Legal Environment and Project Approval Procedures for Foreign Investments in China

1. Legal environment In the interests of safeguarding the lawful rights and interests of foreign investors in China, the laws and regulations concerning foreign af-fairs are being made or perfected in China. Over 100 laws & regulations have been promulgated, such as Law of the People’s Republic of China on Economic Contracts Involving Foreign Inter-

The retrospect and prospect on environmental legal system research of Xi'an City

Xi'an City is an important city of western region, facing the mission of constructing international metropolitan. There are many environmental issues in the city, which should be solved by legal construction. Based on the environmental status of the city, the construction content of environmental legal system was analyzed, focusing on conflict resolution, and the corresponding ways of research were proposed.

The Legal Conflicts, the Legislative Vacancies and the Legislative Lags in the Chinese Environmental Legal System

The inconsistency and disharmony in China’s environmental legal system are seriously undermining the authority and effectiveness of environmental laws, making it hard to achieve the national environmental legislative goals. It is found in this study that at least 18 administrative regulations and rules conflict with the five recently-revised environmental laws. The legislative vacancy rate of province-level environmental laws reaches 27.8%, and that of city-level environmental laws in the major cities reaches 59.7%. Besides, 66% of the local including both province-level and city-level environmental laws have the problem of legislative lags, with an average lag of 2547.8 days. In addition, there are many legal conflicts between national environmental laws and local environmental laws. In order to help China to build a harmonious and unified environmental legal system, some suggestions are proposed in this study, including comprehensively examining the lower-level environmental laws, strengthening the leading role of local people’s congresses in environmental legislation, improving the construction of filing and review mechanism, and optimizing the mechanisms for information disclosure and public participation.

Analysis on the Necessity and the Way of Introducing Legal Theory into College Ideological and Political Education under Legal Environme

In this paper, we conduct research on the necessity and the way of introducing legal theory into college ideological and politicaleducation under legal environment. Education courses in colleges and universities should grasp of Marxism is the unity of scientifi c theories andscientifi c faith that causes the student to accept and agree with Marxism, to establish faith in Marxism. All faith in essence is the awakening ofman “class consciousness”, is the feeling of value and meaning of life, to leave this, any belief is not established, the establishment of Marxismbelief is also inseparable from it. Therefore under the new media environment, the ideological and political teachers should actively change theteaching idea, set up the general modern education teaching idea, further strengthen the application of all kinds of new media in ideological andpolitical education, only in this way can in maximum extent, improve the college ideological education level and education quality, and promotethe healthy development of college students. Under this basis, this paper proposes the novel and new idea on the issues that will be innovativeand helpful.

Environmental Protection Legislation on China's Energy Development and In-situ Conversion

China's poor energy development and in-situ conversion legislation, environment laws and energy laws lead to a severe environmental issue in energy source. This paper uses comparison and logical methods to discuss Chapter 4 of Energy Law (Draft for Soliciting Opinions). Energy development is taken as a separate chapter; in-situ energy conversion is added to energy processing and conversion, common features are summarized to form general provisions and other provisions. According to respective characteristics of system for total amount control of energy development, performance guarantee system, environmental trust fund system, energy retaining system and environmental lien system, incorporate them into energy development, in-situ energy conversion and energy processing and conversion, in the hope of solving China's shortage of supply for environmental protection laws on energy development and in-situ conversion, responding to times of environmental protection, and optimizing China's Energy Law.

The Quality of Chinese Environmental Law

This article intends to provide some perspective on how a normative framework for environmental regulation could be developed in theory.It focuses on the quality of Chinese environmental legislation based on five criteria,i.e.effectiveness,efficiency,enforceability,proportionality,and clarity.This article then evaluates Chinese current environmental legislation from the perspective of good quality of legislation.In conclusion,this article puts forward several suggestions in order to improve China' s current environmental law.These approaches include establishing integrated legal principles,introducing the public choice theory into law-making process,and choosing environmental instruments in a appropriate way.

新时代我国环境法风险预防原则的制度建构

风险社会背景下,风险预防原则在国际环境法领域的国际习惯法地位逐渐清晰并巩固。为了维护国家生态安全,实现生态环境治理现代化,提升我国生态环境法律体系的协调性与科学性,实现当前生态环境法治改革的逻辑自洽,亟需将风险预防原则确立为我国环境法的基本原则。未来的环境法典中应当明文规定风险预防原则,其展开宜采总分模式。风险预防原则的三种强度版本是相辅相成、彼此衔接的有机统一体,灵活适用于不同类型的、严重的或不可逆转的且发生可能性应达到“合理怀疑”程度的生态环境风险活动。协商合作型生态环境风险规制模式耦合科学理性与社会理性于法律理性之中,将实体上生态环境风险共识的形成纳入程序性的法律制度过程,是生态环境风险规制现实可行的路径选择。

License to Mine: A Comparison of the Scope of the Environmental Assessment in Sweden, Finland and Russia

The regulatory framework for mining operations is complex;the licensing process in particular typically involves several laws and a number of permits. This paper assumes that the regulatory framework is strongly influenced by the institutional framework of which it is part, and that it suffers from an institutional path dependence that may decrease the efficiency of the system as well as act barrier to the implementation of necessary environmental requirements. The paper provides: 1) a legal analysis of the regulatory framework governing mining operations in Sweden, Finland and Russia;and 2) a comparative analysis of the scope of the environmental assessment within the licensing process in the examined countries. The result of the analysis of the regulatory frameworks shows great similarity between the Swedish and the Finnish systems, both in terms of the overall structure and the implementation of substantive environmental rules. The Russian system differs in this respect, with more declarative rules and seemingly less substantive assessments. The results also indicate that the regulatory frameworks in all three countries show signs of institutional path dependence, but in very different degrees. Though Russia has indeed implemented major changes in the formal structure, very little has changed in practice. The Swedish regulatory framework for mining shows a deficient systematics and conflicting objectives, despite the implementation of a comprehensive environmental legislation. The recently reformed Finnish system seems to have a more holistic approach.

环境行政中法律解释的功能主义趋向:以政策支持为核心

环境利益复杂性伴随的利益认知难题与环境利益关联性伴随的价值选择难题,使得环境行政的法律解释凸显功能主义趋向。功能主义趋向并不意味着规范主义不受重视,而是需要摆脱单方面的文本思维或工具思维,将实践情景中的利益指向与价值选择通过功能化转译,形成有所区别的解释尺度,并过渡到对行政行为要件的理解中。这无法局限于环境法律的内部探讨,需要在文义解释与历史解释设定合法性基础、目的解释与体系解释提供嵌入通道的基础上,依托具有强关联性的环境政策,通过信息补充与结果评价的路径合理引导法律解释过程。

环境健康风险法律规制的限度及其调适

基于问题导向,环境健康风险法律规制呈现为环境联系健康的立法观与系统性的风险规制法制。然而,事实因应导向的环境健康风险法律规制也不可避免地存在过度干预权利、法律控制乏力与解释空间过大的风险,需要在既有理路框架下,由宪法从立法选择与法律实施层面对其进行结构性调适。在立法选择中,有必要重塑环境健康风险预防义务与基本权利并重的立法观,明确环境健康风险系统规制中事权协同的合宪性标准,搭建合理表达预防积极化与比例选择规制措施的规范结构;在法律实施中,需以基本权利作为解释标准,强化环境行政裁量与司法裁判的合宪性控制,避免给私主体增加不必要的损害或负担。

南海海洋环境保护的法治保障研究

南海作为中国三大边缘海之一,以其特殊的地理位置和战略意义备受国际关注,随着蓝色海洋和经济转型的不断发展,南海海洋环境保护问题频发。文章在阐释南海海洋环境保护的重要性基础上,分析南海的国际国内地位以及相应的法律规定,通过海洋污染、海洋保护区的国内外法律规制方面展开讨论南海现存的海洋环境保护的法治现状,从国际、国内双视角分析现存南海海洋环境保护的法治问题,主张在国际上实现区域协同合作、制定环境保护法规,在国内建立环境保护专门性机构、加强具体法律规制以及协调划分职权范围等方面探讨南海海洋环境保护的法治保障路径,促进南海海洋环境良性发展,实现海洋蓝色经济高质量转型。

论我国海岸带环境保护法律制度之完善

为完善我国海岸带环境保护相关法律制度,本文通过文献分析、实践调研等方法分析现行相关法律制度。存在的主要问题有:海岸带环境保护体系不健全、陆海环境治理衔接联动机制缺失、环境保护信息公开和共享制度比较薄弱、生态环境修复法律制度不完善。通过对现行法律制度缺陷的分析,提出相应的立法建议:制定海岸带环境保护单行法典、完善陆海统筹环境治理制度、健全海岸带环境保护信息公开和共享制度、完善海岸带生态环境修复制度。

生态环境法典编纂视阈下生态安全风险的法治化应对

基于我国面临生态退化、气候变暖、生物多样性丧失等生态安全风险的现实,将逐渐显性化的生态安全风险纳入法治化框架、运用法治化手段加以应对刻不容缓。生态安全风险所具有的整体性、系统性和交织性特征决定了人为割裂、分别对应“生态”和“安全”两大核心要素的现有环境资源法律规制框架和国家安全法律规制框架不能满足针对生态安全风险的系统治理需求。随着我国生态环境法典正稳步推进,兼具体系化与科学化的生态环境法典成为规制及应对生态安全风险的有效法治框架。基于此,应依循“生态环境法典+单行立法”的适度法典化编纂模式,从生态环境法典内、外部视角寻求生态安全风险的规制路径。

算法嵌入政府环境治理的正向效应、潜在风险与规制路径

与传统的政府环境治理模式相比,政府运用算法开展环境治理具有明显的正向效应:能够提升环境治理的精准性、预测性和高效性。算法嵌入政府环境治理的过程容易引发伦理、工具和法治三个维度的风险。伦理维度中面临价值失衡风险,工具维度中包含环境数据结构性不足、环境算法模型透明度不足的风险,法治维度中则存在环境算法模型掌控者权力滥用和责任分配不均的风险,故有必要对算法嵌入政府环境治理所诱发的风险建构系统性的法律规制体系,从而充分发挥算法自动化决策的环境治理优势。在规制路径的选择上,应当立足于宏观基本原则指引和具体规制方案设计两个方面,对算法嵌入政府环境治理的潜在风险进行系统规范:宏观层面上,算法嵌入政府环境治理应该遵循依法治理、公平正义、浮动比例和正当程序的基本原则。在具体的规制方案上,既要建立算法嵌入政府环境治理的支持结构,以发挥算法嵌入政府环境治理的优势,又要根据算法本身的漏洞,进行适当的规则变动,从而通过“支持性结构和适应性流变相平衡”的方式,提升具体规制方案的可行性。在具体规制方案的架构上,应秉持全过程治理的视角,实现事前预防、事中监管和事后归责相统一:在事前预防部分,要求算法嵌入政府环境治理能够切实符合伦理要求,建立完善的环境数据核准、反馈和保护机制以及环境算法模型的解释机制。在事中监管部分,应当建立算法嵌入政府环境治理的部门、社会组织和社会公众监管制度。在事后归责部分,需要压实算法嵌入政府环境治理的责任分配制度。

陆海统筹下海岸带生态环境修复法律制度研究

近些年,中国各沿海地区在海岸带生态环境保护和修复方面开展了一些实践,陆续出台了相关的政策文件,但中国海岸带生态环境修复的结果仍不理想。文章主要以陆海统筹为研究背景,全面分析海岸带生态环境修复存在的问题与发展趋势,梳理中国现行政策与制度存在的修复立法尚不健全、环境主体范围较窄、修复标准不明确等问题。从而根据中国海岸带生态环境发展现状,提出有利于海岸带环境修复的意见和建议。

制度环境情境下规制俘获对环境效率的影响研究

探寻规制俘获引致环境低效率的动因是促进中国经济绿色发展的必要前提,多样化情境下提升环境效率的实践活动离不开其所依赖的制度环境。文章从理论层面分析了制度环境情境下规制俘获影响区域环境效率的机理,利用中国省际层面面板数据,以SBM模型综合测算的环境效率为基础,就规制俘获对环境效率的影响及制度环境(包括政府质量和法制环境)调节二者关系的异质效应进行实证考察。结果发现:规制俘获显著抑制了区域环境效率的提升。制度环境正向调节规制俘获对环境效率的影响,即制度环境矫正了规制俘获和环境效率的负向关系。法制水平在政府质量较低和法制环境优渥地区的调节效应凸显,地方政府在政府质量较高和法制环境较差的地区更能发挥矫正作用。制度环境跨越某个临界值才会削弱规制俘获对环境效率的抑制效应。因此,重视规制俘获对规制约束过程的扭曲效应,应充分发挥政府质量和法制环境在形塑规制秩序与提升环境效率中的调节作用,实现优化制度环境和促进区域绿色经济的双赢发展。

新时代我国生态文明制度建设的成就、经验与展望

新时代十年来,我国围绕环境法制建设、环境政策规范和环境管理体制三个主要方面精准发力,环境立法逐步走向健全,环境政策规范不断完善,环境管理和执法效能不断提升,生态文明制度建设取得显著成效,取得了坚持顶层设计与基层实践相结合、坚持整体推进与重点突破相结合、坚持垂直管理与统一监管相结合、坚持刚性约束与多元激励相结合等若干工作经验。新时代新征程推进生态文明制度建设仍需在制度内容丰富完善、制度整合衔接和制度执行落实等方面持续发力,协同推动生态文明制度的效能充分释放。

新中国成立以来我国环境法制建设的发展历程

1949—1977年我国环境法制建设萌芽。1973年我国制定了第一部环境保护法律文件。1978—1991年,我国环境法制建设起步并蓬勃发展,环境保护首次被写入宪法及其完善,环境保护法试行并于10年后正式颁布实施,诸多单行环境保护法律颁布实施。1992—2012年,我国先后制定出台多项单行法律,加快推进环境立法进程,建立和完善更加合理科学、系统高效的法律保障体系。党的十八大以来,我国既创新出台了新的相关法律条文,也对现有相关环境保护法律进行了修订。这一时期我国制定出台及修订完善了一系列一般性环境保护法律,开展了专门性环境立法及修订工作,我国环境法制建设进入系统完善阶段。