Capacitance Sensing and Software-Realized Lock-in Amplifier for the Electromagnetically Levitated Micro Gyroscope

In the novel prototype of micro-gyroscope structure,the new configured capacitance sensing scheme for the micro gyroscope was analyzed and the virtual instrument based detection scheme was implemented.The digital lock-in amplifier was employed in the capacitance detection to restrain the noise interference.The capacitance analysis shows that 1 fF capacitance variation corresponds to 0.1 degree of the turn angle.The differential capacitance bridge and the charge integral amplifier were used as the front signal input interface.In the implementation of digital lock-in amplifier,a new routine which warranted the exactly matching of the reference phase to signal phase was proposed.The result of the experiment shows that digital lock-in amplifier can greatly eliminate the noise in the output signal.The non linearity of the turn angle output is 2.3% and the minimum resolution of turn angle is 0.04 degrees.The application of the software demodulation in the signal detection of micro-electro-mechanical-system(MEMS)device is a new attempt,and it shows the prospective for a high-performance application.

Digital Lock-in Amplifier Based on Microcontroller

与微控制器实现高划算、高度综合的数字占据放大器的一个方法被讨论。并且数字占据放大器对测量低频率的弱 signal.Digital 更合适信号顺序通过在信号时期的一个整数数字上测量的采样信号被获得，但是数字参考顺序通过数学操作被获得，然后数字的阶段敏感察觉能被计算数字信号顺序和数字引用 sequence.In 增加的跨关联的函数实现，频率反应和阶段字符数字最后，设计数字占据放大器被完成。试验性的结果证明数字占据放大器能被用于与低 ignal-to-noise 比率测量弱信号。

High-Power Raman Soliton Generation at 1.7 μm in All-Fiber Polarization-Maintaining Erbium-Doped Amplifier

An all-fiber polarization maintaining high-power laser system operating at 1.7 μm based on the Ramaninduced soliton self-frequency shifting effect is demonstrated. The entirely fiberized system is built by erbiumdoped oscillator and two-stage amplifiers with polarization maintaining commercial silica fibers and devices, which can provide robust and stable soliton generation. High-power soliton laser with the average power of 0.28 W,the repetition rate of 42.7 MHz, and pulse duration of 515 fs is generated directly from the main amplifier.Our experiment provides a feasible method for high-power all-fiber polarization maintaining femtosecond laser generation working at 1.7 μm.

Broadband Dual-Input Doherty Power Amplifier Design Based on a Simple Adaptive Power Dividing Ratio Function

In this paper,a simple adaptive power dividing function for the design of a dual-input Doherty power amplifier(DPA)is presented.In the presented approaches,the signal separation function(SSF)at different frequency points can be characterized by a polynomial.And in the practical test,the coefficients of SSF can be determined by measuring a small number of data points of input power.Same as other dualinput DPAs,the proposed approach can also achieve high output power and back-off efficiency in a broadband operation band by adjusting the power distribution ratio flexibly.Finally,a 1.5-2.5 GHz highefficiency dual-input Doherty power amplifier is implemented according to this approach.The test results show that the peak power is 48.6-49.7d Bm,and the 6-d B back-off efficiency is 51.0-67.0%,and the saturation efficiency is 52.4-74.6%.The digital predistortion correction is carried out at the frequency points of 1.8/2.1GHz,and the adjacent channel power ratio is lower than-54.5d Bc.Simulation and experiment results can verify the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed method.

Harmonic balance simulation of the influence of component uniformity and reliability on the performance of a Josephson traveling wave parametric amplifier

A Josephson traveling wave parametric amplifier(JTWPA),which is a quantum-limited amplifier with high gain and large bandwidth,is the core device of large-scale measurement and control systems for quantum computing.A typical JTWPA consists of thousands of Josephson junctions connected in series to form a transmission line and hundreds of shunt LC resonators periodically loaded along the line for phase matching.Because the variation of these capacitors and inductors can be detrimental to their high-frequency characteristics,the fabrication of a JTWPA typically necessitates precise processing equipment.To guide the fabrication process and further improve the design for manufacturability,it is necessary to understand how each electronic component affects the amplifier.In this paper,we use the harmonic balance method to conduct a comprehensive study on the impact of nonuniformity and fabrication yield of the electronic components on the performance of a JTWPA.The results provide insightful and scientific guidance for device design and fabrication processes.

Three-channel CMOS transimpedance amplifier for LiDAR sensor receiver

For time-of-flight(TOF)light detection and ranging(LiDAR),a three-channel high-performance transimpedance amplifier(TIA)with high immunity to input load capacitance is presented.A regulated cascade(RGC)as the input stage is at the core of the complementary metal oxide semiconductor(CMOS)circuit chip,giving it more immunity to input photodiode detectors.A simple smart output interface acting as a feedback structure,which is rarely found in other designs,reduces the chip size and power consumption simultaneously.The circuit is designed using a 0.5μm CMOS process technology to achieve low cost.The device delivers a 33.87 dB?transimpedance gain at 350 MHz.With a higher input load capacitance,it shows a-3 dB bandwidth of 461 MHz,indicating a better detector tolerance at the front end of the system.Under a 3.3 V supply voltage,the device consumes 5.2 mW,and the total chip area with three channels is 402.8×597.0μm2(including the test pads).

A Portable Analog Lock-In Amplifier for Accurate Phase Measurement and Application in High-Precision Optical Oxygen Concentration Detection

A portable analog lock-in amplifier capable of accurate phase detection is proposed in this paper. The proposed lock-in amplifier, which uses the dual-channel orthometric signals as the references to build the xy coordinate system, can detect the relative phase between the input and x-axis based on trigonometric function. The sensitivity of the phase measurement reaches 0.014degree, and a detection precision of 0.1 degree is achieved. At the same time, the performance of the lock-in amplifier is verified in the high precision optical oxygen concentration detection. Experimental results reveal that the portable analog lock-in amplifier is accurate for phase detection applications. In the oxygen sensing experiments, 0.058% oxygen concentration resulted in 0.1 degree phase shift detected by the lock-in amplifier precisely. In addition, the lock-in amplifier is small and economical compared with the commercial lock-in equipments, so it can be easily integrated in many portable devices for industrial applications.

5G Wideband Bandpass Filtering Power Amplifiers Based on a Bandwidth-Extended Bandpass Matching Network

In this paper,a 5G wideband power amplifier(PA)with bandpass filtering response is synthesized using a bandwidth-extended bandpass filter as the matching network(MN).In this structure,the bandwidth(θ_(C))is defined as a variable in the closedform equations provided by the microstrip bandpass filter.It can be extended over a wide range only by changing the characteristic impedances of the structure.Different from the other wideband MNs,the extension of bandwidth does not increase the complexity of the structure(order n is fixed).In addition,based on the bandwidth-extended structure,the wideband design of bandpass filtering PA is not limited to the fixed bandwidth of the specific filter structure.The theoretical analysis of the MN and the design flow of the PA are provided in this design.The fabricated bandpass filtering PA can support almost one-octave bandwidth(2-3.8 GHz),covering the two 5G bands(n41 and n78).The drain efficiency of 47%-60%and output power higher than 40 dBm are measured.Good frequency selectivity in S-parameter measurements can be observed.

Design and performance of a high-speed and low-noise preamplifier for SiPM

Considering the R&D for upgrading the K^(0)_(L) andμdetectors in the Belle II experiment using a scintillator and silicon pho-tomultiplier(SiPM),we designed a compact high-speed and low-noise preamplifier.The preamplifier demonstrated a good gain stability,bandwidth of 426 MHz,baseline noise level ofσ≈0.6 mV,dynamic range of up to170 mV of the input signal amplitude,good time resolution of 20 ps,and it can be comprehensively applied to SiPMs.Adopting pole-zero-cancelation in the preamplifier reduces both the rise and fall times of the SiPM signal,which can significantly improve the time resolution and reduce the pile-up when using a large SiPM or an array of SiPMs.Various combinations of the preamplifier and several types of SiPMs demonstrated time resolutions better than 50 ps for most cases;when the number of detected photons was larger than 60,a time resolution of approximately 25 ps was achieved.

Impact of amplified spontaneous emission noise on the SRS threshold of high-power fiber amplifiers

Impact of amplified spontaneous emission(ASE)noise on the stimulated Raman scattering(SRS)threshold of highpower fiber amplifiers is demonstrated numerically through a spectral evolution approach.The simulation results confirm that ASE noise in the Raman wavelength band could reduce the SRS threshold of high-power fiber amplifiers significantly.As for ASE noise originated the main amplifier,it becomes stronger and reduces the SRS threshold at shorter operation wavelength below 1052 nm.As for ASE noise originated from the seed laser,it reduces the SRS threshold at different operation wavelength under the condition that the Raman ratio is over-90 dB in the seed laser.The theoretical method and results in this work could provide a well reference to extend the operation wavelength of high-power fiber lasers.

Improving source-in-the-middle continuous-variable quantum key distribution using a heralded hybrid linear amplifier

A hybrid linear amplifier is inserted at the output of the source-in-the-middle distribution protocol to overcome the shortcomings of the transmission distance.The modified protocol aims to maintain a high key rate for long-distance transmission under high noise.It has the potential to significantly broaden the application range of the continuous variable quantum key distribution protocol.The effects of amplifier parameters and noise on the modified protocol are analyzed in detail with regard to applying it to a practical system.To make the simulation more realistic,the effect of finite size on the new protocol is taken into account.It will serve as a guideline for the future use of hybrid linear amplifiers.Different parameters can be adjusted to achieve the best performance for key rates of different quantum channels.

Piezomagnetic vibration energy harvester with an amplifier

We study the effect of an amplification mechanism in a nonlinear vibration energy harvesting system where a ferromagnetic beam resonator is attached to the vibration source through an additional linear spring with a damper.The beam moves in the nonlinear double-well potential caused by interaction with two magnets.The piezoelectric patches with electrodes attached to the electrical circuit support mechanical energy transduction into electrical power.The results show that the additional spring can improve energy harvesting.By changing its stiffness,we observed various solutions.At the point of the optimal stiffness of the additional spring,the power output is amplified a few times depending on the excitation amplitude.

Research Towards Terahertz Power Amplifiers in Silicon-Based Process

In view of the existing design challenges for Terahertz(THz)power amplifiers(PAs),the common design methods and the efforts of the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Wave,Southeast University,China in the development of silicon-based THz PAs,mainly including silicon-based PAs with operating frequencies covering 100–300 GHz,are summarized in this paper.Particularly,we design an LC-balun-based two-stage differential cascode PA with a center frequency of 150 GHz and an output power of 14 dBm.Based on a Marchand balun,we report a 220 GHz three-stage differential cascode PA with a saturated output power of 9.5 dBm.To further increase the output power of THz PA,based on a four-way differential power combining technique,we report a 211–263 GHz dual-LC-tank-based broadband PA with a recorded 14.7 dBm Psat and 16.4 dB peak gain.All the above circuits are designed in a standard 130 nm silicon germanium(SiGe)BiCMOS process.

Vertical vibration control using nonlinear energy sink with inertial amplifier

To reduce additional mass, this work proposes a nonlinear energy sink(NES)with an inertial amplifier(NES-IA) to control the vertical vibration of the objects under harmonic and shock excitations. Moreover, this paper constructs pure nonlinear stiffness without neglecting the gravity effect of the oscillator. Both analytical and numerical methods are used to evaluate the performance of the NES-IA. The research findings indicate that even if the actual mass is 1% of the main oscillator, the NES-IA with proper inertia angles and mass distribution ratios can still effectively attenuate the steady-state and transient responses of the main oscillator. Nonlinear stiffness and damping also have important effects. Due to strongly nonlinear factors, the coupled system may exhibit higher branch responses under harmonic excitation. In shock excitation environment, the NES-IA with a large dynamic mass can trigger energy capture of both main resonance and high-frequency resonance. Furthermore, the comparison with the traditional NES also confirms the advantages of the NES-IA in overcoming mass dependence.

Nonlinear Absorption and Low-threshold Two-photon Pumped Amplified Stimulated Emission from FAPbBr_(3) Nanocrystals

Formamidinium lead bromide(FAPbBr_(3))nanocrystals(NCs)have been considered to be a good optoelectronic material due to their pure green emission,excellent stability and superior carrier transport characteristics.However,two-photon pumped amplified spontaneous emission(ASE)and the corresponding nonlinear optical properties of FAPbBr_(3) NCs are scarcely revealed.Herein,we synthesized colloidal FAPbBr_(3) NCs with different sizes by changing the molar ratio of FABr/PbBr_(2) in the precursor solution,using ligand assisted precipitation(LARP)technology at room temperature.Photoluminescence(PL)and time resolved photoluminescence(TRPL)spectroscopy were measured to characterize their ASE properties.And their nonlinear optical properties were studied through the Zscan technique and the two-photon excited fluorescence method.The stimulated emission properties including oneand two-photon pumped ASE have been realized from FAPbBr_(3) NCs.With large two-photon absorption coefficient(0.27 cm/GW)and high non-linear absorption cross-section(7.52×10^(5) GM),ASE with threshold as low as 9.8μJ/cm^(2) and 487μJ/cm^(2) have been obtained from colloidal FAPbBr_(3) NCs using one-and two-photon excitations.These results indicate that as a new possible green-emitting frequency-upconversion material with low thresholds,FAPbBr_(3) NCs hold great potential in the development of high-performance two-photon pump lasers.

A mid-infrared methane detection device based on dualchannel lock-in amplifier

一个便携式的双隧道的 digital/analogue 混血儿占据放大器(LIA ) 被开发，并且当 signal-to-noise 比率(SNR ) 比 12 dB 大时，它的振幅察觉错误是不到 10% 。然后，微分中间红外线的甲烷(CH 4) 察觉设备试验性地基于宽带白热电线来源和多传递被表明球形的反射镜。实验被执行获得设备的察觉到的表演。与仅仅 4.8 厘米的吸收长度，察觉(LoD ) 的限制是大约 71.43 mg/m 3, ，察觉范围从 0 mg/m 3 是到 5.00vacancies，并且传导性是小极化子的跳跃描述的井：=0 exp { 29/kT }( 欧姆厘米) 有 2m 0 的一个有效的团的 1 。thermo 力量是否定的并且与温度改变很少，建议传导机制主要由于电子跳跃。分析材料在一个宽广 pH 范围上显示出化学稳定性；在 KOH 解决方案显示器的半对数的阴谋 27 一厘米 2 的交换电流密度和 0.204 V SCE 。电容测量(C 2 V ) 展出线性行为， n 类型电导率特征，从哪个 0.530 V SCE

Lock-in-Amplifier Model for Analyzing the Behavior of Signal Harmonics in Magnetic Particle Imaging

The purpose of this study was to present a lock-in-amplifier model for analyzing the behavior of signal harmonics in magnetic particle imaging (MPI) and some simulation results based on this model. In the lock-in-amplifier model, the signal induced by magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in a receiving coil was multiplied with a reference signal, and was then fed through a low-pass filter to extract the DC component of the signal (output signal). The MPI signal was defined as the mean of the absolute value of the output signal. The magnetization and particle size distribution of MNPs were assumed to obey the Langevin theory of paramagnetism and a log-normal distribution, respectively, and the strength of the selection magnetic field (SMF) in MPI was assumed to be given by the product of the gradient strength of the SMF and the distance from the field-free region (x). In addition, Gaussian noise was added to the signal induced by MNPs using normally-distributed random numbers. The relationships between the MPI signal and x were calculated for the odd- and even-numbered harmonics and were investigated for various time constants of the low-pass filter used in the lock-in amplifier and particle sizes and their distributions of MNPs. We found that the behavior of the MPI signal largely depended on the time constant of the low-pass filter and the particle size of MNPs. This lock-in-amplifier model will be useful for better understanding, optimizing, and developing MPI, and for designing MNPs appropriate for MPI.

New thermal optimization scheme of power module in solid-state amplifier

The new 1 kW power module for ADS project needs the optimization of cooling design including water flow and tunnel layout, and the water flow of three tons per hour was chosen to be a goal for a 20 kW power source.According to analysis from the insertion and integrated loss, about 24 modules were integrated into the rated power. Thus, every module has a cooling flow of 2.1 L/min for RF heat load and power supply loss, which is very hard to achieve if no special consideration and techniques. A new thermal simulation method was introduced for thermal analysis of cooling plate through CST multi-physics suite,especially for temperature of power LDMOS transistor.Some specific measures carried out for the higher heat transfer were also presented in this paper.

Gain and Noise Figure of a Double-Pass Waveguide Amplifier Based on Er/Yb-Doped Phosphate Glass

A waveguide amplifier is fabricated by Ag^＋-Na^＋ two-step ion exchange on Er/Yb-doped phosphate glass. The spectroscopic performance of glass and the properties of channel waveguide are characterized. A double-pass configuration is adopted to measure the gain and noise figure （NF） of the waveguide amplifier, and the comparison of gain and NF for the single and double-pass configuration of the waveguide amplifier is presented. The results show that the double-pass configuration can make the gain increase from 8.8dB （net gain 2.2dB/cm） of the single-pass one to 14.6dB （net gain 3.65dB/cm） for small input power at 1534nm, and the NF are all lower than 5.5dB for both the configurations.

Active Damping of Milling Vibration Using Operational Amplifier Circuit

The problem of chatter vibration is associated with adverse consequences that often lead to tool impairment and poor surface finished in a workpiece, and thus, controlling or suppressing chatter vibrations is of great significance to improve machining quality. In this paper, a workpiece and an actuator dynamics are considered in modeling and controller design. A proportional-integral controller(PI) is presented to control and actively damp the chatter vibration of a workpiece in the milling process. The controller is chosen on the basis of its highly stable output and a smaller amount of steady-state error. The controller is realized using analog operational amplifier circuit. The work has contributed to planning a novel approach that addresses the problem of chatter vibration in spite of technical hitches in modeling and controller design. The method can also lead to considerable reduction in vibrations and can be beneficial in industries in term of cost reduction and energy saving. The application of this method is verified using active damping device actuator(ADD) in the milling of steel.