A mathematical model （Mathcad engineering tool） has been defined to point out, the interest of a variable triggering delay to control SCRs to meet the expectations described previously. Experimental measurements using an industrial evaluation board of the AC-DC converter demonstrate the robustness of the method.

Analysis and suppression method of transformer no-load closing excitation inrush current

The primary winding of the transformer will generate large inrush current due to the saturation of iron core when an unloaded transformer is switched-on. The inrush current not only causes mechanical interaction force due to which the windings are damaged, but also induces the differential protection relays to operate incorrectly. In this paper, the mathematical model of unloaded single phase transformer in switch-on is analyzed; the computation formulas of the inrush current and its interruption angle are presented. The experiment investigation of single phase transformers with different capacities shows that the inrush current measurement result is consistent with theoretical analysis. The inrush current waveform is typically a steeple top waveform with high order harmonics and damping in one direction. In the same condition, large inrush current amplitude will be induced with smaller switching angle, larger residual flux and smaller saturation flux.

Alternative Approaches for Distinguishing between Faults and Inrush Current in Power Transformers

In this study, we will cover the basic methods used to distinguish between inrush current and fault current in power transformers. First, the nature of inrush current is presented compared to the fault current. Then the nature of the magnetizing current due to energizing a power transformer at no-load is explained. The first generation of methods used to disable the protective relay system during inrush current, namely the Desensitizing and Tripping Suppressor, is introduced. The second generation, the harmonic restraint method and the waveform-based restraint method with their different versions, is explained. Then we will explore thoroughly the fictitious equivalent resistance method as an example of the third generation of model type restraining or blocking methods. Finally, a comparison between these methods and conclusion is carried out.

The Discrimination of Inrush Current from Internal Fault of Power Transformer based on EMD

The method is based on that the waveform of the inrush distorts seriously, while the fault current nearly keeps sinusoid. The complicated signal can be decomposed into a finite intrinsic mode functions (IMF) by the EMD, then define and compute the projection area on X-axis of each IMF—, the specific gravity of SIMF—, and the maximum of —. We can get a new scheme of transformer-protection based on comparing the difference between inrush and fault current. Theoretical analysis show that the method can precisely discriminate inrush and fault current, fault clearance time is about 20ms. Moreover, it is convenient to achieve and hardly be affect by not-periodic component.

Investigation and Mitigation of Transformer Inrush Current during Black Start of an Independent Power Producer Plant

The energizing of large power transformers has long been considered a critical event in the operation of an electric power system. When a transformer is energized by the utility, a typical inrush current could be as high as ten times its rated current. This could cause many problems from mechanical stress on transformer windings to harmonics injection, and system protection malfunction. There have been numerous researches focusing on calculation and mitigation of the transformer inrush current. With the development of smart grid, distributed generation from independent power producers (IPPs) is growing rapidly. This paper investigates the inrush current due to black start of an IPP system with several parallel transformers, through a simulation model in DIgSILENT Power Factory software. The study demonstrates that a single genset is capable of energizing a group of transformers since the overall inrush current is slightly above the inrush of the transformer directly connected to the generator. In addition, a simple method is proposed to mitigate the inrush current of the transformers using an auxiliary transformer.

A double-stage start-up structure to limit the inrush current used in current mode charge pump

A double-stage start-up structure to limit the inrush current used in current-mode charge pump with wide input range,fixed output and multimode operation is presented in this paper.As a widely utilized power source implement,a Li-battery is always used as the power supply for chips.Due to the internal resistance,a potential drop will be generated at the input terminal of the chip with an input current.A false shut down with a low supply voltage will happen if the input current is too large,leading to the degradation of the Li-battery＇s service life.To solve this problem,the inrush current is limited by introducing a new start-up state.All of the circuits have been implemented with the NUVOTON 0.6 μm CMOS process.The measurement results show that the inrush current can be limited below 1 A within all input supply ranges,and the power efficiency is higher than the conventional structure.

柔性低频输电系统的主变稳态负序差动保护

为了解决常规纵差保护难以适用于低频系统的问题,通过分析低频系统的序分量抑制策略,并根据低频系统故障进入稳态后单侧有负序注入的特征,提出一种基于稳态负序分量的主变差动保护方法。为防止该差动保护在区外故障时因电流互感器饱和出现误动,通过对比分析三类制动电流计算方式的制动性能,得到了差动保护的制动方程和制动系数。为解决励磁涌流、电流互感器断线可能导致误动的问题,提出了相电压突变量的差动保护开放条件。仿真分析表明,该方法能够灵敏反映区内金属性故障及轻微故障,在区外故障伴随电流互感器饱和时有可靠的制动裕度。

基于正弦同源-概率空间协同互补的涌流闭锁方案

为了取消正弦相似性原理中的最小二乘法等中间环节,获得直接固定标准正弦波形所需要的能量信息。借鉴时域概率分布的方法论,从优势互补的角度出发,设计了一种基于Wasserstein距离算法的变压器励磁涌流闭锁方案。该方案采用特征离散化的方式,提取目标对象和模板信号并转化为状态向量作为样本标签,以此来判别两者之间的能量分布差异,从而达到正弦场景同源识别的效果。理论分析与仿真结果表明,该方法实现简便,不需要频域计算。相比于现有正弦相似性原理,降低了保护流程的复杂程度,具有更强的实际应用价值和速动性能。通过PSCAD/MATLAB平台对现场合闸的录波数据进行测试分析,验证了所提方案对促进变压器保护性能的积极意义。

考虑铁心结构的三相变压器励磁涌流和角型绕组环流分析

基于三相组式、五柱式和三柱式铁心结构变压器的磁路特征和运行方程,首先,提出运用星形侧零序电流和电压来拟合角型绕组环流的数值方法,并进一步研究不同铁心结构变压器的角型绕组环流和励磁涌流的特点;然后,进行软件仿真和现场录波以验证该数值方法的有效性,可判断三相组式和五柱式变压器的各相绕组差流即为对应相的励磁涌流,而三柱式变压器某相的绕组差流并不是对应相的励磁电流;最后,进一步的理论分析与仿真验证表明,在3类铁心结构的变压器从星形侧空载合闸时,星形侧任意两相的线电流之差可以认为是这两相等效磁路的励磁涌流之差。研究结论可以为不同铁心结构三相变压器的励磁涌流识别提供依据。

励磁涌流引起换流变瓦斯继电器误动的振动及油流特性研究

在实际直流输电工程中,换流变压器在空载合闸时产生的励磁涌流导致其瓦斯继电器误动的事故频发,由于对励磁涌流下换流变压器振动及其油流特性的研究不足、故障机理不明确,瓦斯继电器误动等事故时有发生。为此,本文以某实际换流站中换流变压器网侧绕组空载合闸为例,搭建换流变压器励磁涌流电磁暂态模型,分析不同剩磁及合闸角下的换流变压器励磁涌流波形;搭建换流变压器电磁-力-流耦合的有限元模型,研究涌流作用下换流变压器的振动特性,箱体及油管内油流压强及流速特性。研究成果可为换流变压器瓦斯继电器在励磁涌流下的误动故障机理的分析提供有效参考。

基于LC谐振单元的多回路开关电容型均衡电路

传统的串并联开关电容型均衡电路在工作过程中会产生影响电路可靠性的冲击电流,为了改善该问题对电路性能的影响,同时提升电路的均衡速度,提出一种基于LC谐振单元的多回路开关电容型均衡电路。电路的LC谐振单元由均衡电容串联电感元件组成,所有开关器件均工作在零电流开关模式下,这将有效降低开关损耗,并有效抑制电路中的冲击电流,从而延长开关器件的使用寿命,提高电路的可靠性。所提出的均衡电路采用两个LC谐振单元作为储能元件组的组间均衡支路,可以同时实现储能元件单体与单体之间以及储能元件组与组之间的均衡,在保证均衡精度的同时,有效地提升电路均衡的速度。详细地分析了电路的特点与工作原理,通过搭建仿真平台,将所提出电路与现有的同类型均衡电路对比,验证了所提出均衡电路对均衡速度的提升作用。搭建了五个串联超级电容的实验平台,实验结果表明,所提出的电路可以提升55.85%的均衡速度,并且对冲击电流有显著的抑制作用。

Research on uninterruptable power supply technology for auxiliary winding of electric locomotive while passing the neutral section

Purpose–Auxiliary power system is an indispensable part of the train;the auxiliary systems of both electric locomotives and EMUs mainly are powered by one of the two ways,which are either from auxiliary windings of traction transformers or from DC-link voltage of traction converters.Powered by DC-link voltage of traction converters,the auxiliary systems were maintained of uninterruptable power supply with energy from electric braking.Meanwhile,powered by traction transformers,the auxiliary systems were always out of power while passing the neutral section of power supply grid and control system is powered by battery at this time.Design/methodology/approach–Uninterrupted power supply of auxiliary power system powered by auxiliary winding of traction transformer was studied.Failure reasons why previous solutions cannot be realized are analyzed.An uninterruptable power supply scheme for the auxiliary systems powered by auxiliary windings of traction transformers is proposed in this paper.The validity of the proposed scheme is verified by simulation and experimental results and on-site operation of an upgraded HXD3C type locomotive.This scheme is attractive for upgrading practical locomotives with the auxiliary systems powered by auxiliary windings of traction transformers.Findings–This scheme regenerates braking power supplied to auxiliary windings of traction transformers while a locomotive runs in the neutral section of the power supply grid.Control objectives of uninterrupted power supply technology are proposed,which are no overvoltage,no overcurrent and uninterrupted power supply.Originality/value–The control strategies of the scheme ensure both overvoltage free and inrush current free when a locomotive enters or leaves the neutral section.Furthermore,this scheme is cost low by employing updated control strategy of software and add both the two current sensors and two connection wires of hardware.

高比例分布式电源接入下基于变分模态分解的励磁涌流辨识

分布式电源高渗透并网,呈现出运行复杂性与非线性,故障电流谐波特征显著,使得传统继电保护难以准确区分励磁涌流与故障电流。因此,首先分析了光伏与双馈风机接入产生谐波的表达式,推导了励磁涌流产生机理及谐波特性,并总结了励磁涌流与短路电流频率分量占比。据此,充分发挥变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)避免模态混叠的优势,采用VMD算法将故障电流分解为不同中心频率模态分量,比较不同模态方差贡献率进而辨识励磁涌流。仿真结果表明:所提辨识方法在不同故障类型、不同种类分布式电源以及不同合闸角等条件下均能准确地辨识,且辨识能在故障发生一个周波内完成,灵敏度高。

基于长短时记忆神经网络的励磁涌流与故障电流识别方法

变压器空载合闸时产生励磁涌流导致差动保护误动作的问题至今仍未能被完全解决.针对该问题,提出一种利用长短时记忆(LSTM)神经网络识别励磁涌流与故障电流的方法.首先,在PSCAD软件平台上搭建变压器空载合闸及内部故障仿真模型,通过仿真产生大量三相电流瞬时采样数据作为训练神经网络的样本集;然后,利用Keras平台搭建LSTM神经网络模型并完成训练;最后,利用新的仿真数据和现场故障录波数据对训练好的LSTM神经网络进行测试.结果表明LSTM神经网络可以快速准确地区分各种情况下的励磁涌流和故障电流,从而证实该方法的有效性.

一起换流变绕组差动电流保护动作的分析及改进

换流变压器的差动保护动作是否正确对于直流系统安全稳定运行至关重要,由于部分换流站在换流变绕组差动保护设计时未考虑谐波制动功能,保护装置无法正确区分励磁涌流和内部故障电流,导致换流变充电时因励磁涌流造成保护误动作。对此,结合某换流站在换流变绕组差动保护动作案例进行建模与仿真,分析该换流站换流变压器网侧绕组差动保护动作原因,判断其动作逻辑是否正确。根据空载合闸时的绕组差动电流经滤除直流分量后与标准的正弦电流波形相似性很差的特点,通过仿真分析设定了Hausdorff距离的绕组差动电流保护闭锁判据的整定值,进而避免了换流变充电时因CT饱和特性不一致导致的绕组差动保护误动作。

基于直流源充磁的改进选相合闸策略

电力变压器合闸时可能产生的励磁涌流会严重影响电力系统的稳定运行,现有合闸策略下选相合闸的实现受限于控制精度和剩磁测定方法。依据变压器合闸角改变时的励磁电流变化规律,存在一剩磁范围,使变压器在较大的合闸角范围合闸而不出现励磁涌流,利用直流充磁电路配合改进后的控制策略能够使变压器剩磁处于该范围。利用Pscad中的J-A磁滞模型仿真得出剩磁处于额定剩磁的0.7到0.8时,有最大的合闸角范围,利用直流充磁电路充磁0.021 s到0.022 s可以使变压器剩磁处于上述范围。结果表明该方法能够调整变压器铁心剩磁到指定范围,充磁电路无需依据实际调整控制参数,较大范围的合闸角降低了选相合闸的控制精度并且能够有效抑制励磁涌流。

不停电融冰方法下配电网多馈线架空线路暂态特性仿真研究

现有融冰技术研究主要针对融冰稳态过程中的热效应,缺乏对融冰装置接入电网的暂态过程研究。为此,以适用于配电网的零序电流在线融冰技术为研究对象,从其融冰工作原理出发分析融冰暂态性能,建立接地变压器的励磁涌流暂态数学模型,提出适用于接地变压器的基于改进选相合闸技术的励磁涌流抑制策略。以粤北山区某支线作为试点线路,根据覆冰线路参数仿真验证暂态特性及励磁涌流策略的可行性。结果表明在融冰装置投切期间,配电网系统会出现过电流暂态,对系统的安全稳定运行产生威胁,采用基于改进选相合闸技术的励磁涌流抑制策略能较好抑制暂态过电流,保障在线融冰安全进行。

基于环流相似度的变压器零模涌流识别与零序保护方法

随着我国电力系统规模的扩大和输电容量的增加,Yd连接的高阻抗变压器得到了广泛应用。传统的变压器零序差动保护采用二次谐波比进行涌流制动,但该方法在空投于内部故障时会出现拒动情况。提出了一种基于环流相似度的变压器零模涌流识别与零序保护方法,该方法计算原方零模涌流和副方环流的波形相似度,再根据变压器三相的饱和系数识别内部故障,综合实现变压器准确的涌流闭锁。仿真和实验结果表明,所提保护方法在变压器和应涌流及空投于内部故障情况下均能正确动作。

换流站交流滤波器过负荷保护误动作机理及防误动策略

换流站是耦合交直流系统的关联区域,站内设备众多、运行环境复杂。交流滤波器配置的保护虽然较为齐全,但在各类异常扰动情况下,电气量特殊的暂态特征仍会引发过负荷等保护的误动作。通过分析典型过负荷和励磁涌流工况下交流滤波器电阻支路电流波形的特点,揭示涌流引起交流滤波器过负荷保护误动作的机理。从波形相似度角度考虑,结合斯皮尔曼等级相关系数,提出了基于斯皮尔曼等级相关系数的交流滤波器过负荷保护辅助判据,并利用仿真试验验证该判据识别励磁涌流工况扰动的有效性,以防止保护误动的发生,提高保护的可靠性。