GAMYB transcription factor LoMYB65 from lily plays a vital role in pollen development

Lily(Lilium spp.)is an important horticultural crop,but its use is limited due to serious pollen contamination problems.There are many studies on pollen development in model plants,but few on flower crops such as lilies.Gibberellin(GA)is a large class of hormones and plays an important role in plant vegetative growth and reproductive development.GAMYB is a group of the R2R3-MYB family upregulated by gibberellin,and plays an important role in anther development.Here,we isolated a novel GAMYB,named LoMYB65,from lily,which was closely related to the AtMYB65 and AtMYB33 in Arabidopsis.Fluorescence quantitative PCR results showed that LoMYB65 was mainly expressed in lily anthers.LoMYB65 could be activated by 288μmol·L^(-1)GA3treatment and the LoMYB65 protein was located in the nucleus and cytoplasm,and had transactivation in yeast and tobacco leaf cells.The conserved motif within 226 amino acids of the C-terminal of LoMYB65 contributed to its transactivation.Overexpression of LoMYB65 caused dwarf phenotype,unnormal tapetum development,less seeds of siliques in transgenic Arabidopsis plants,the transgenic plants showed partly male sterile.Simultaneously,silencing of LoMYB65 with VIGS(Virus Induced Gene Silencing)in lily anthers caused unnormal pollen development and reduced the pollen amount.Overexpression of LoMYB65 in Arabidopsis and silencing of LoMYB65 in lily resulted in decreased pollen counts,so we speculate that LoMYB65 may be dose-dependent.Overall,these findings suggest that LoMYB65 may play an important role in anther development and pollen formation in lily.LoMYB65 may provide a useful candidate gene for pollenless breeding of lily.

Transcriptomic and physiological analyses identifying Lanzhou lily(Lilium davidii var.unicolor)drought adaptation strategies

Drought stress is the main limiting plant growth factor in arid and semiarid regions.The Lanzhou lily(Lilium davidii var.unicolor)is the only sweet-tasting lily grown in these regions of China that offers highly edible,medicinal,health,and ornamental value.The Tresor lily is an ornamental flower known for its strong resistance.Plants were grown under three different drought intensity treatments,namely,being watered at intervals of 5,15,and 25 d(either throughout the study or during specific growth stages).We measured the biomass,leaf area,photosynthetic response,chlorophyll content(SPAD value),and osmoregulation of both the Lanzhou lily and the Tresor lily(Lilium‘Tresor’).Additionally,we employed RNA sequencing(RNA-Seq)and qRT-PCR to investigate transcriptomic changes of the Lanzhou lily in response to drought stress.Results showed that under drought stress,the decreasing rate in the Lanzhou lily bulb weight was lower than the corresponding Tresor lily bulb rate;the net photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate,and stomatal conductance of the Lanzhou lily were all higher compared to the Tresor lily;osmoregulation constituents,such as glucose,fructose,sucrose,trehalose,and soluble sugar,in the Lanzhou lily were comparatively higher;PYL,NCED,and ERS genes were significantly expressed in the Lanzhou lily.Under moderate drought,the biosynthesis of flavonoids,circadian rhythms,and the tryptophan metabolism pathway of the Lanzhou lily were all significant.Under severe drought stress,fatty acid elongation,photosynthetic antenna protein,plant hormone signal transduction,flavone and flavonol biosynthesis,and the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway were all significant.The Lanzhou lily adapted to drought stress by coordinating its organs and the unique role of its bulb,regulating photosynthesis,increasing osmolyte content,activating circadian rhythms,signal transduction,fatty acid elongation metabolism,and phenylalanine and flavonoid metabolic pathways,which may collectively be the main adaptation strategy and mechanisms used by the Lanzhou lily under drought stress.

Tissue Culture of Calla Lily (Zantedeschia spreng.): An Updated Review on the Present Scenario and Future Prospects

The calla lily(Zantedeschia spreng.)is a bulbousflower native to the tropical regions of Africa.Calla lily has gained significant popularity in the international market owing to its intricate morphology and prolonged flowering duration.Despite such advantages,for two sub-groups of calla lily,known as group Zantedeschia and group Aestivae,there are challenges in terms of hybrid production due to the‘plastome-genome incompatibility’there-between.Tissue culture is a fundamental biotechnological tool used in gene editing research,with a focus on disease resistance andflower color in calla lily breeding programs.The present review provides a brief background on the history and development of the calla lily,as well as a comprehensive and critical summary of calla lily tissue culture research.The regeneration pathways for both group Zantedeschia and group Aestivae can be divided into de novo organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis.Both groups are capable of obtaining replants through such means.However,only some species in group Aestivae have been reported to be successful in the somatic embryogenesis pathway.In the present review,special attention was paid to the influence of explant types,plant growth regulators,and culture conditions on both de novo organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis in calla lily tissue culture.Ultimately,future research prospects were determined based on integrated analysis of recent progress in calla lily tissue culture research.

LilyTask任务并行环境中基于任务关系的初始任务分配算法

LilyTask是一个基于任务并行的并行程序设计环境,它引入了任务间关系的概念.任务间会由于这种任务依赖关系而产生等待,为了减少这种等待开销,LilyTask系统在预编译阶段分析这些数据依赖关系,并做出相应的静态任务分配.该文给出在LilyTask任务并行环境中的一族新的基于任务关系图的静态任务分配的算法——WCP算法,并在实际测试中与另外两个著名的静态分配算法ETF和MCP算法作了比较,测试结果说明WCP算法在任务计算开销与通信开销不能准确给出的情况下有更好的分配效果.

英文中含有“lily”的相关原生物及名称辨析

植物名称及其所对应的原植物,在世界各国或地区均大量存在同名异物或同物异名的现象,极易造成混淆,不可不辨。以"lily"为研究对象,利用http:∥scholar.google.com和http:∥apps.web of knowledge.com文献检索平台,查询国内外使用"lily"作为关键词或主题词的文献,分别得到534 000条和11 734条检索信息,然而,以"lilium"为关键词和主题词进行二级检索时,却只能得到27 000条和6 087条检索信息。在此基础上,对这些含有"lily"的词或词组进行归类分析,结果显示:"lily"本意为百合属Lilium植物,但是英文名称中含有"lily"的词或词组并非都是百合,其代表的含义十分广泛,不仅包括百合科、秋海棠科、石蒜科、天南星科及人工杂交种等多种植物,而且在某些动物名称中也含有"lily"。可见,含有"lily"的英文词或词组所代表的名称和原植物较多,而且十分复杂,在文献检索以及相关研究中应注意区分。

Effects of intercropping on rhizosphere soil microorganisms and root exudates of Lanzhou lily(Lilium davidii var.unicolor)

Both yield and quality of Lanzhou lily(Lilium davidii var. unicolor) are seriously affected by continuous cropping. We attempted to understand the effects of intercropping on the obstacles associated with continuous cropping of Lanzhou lily(Lilium davidii var. unicolor). The changes of rhizosphere microbial biomass and diversity in interplanting and monoculturing systems were studied by using the Illumina Hi Seq sequencing technique. The contents and composition of lily root exudates were measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometer(GC–MS). The intercropping results of Lanzhou lily showed:(1) There was no difference in the composition of the rhizosphere soil microbes at the phylum level, but the relative abundance of the microbes decreased; and the relative abundance of harmful fungi such as Fusarium sp. increased. The relative abundance of Pleosporales sp. and other beneficial bacteria were reduced. After OTU(operational taxonomic unit)clustering, there were some beneficial bacteria, such as Chaetomium sp., in the lily rhizosphere soil in the interplanting system that had not existed in the single-cropping system. We did not find harmful bacteria that had existed in the single-cropping systm in the rhizosphere soil of interplanting system. The above results indicated that the changes of relative abundance of soil fungi and bacteria in lily rhizosphere soil was not conducive to improving the ecological structure of rhizosphere soil microbes. At the same time, the microbial composition change is very complex—beneficial and yet inadequate at the same time.(2) Root exudates provide a matrix for the growth of microorganisms. Combined with the detection of root exudates, the decrease in the composition of the root exudates of the lily was probably the reason for the decrease of the relative abundance of microbes after intercropping. At the same time, the decrease of the relative content of phenolic compounds, which inhibit the growth of microorganisms, did not increase the relative content of rhizosphere soil microorganisms. Changes in amino acids and total sugars may be responsible for the growth of Fusarium sp.. The results showed that the intercropping pattern did not noticeably alleviate the obstacle to continuous cropping of Lanzhou lily, and the change of microbial biomass and diversity was even unfavorable. However, the emergence of some beneficial bacteria, the disappearance of harmful fungi, and other changes with intercropping are in favor of alleviation of obstacles to continuous cropping of Lanzhou lily.

任务并行程序设计模型LilyTask在分布存储环境下的设计与实现

LilyTask是一种以任务为单位、基于任务并行的计算模型和程序设计模型。本文介绍的LilyTask系统基于 LilyTask模型,对在分布内存环境下实现任务池系统进行了有益的尝试,较好地解决了任务并行在分布存储环境下遇到的 任务间关系、嵌套任务、一致性等相关问题。此外,本系统还采用函数索引技术实现分布环境下的任务迁移,通过任务窃取 策略有效地实现负载平衡。

Studies on Prunus Necrotic Ringspot Virus (PNRSV) Occurring on Lily

This study was to molecular identify Prunus necrotic ringspot virus （PNRSV） occurring on lily. Lily corms were randomly selected and grown in the greenhouse. The total RNAs were extracted from younger leaves, and partial amplification of the CP gene was performed by RT-PCR with primer pairs specific for PNRSV. An expected cDNA fragment of about 450 bp was amplified from lily, cloned into pGEM-T-easy vector, sequenced, and shared 84.5-99.1% homology with the 27 PNRSV isolates reported previously at the nucleotide level, indicating that lily is a new natural host of PNRSV.

Study on the Physiological,Cellular,and Morphological Aspects of the Postharvest Development of Cut Lily Flowers

It is of great practical significance to study the development process of cut lily for regulating flowering and preservation.In this study,the developmental process of lily cut flower was explored from cellular,morphological,and physiological aspects.Froma morphological aspect,the tepal edge grows faster than the midrib.The midrib groove of the flowering stage is wider than that of bud stage.The fast-growing edge of the petals results in the midrib bending outward.Moreover,the rapid growth of the stamens and stigmas also contributes to bud cracking.From the cellular aspect,in the bud stage there were more wrinkles in the outer epidermal cell wall of the tepal than those in the inner epidermal cell wall,indicating that asymmetric structural differences exist from the beginning of lily development.From a physiological aspect,from the bud cracking stage to the senescence stage,a variety of substances in the tepal cells gradually decreased,including total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium,total calcium,starch,soluble sugar,and soluble protein,but not malondialdehyde.These results indicate that the asymmetric growth caused by this structural difference is responsible for flowering.The wrinkles in the cell wall can be regarded as indicators of senescent cells and are caused by the degradation of the cell wall and the loss of intracellular turgor pressure.The differences in the epidermal cells between the inner and outer tepal indicated ultrastructural changes in the tepal cells.The bud and flowering stages are maintained by the tepals acting as a sink.After flowering,the tepals gradually change from a sink to a source organ.Senescence of the cut lily flowers was caused by the decomposition of intracellular compounds in the tepals and the remobilization of nutrients from the tepals to the developing organs.

Isolation of LiLFY1 and Its Expression in Lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.)

LFY family genes play a conserved role in regulating flowering. In this study, the cDNA of LiLFY1 was isolated with the strategy of RT-PCR in combination with RACE from lily （Lilium longiflorum Thunb.）. LiLFY1 encodes a LFY transcriptional factor. The alignment analysis of the deduced LiLFY1 protein with other known LFY family proteins indicates that LiLFY1 is highly homologous with rice RFL and maize FLL. The result of Southern hybridization showed that there are two copies of LFY family genes in lily. LiLFY1 is expressed in young flower buds and shoot apical meristem （SAM） but not in roots, shoots, mature leaves, and mature floral organs. The cloned LiLFY1 gene may be applied to genetic engineering aiming for regulating the flowering time in lily.

Somatic Embryogenesis in Lily Bulb Scale Cultures

Abstract： Somatic embryogenesis from lily bulb scales has not been studied in details, although tissue culture methods have been applied to the propagation for decades. The effects of different kinds and concentration of auxins for oriental lily somatic embryogenesis were investigated （Lilium hybrida var. Sorbonne）. 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid （2, 4-D）, thidiazuron （TDZ） and α-naphthaleneacetic acid （NAA） media with benzyladenine（6-BA） and lactalbumin hydrolysate （LH） were used for embryogenic callus in the darkness. The best response on embryogenic callus formation was obtained on MS media supplemented 2, 4-D 2.0 mg·L^-1, 6-BA 0.5 mg·L^-1 and LH 300 mg·L^-1. Transfer embryogenic callus to the media with TDZ, 6-BA, kinetin （KT） supplemented 2, 4-D. The highest number of somatic embryos has been produced on medium with 0.5 mg·L^-1 2, 4-D and 0.3 mg·L^-1 KT. Germinated embryos with shoot axes were changed to MS media with 6-BA 0.5 mg·L^-1. The results suggest that in vitro culture of somatic embryogenesis from lily bulb scales can be used for plant regeneration.

Preliminary Study on Anther in vitro Culture of Lily“Prato”

The effects of the microspore developmental stage,hormones and culture condition on anther in vitro culture of lily（Lilium spp.） were discussed.The results showed that when the flower buds were about 23-26 mm long,the microspores were at the uninucleate stage which was suitable for culture and the culture under the darkness would promote the callus induction of anther.The induction frequency could reach 42.5% in the optimized medium which was MS＋[6-BA（0.5）＋KT（2.0）＋2,4-D（1.0）] mg·L-1.The rate of callus differentiation could reach 31.57% in the optimized medium which was MS＋ NAA（1.5,2.0） mg·L-1.

<i>Lily bulb</i>Nectar Produces Expectorant and Anti-Tussive Activities, and Suppresses Cigarette Smoke-Induced Inflammatory Response in the Respiratory Tract in Mice

Air pollutants pose a major environmental threat to the respiratory system. Pathogen invasion and the exposure to particulate matters in atmospheric air, particularly, cigarette smoke (CS), have been found to be associated with acute and chronic respiratory diseases, including asthma. Therefore, the search for agents that can protect the respiratory system against potentially harmful substances is of interest in preventive health. Lily bulb Nectar (LBN), which contains Lily bulb, Pyrus pyrifolia N., Siraitia grosvenorii and Apricot kernel as its ingredients, is a health supplement intended to improve the wellness of the respiratory system in humans. Lily bulb, Pyrus pyrifolia N., Siraitia grosvenorii and Apricot kernel are commonly prescribed for the treatment of respiratory tract disorders such as bronchitis, pneumonia and cough in the practice of traditional Chinese medicine. Pharmacological studies have shown that these herbs can produce beneficial effects on the respiratory tract or even the lungs. In the present study, we investigated the effects of LBN on mouse respiratory tract function under normal and challenged conditions. LBN was first examined for its expectorant and anti-tussive activities in mice. The effect of LBN on long-term exposure to CS was also investigated. Our findings showed that long-term LBN treatment enhanced the expectorant activity and suppressed the SO2-induced coughing in mice. LBN treatment also suppressed the CS-induced inflammation in the respiratory tract, as assessed by differential cell count and cytokine production. In conclusion, long-term LBN consumption may produce beneficial effects on the respiratory tract function in humans, particularly in the face of challenge by irritants in the inhaling air.

“画蛇添足”与“Paint the Lily”对比分析

文章介绍了汉英成语"画蛇添足"与"paint the lily"的词源,并从文化、功能、用法等方面分析了这两个词的异同,讨论了汉英成语对比对于对外汉语成语教学的启示。

Comparative transcriptome and proteome analysis of lily clones inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lilii

Basal bulb rot is the major factor restricting the production of lily,caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lilii.To systematically analyze the transcriptomic and proteomic responses of lily clones to F.oxysporum,we constructed six RNA-seq libraries and four iTRAQ proteomic libraries using lily resistant and susceptible clones sampled at 0,24 and 48 h post-inoculation(hpi)with F.oxysporum respectively.137,715 unigenes were generated,of which 7,667 were differentially expressed.1,679 and 4,051 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between resistant and susceptible clones were isolated from samples collected at 0 and 48 hpi.Four hundred and thirty three and 155 DEGs were identified in resistant clones sampled at 24 and 48 hpi separately while 550 and 799 DEGs were isolated in the susceptible clones sampled at 24 and 48 hpi respectively.The results of iTRAQ analysis revealed 7,482 proteins in resistant and susceptible clones.Data analysis of transcriptome and proteome indicated that 5,735 proteins corresponded to mRNAs.Three hundred and sixteen and 1,052 DEGs had corresponding DEPs.At 48 hpi,the resistant clones showed 155 DEGs and 108 corresponding DEPs,while the susceptible clones showed 799 DEGs and 316 corresponding DEPs.In general,these results enhance comprehension of the defense response of lily resistant clones to F.oxysporum infection and provide valuable sequence data for studying the resistance mechanism.

Components of Flower Pigments in Petals of Lily

This paper carried on a preliminary study on pigment composition of lilies of different colors by means of specific color reactions and UV-visible spectra. The results showed that the colors of lilies were usually caused by the combined action of several pigments; yellow and orange lilies mainly contained the flavonoids and carotenoids; pink lilies mainly contained fiavonoids and anthocyanins, and white lilies contained small amount of flavonoids.

Study on Transformation of Oriental Hybrid Lily by Agrobacterium-mediated

An efficient procedure was described for the transformation of the monocotyledonous oriental hybrid lily, Lilium cv. Siberia. by Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation via leaves regeneration, The leaves of leaflets which derived from bulbs were sliced into 1.0 cm long and were co-cultivated with A. tumefaciens strain LBA4404/pB2AE12, which harbored a vector carrying the neomycin phosphotransferase, DREB2A genes in the T-DNA region. The suitable genetic transformation condition was determined as follows： the bacterial concentration reached 0.5-0.6 （OD600）, 15 min infection time, 20 mg.L^-1 acetosyingone, and 10.6 mmol.L^-1 NH4NO3 medium was used for co-cultivation 3 days, delayed 7 days for selecting by 30 mg.L^-1 kanamycin containing regeneration medium. Efficient shoot regeneration was observed on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg.L^-1 naphthaleneacetic acid, 0.5 mg.L^-1 benzyladenine and 0.1 mg.L^-1 Kinetin after about 6 weeks culture. The presence ofDREB2A gene in the genomic DNA of regenerated plants was detected by means of PCR analysis.

Transformation CodA Gene to Lily Plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciences Mediated

Glycinebetaine(GB),an osmotic substance,could improve some stress tolerance in plants.CodA gene,originating from bacteria,could translate choline oxidase which stimulates the synthesis of GB in plants.To create lily lines resistant to heat,Belladonna lily and Yelloween lily had been transferred CodA gene through Agrobacterium tumefaciens.The bacteria harbored a binary vector carrying the hygromycin phosphotransferase,choline oxidase(CodA)and intron-containingβ-glucuronidase(Gus)genes were co-cultivated with lily bulb scales slides.The result showed that most the bulb scales had developed into bulblets in a regulator-free growth medium,while some expressed the hygromycin-resistance,heat tolerance and Gus gene expression.Among them,one line demonstrated primarily the transcription level expression through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).Moreover,they were tested with the accumulation of GB which was evident that the transferred line had four times of GB volumes higher than that of wild type.The original evidence could open a right approach to enhance stress tolerance in lily plants.

Black Lily Hair Tonic

The Black Lily Hair Tonic, a product of the Beijing XinxingHealth Cosmetics Factory, promotes hair growth andenhances the confidence of those suffering from hair loss,balding and scarcity of eyebrows. Medical specialists think that hair loss is caused by: 1.overwork, insufficient sleep, low spirits or malnutrition thathinder the blood circulation and hurt the hair; 2. over secretionof male hormones, reducing ATP; and 3. irregular metabolism,