Lead extraction from spent lead–acid battery paste in a molten Na2CO3 salt containing Zn O as a sulfur-fixing agent was studied. Some influencing factors, including smelting temperature, reaction time, Zn O and salt ...Lead extraction from spent lead–acid battery paste in a molten Na2CO3 salt containing Zn O as a sulfur-fixing agent was studied. Some influencing factors, including smelting temperature, reaction time, Zn O and salt dosages, were investigated in detail using single-factor experiments. The optimum conditions were determined as follows: T = 880°C; t = 60 min; Na2CO3/paste mass ratio = 2.8:1; and the Zn O dosage is equal to the stoichiometric requirement. Under the optimum conditions, the direct recovery rate of lead reached 98.14%. The results suggested that increases in temperature and salt dosage improved the direct recovery rate of lead. XRD results and thermodynamic calculations indicated that the reaction approaches of lead and sulfur were Pb SO4→Pb and Pb SO4→Zn S, respectively. Sulfur was fixed in the form of Zn S, whereas the molten salt did not react with other components, serving only as a reaction medium.展开更多
A new type lead paste mixed with binders used in thin-plate, spirally wound lead acid batteries is introduced. The utility of positive active material can obtain 54.17% and 37.71% at discharge currents of 0.5C and 5.0...A new type lead paste mixed with binders used in thin-plate, spirally wound lead acid batteries is introduced. The utility of positive active material can obtain 54.17% and 37.71% at discharge currents of 0.5C and 5.0C. The investigation was performed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scaning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (IR), cylic voltammetry (CV), the results revealed more details on the reaction mechanism of paste-mixing. Further conclusion can be obtained that the reaction of paste-mixin is a physical process, and the chemical reactions is local reaction, which is different from traditional mixing process, the binders has some effect on the formation of battery process. The binders can dissolve in elec trolyte, which have no disadvantageous effect on the charge-discharge performance.展开更多
Energy storage, such as lead acid batteries, is necessary for renewable energy sources’ autonomy because of their intermittent nature, which makes them more frequently used than traditional energy sources to reduce o...Energy storage, such as lead acid batteries, is necessary for renewable energy sources’ autonomy because of their intermittent nature, which makes them more frequently used than traditional energy sources to reduce operating costs. The battery storage system has to be monitored and managed to prevent serious problems such as battery overcharging, over-discharging, overheating, battery unbalancing, thermal runaway, and fire dangers. For voltage balancing between batteries in the pack throughout the charging period and the SOC estimate, a modified lossless switching mechanism is used in this research’s suggested battery management system. The OCV state of charge calculation, in the beginning, was used in conjunction with the coulomb counting approach to estimate the SOC. The results reveal that correlation factor K has an average value of 0.3 volts when VM ≥ 12 V and an average value of 0.825 when VM ≤ 12 V. The battery monitoring system revealed that voltage balancing was accomplished during the charging process in park one after 80 seconds with a SOC difference of 1.4% between Batteries 1 and 2. On the other hand, the system estimates the state of charge during the discharging process in two packs, with a maximum DOD of 10.8 V for all batteries. The project’s objectives were met since the BMS estimated SOC and achieved voltage balance.展开更多
The behaviors ot PbSO4/Pb and PbO4/PbSO4 electrode prepared from PbCO3 have been examined using powder microelectrode(PME) technique and cyclic voltammetry(CV). Firstly, PMEs parked with Pb- CO3 transformed into PtSO4...The behaviors ot PbSO4/Pb and PbO4/PbSO4 electrode prepared from PbCO3 have been examined using powder microelectrode(PME) technique and cyclic voltammetry(CV). Firstly, PMEs parked with Pb- CO3 transformed into PtSO4 PME in 1. 0 mol/L H2SO4 solution at 30 C, and then the PbSO4 in the PMEs were formed to Pb or PbO2 using an unsymmetrical signal(Qa/Qe for PbSO4/Pb electrode and Qe/Qa for PsO2/ PbSO4 electrode being 0. 1-0. 3) in 2. S mol/L H2SO4 solution. The results show that the CV characteristic of either PbSO4/Pb or PsO2/PbSO4 PME prepared from PhCO3 are as good as that of both electrodes made from lead oxide powder produced by ball mill.展开更多
The lead acid battery has been a dominant device in large-scale energy storage systems since its invention in 1859.It has been the most successful commercialized aqueous electrochemical energy storage system ever sinc...The lead acid battery has been a dominant device in large-scale energy storage systems since its invention in 1859.It has been the most successful commercialized aqueous electrochemical energy storage system ever since.In addition,this type of battery has witnessed the emergence and development of modern electricity-powered society.Nevertheless,lead acid batteries have technologically evolved since their invention.Over the past two decades,engineers and scientists have been exploring the applications of lead acid batteries in emerging devices such as hybrid electric vehicles and renewable energy storage;these applications necessitate operation under partial state of charge.Considerable endeavors have been devoted to the development of advanced carbon-enhanced lead acid battery(i.e.,lead-carbon battery)technologies.Achievements have been made in developing advanced lead-carbon negative electrodes.Additionally,there has been significant progress in developing commercially available lead-carbon battery products.Therefore,exploring a durable,long-life,corrosion-resistive lead dioxide positive electrode is of significance.In this review,the possible design strategies for advanced maintenance-free lead-carbon batteries and new rechargeable battery configurations based on lead acid battery technology are critically reviewed.Moreover,a synopsis of the lead-carbon battery is provided from the mechanism,additive manufacturing,electrode fabrication,and full cell evaluation to practical applications.展开更多
The aim of this investigation is to define a model of an alternating current impedance response that can identify the state of health of a porous electrode due to the blocked diffusion effect. To identify and simulate...The aim of this investigation is to define a model of an alternating current impedance response that can identify the state of health of a porous electrode due to the blocked diffusion effect. To identify and simulate different pore geometries, an analytical differential equations system was studied. Standard and low performance battery products were simulated by the model and validated with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) experimental data. The correlation between pore structure geometries and the related battery efficiency is also addressed. This investigation may clarify the possible reasons for low performance batteries. Identifying the benchmark pore geometry, parameters may be useful for the battery producers to improve the efficiency of their products. Various recovery methods are also included in this investigation to disperse the build-up of lead sulphate crystal that limits the electrolysis process in the low performance batteries.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51234009 and 51104182)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China (No. 13JJ5035)the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department, China (No. 14C0349)
文摘Lead extraction from spent lead–acid battery paste in a molten Na2CO3 salt containing Zn O as a sulfur-fixing agent was studied. Some influencing factors, including smelting temperature, reaction time, Zn O and salt dosages, were investigated in detail using single-factor experiments. The optimum conditions were determined as follows: T = 880°C; t = 60 min; Na2CO3/paste mass ratio = 2.8:1; and the Zn O dosage is equal to the stoichiometric requirement. Under the optimum conditions, the direct recovery rate of lead reached 98.14%. The results suggested that increases in temperature and salt dosage improved the direct recovery rate of lead. XRD results and thermodynamic calculations indicated that the reaction approaches of lead and sulfur were Pb SO4→Pb and Pb SO4→Zn S, respectively. Sulfur was fixed in the form of Zn S, whereas the molten salt did not react with other components, serving only as a reaction medium.
文摘A new type lead paste mixed with binders used in thin-plate, spirally wound lead acid batteries is introduced. The utility of positive active material can obtain 54.17% and 37.71% at discharge currents of 0.5C and 5.0C. The investigation was performed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scaning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (IR), cylic voltammetry (CV), the results revealed more details on the reaction mechanism of paste-mixing. Further conclusion can be obtained that the reaction of paste-mixin is a physical process, and the chemical reactions is local reaction, which is different from traditional mixing process, the binders has some effect on the formation of battery process. The binders can dissolve in elec trolyte, which have no disadvantageous effect on the charge-discharge performance.
文摘Energy storage, such as lead acid batteries, is necessary for renewable energy sources’ autonomy because of their intermittent nature, which makes them more frequently used than traditional energy sources to reduce operating costs. The battery storage system has to be monitored and managed to prevent serious problems such as battery overcharging, over-discharging, overheating, battery unbalancing, thermal runaway, and fire dangers. For voltage balancing between batteries in the pack throughout the charging period and the SOC estimate, a modified lossless switching mechanism is used in this research’s suggested battery management system. The OCV state of charge calculation, in the beginning, was used in conjunction with the coulomb counting approach to estimate the SOC. The results reveal that correlation factor K has an average value of 0.3 volts when VM ≥ 12 V and an average value of 0.825 when VM ≤ 12 V. The battery monitoring system revealed that voltage balancing was accomplished during the charging process in park one after 80 seconds with a SOC difference of 1.4% between Batteries 1 and 2. On the other hand, the system estimates the state of charge during the discharging process in two packs, with a maximum DOD of 10.8 V for all batteries. The project’s objectives were met since the BMS estimated SOC and achieved voltage balance.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science of China (29677013) Chenguang Foundation of Wuhan Municipal Science and Technology
文摘The behaviors ot PbSO4/Pb and PbO4/PbSO4 electrode prepared from PbCO3 have been examined using powder microelectrode(PME) technique and cyclic voltammetry(CV). Firstly, PMEs parked with Pb- CO3 transformed into PtSO4 PME in 1. 0 mol/L H2SO4 solution at 30 C, and then the PbSO4 in the PMEs were formed to Pb or PbO2 using an unsymmetrical signal(Qa/Qe for PbSO4/Pb electrode and Qe/Qa for PsO2/ PbSO4 electrode being 0. 1-0. 3) in 2. S mol/L H2SO4 solution. The results show that the CV characteristic of either PbSO4/Pb or PsO2/PbSO4 PME prepared from PhCO3 are as good as that of both electrodes made from lead oxide powder produced by ball mill.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22108044,21573093,21975101)the Science and Technology Innovation Team Project of Jilin University(No.2017TD-31)+5 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21706038)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22038004)the Natural Science Foundation for Guangdong Province(No.2019B151502038)the National Key Research and Development Plan(No.2018YFB1501503)the Research and Development Program in Key Fields of Guangdong Province(2020B1111380002)the financial support from the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery(2021GDKLPRB07).
文摘The lead acid battery has been a dominant device in large-scale energy storage systems since its invention in 1859.It has been the most successful commercialized aqueous electrochemical energy storage system ever since.In addition,this type of battery has witnessed the emergence and development of modern electricity-powered society.Nevertheless,lead acid batteries have technologically evolved since their invention.Over the past two decades,engineers and scientists have been exploring the applications of lead acid batteries in emerging devices such as hybrid electric vehicles and renewable energy storage;these applications necessitate operation under partial state of charge.Considerable endeavors have been devoted to the development of advanced carbon-enhanced lead acid battery(i.e.,lead-carbon battery)technologies.Achievements have been made in developing advanced lead-carbon negative electrodes.Additionally,there has been significant progress in developing commercially available lead-carbon battery products.Therefore,exploring a durable,long-life,corrosion-resistive lead dioxide positive electrode is of significance.In this review,the possible design strategies for advanced maintenance-free lead-carbon batteries and new rechargeable battery configurations based on lead acid battery technology are critically reviewed.Moreover,a synopsis of the lead-carbon battery is provided from the mechanism,additive manufacturing,electrode fabrication,and full cell evaluation to practical applications.
基金the financial support from the Knowledge Economy Skills Scholarships (KESS)Yuasa Battery Ltdthe University of South Wales (USW) during this research project
文摘The aim of this investigation is to define a model of an alternating current impedance response that can identify the state of health of a porous electrode due to the blocked diffusion effect. To identify and simulate different pore geometries, an analytical differential equations system was studied. Standard and low performance battery products were simulated by the model and validated with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) experimental data. The correlation between pore structure geometries and the related battery efficiency is also addressed. This investigation may clarify the possible reasons for low performance batteries. Identifying the benchmark pore geometry, parameters may be useful for the battery producers to improve the efficiency of their products. Various recovery methods are also included in this investigation to disperse the build-up of lead sulphate crystal that limits the electrolysis process in the low performance batteries.