The periodical cicadas appear in regions of the United States in intervals of 13 or 17 years. During these intervals, deciduous trees are often impacted by the small cuts and eggs they lay in the outer branches which ...The periodical cicadas appear in regions of the United States in intervals of 13 or 17 years. During these intervals, deciduous trees are often impacted by the small cuts and eggs they lay in the outer branches which soon die off. Because this is such an infrequent occurrence and it is?so difficult to assess the damage across large forested areas, there is little information about the extent of this impact. The use of remote sensing techniques has been proven to be useful in forest health management to monitor large areas. In addition, the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has become a valuable tool for analysis. In this study,?we evaluated the impact of the periodical cicada occurrence on a mixed hardwood forest using UAV imagery.?The goal was to evaluate the potential of this technology as a tool for forest health monitoring. We classified the cicada impact using two Maximum Likelihood classifications, one using only the high resolution spectral derived from leaf-on imagery (MLC 1), and in the second we included the Canopy Height Model (CHM)—derived from?leaf-on Digital Surface Model (DSM) and leaf-off Digital Terrain Model (DTM)—information in the classification process (MLC 2). We evaluated the damage percentage in relation to the total forest area in 15 circular plots and observed a range from 1.03%?-22.23% for MLC 1, and 0.02%?-?10.99% for MLC 2. The accuracy of the classification was 0.35 and 0.86, for MLC 1 and MLC 2, based on the kappa index. The results allow us to highlight the importance of combining spectral and 3D information to evaluate forest health features. We believe this approach can be applied in many forest monitoring objectives in order to?detect disease or pest impacts.展开更多
After the outbreak of Dendrolimus superans Buter in 2002, many insect borers quickly invaded larch （Larix gmelinii Rupr.） forests in the Aershan of Inner Mongolia. Methods involved included setting sample plots, col...After the outbreak of Dendrolimus superans Buter in 2002, many insect borers quickly invaded larch （Larix gmelinii Rupr.） forests in the Aershan of Inner Mongolia. Methods involved included setting sample plots, collecting adults in iron traps and measuring areas of galleries to study the invasive sequence, their ecological niche and the extent of the different effects by the main insect borers to their hosts. The results showed that the damage of D. superans weakened L. gmelinii, first Ips subelongatus Motschulsky invaded, followed by Acanthocinus carinulatus Gebler, Monochamus urussovi Fisher and M. sutor L. After the outbreak of D. superans, the average density of longhorn beetles per L. gmelinii tree increased. The ecological niche of Ips subelongatus stretches almost from the base to the top of the trunk. The number of insects in older stands of L. gmelinii is larger than those in middle aged stands. They do not damage healthy trees of L. gmelinii. The ecological niche of A. carinulatus is higher in dead L. gmelinii trees than in weak ones. The degree of damage is directly proportional with age and depth of bark. M. urussovi mainly damages trunks below 4 m in weak trees; in dead trees they can do damage up to 6 m in height. M. sutor mainly damages trunks below 5 m in weak L. gmelinii trees; in dead trees they cause damage up to 7 m. Again, the degree of damage is directly proportional with age. None of the three species of longhorn beetles damage healthy L. gmelinii and younger trees. Among the main insect borers, the degree of damage caused by I. subelongatus is more serious than that of other insects.展开更多
基金supported by the National Science Foundation under Cooperative Agreement Number OIA-1458952.
文摘The periodical cicadas appear in regions of the United States in intervals of 13 or 17 years. During these intervals, deciduous trees are often impacted by the small cuts and eggs they lay in the outer branches which soon die off. Because this is such an infrequent occurrence and it is?so difficult to assess the damage across large forested areas, there is little information about the extent of this impact. The use of remote sensing techniques has been proven to be useful in forest health management to monitor large areas. In addition, the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has become a valuable tool for analysis. In this study,?we evaluated the impact of the periodical cicada occurrence on a mixed hardwood forest using UAV imagery.?The goal was to evaluate the potential of this technology as a tool for forest health monitoring. We classified the cicada impact using two Maximum Likelihood classifications, one using only the high resolution spectral derived from leaf-on imagery (MLC 1), and in the second we included the Canopy Height Model (CHM)—derived from?leaf-on Digital Surface Model (DSM) and leaf-off Digital Terrain Model (DTM)—information in the classification process (MLC 2). We evaluated the damage percentage in relation to the total forest area in 15 circular plots and observed a range from 1.03%?-22.23% for MLC 1, and 0.02%?-?10.99% for MLC 2. The accuracy of the classification was 0.35 and 0.86, for MLC 1 and MLC 2, based on the kappa index. The results allow us to highlight the importance of combining spectral and 3D information to evaluate forest health features. We believe this approach can be applied in many forest monitoring objectives in order to?detect disease or pest impacts.
文摘After the outbreak of Dendrolimus superans Buter in 2002, many insect borers quickly invaded larch （Larix gmelinii Rupr.） forests in the Aershan of Inner Mongolia. Methods involved included setting sample plots, collecting adults in iron traps and measuring areas of galleries to study the invasive sequence, their ecological niche and the extent of the different effects by the main insect borers to their hosts. The results showed that the damage of D. superans weakened L. gmelinii, first Ips subelongatus Motschulsky invaded, followed by Acanthocinus carinulatus Gebler, Monochamus urussovi Fisher and M. sutor L. After the outbreak of D. superans, the average density of longhorn beetles per L. gmelinii tree increased. The ecological niche of Ips subelongatus stretches almost from the base to the top of the trunk. The number of insects in older stands of L. gmelinii is larger than those in middle aged stands. They do not damage healthy trees of L. gmelinii. The ecological niche of A. carinulatus is higher in dead L. gmelinii trees than in weak ones. The degree of damage is directly proportional with age and depth of bark. M. urussovi mainly damages trunks below 4 m in weak trees; in dead trees they can do damage up to 6 m in height. M. sutor mainly damages trunks below 5 m in weak L. gmelinii trees; in dead trees they cause damage up to 7 m. Again, the degree of damage is directly proportional with age. None of the three species of longhorn beetles damage healthy L. gmelinii and younger trees. Among the main insect borers, the degree of damage caused by I. subelongatus is more serious than that of other insects.
