Comparative Analysis between Conventional PI, Fuzzy Logic and Artificial Neural Network Based Speed Controllers of Induction Motor with Considering Core Loss and Stray Load Loss

Most of the controllers of IM （induction motor） for industrial applications have been designed based on PI controller without consideration of CL （core loss） and SLL （stray load loss）. To get the precise performances of torque as well as rotor speed and flux, the above mentioned losses should be considered. Conventional PI controller has overshoot effect at the transient period of the speed response curve. On the other hand, fuzzy logic and ANN （artificial neural network） based controllers can minimize the overshoot effect at the transient period because they have the abilities to deal with the nonlinear systems. In this paper, a comparative analysis is done between PI, fuzzy logic and ANN based speed controllers to find the suitable control strategy for IM with consideration of CL and SLL. The simulation analysis is done by using Matlab/Simulink software. The simulation results show that the fuzzy logic based speed controller gives better responses than ANN and conventional PI based speed controllers in terms of rotor speed, electromagnetic torque and rotor flux of IM.

Optimal Placement of Reclosers to Minimize Power Losses during Non-Load Bearing Disturbances in a Power Distribution Using Firefly Algorithm

The research reported in this paper focuses on non-technical power loss reduction for power distribution systems. Such reduction of costs of energy not served (ENS.COST), is intelligently evaluated and optimized using a firefly algorithm, from where savings of 43.3% on energy not served are achieved.

基于Triplet Loss和KNN的非侵入式未知负荷识别

针对在接入新负荷时传统非侵入式负荷识别算法会产生误分类的问题,提出一种基于三元组损失(Triplet Loss)和KNN的非侵入式未知负荷识别算法。首先,采用负荷稳态运行时的电流、电压构造多特征融合的彩色V-I轨迹图像;然后,挖掘在线的Semi-Hard样本对,使用Triplet Loss训练神经网络,并得到各样本的特征向量;最后,对特征向量进行PCA降维,并基于类中心构造邻域,使用KNN算法来进行负荷识别。使用PLAID、COOLL数据集对所提算法进行测试。测试结果表明,所提的负荷识别算法在已知类别负荷的分类和未知负荷的识别方面均有较高的准确率。

GRACE observed mass loss in the middle and lower Yangtze basin

Anthropogenic architectures have a significant impact to the environment. The Three Gorges Dam(TGD),as the largest dam in the world, is a typical example, and has influenced the mass anomalies transported by the flow downstream in the Yangtze River since June 2003. However, the evidence of TGD influence on downstream mass transportation is not documented. In this study, we analyze the monthly gravity solutions from GRACE to investigate the downstream mass variations of Yangtze River. From our results,the considerable mass loss is detected in the downstream of TGD. By comparing our estimations with the in situ water level data of TGD, we find that the mass variations derived from GRACE at Datong station decreases shortly after the impoundment of TGD. This confirms a strong connection between them.Furthermore, by comparing with the in situ sediment load and river discharge at Yichang and Datong gauging stations, we find that the sediment load data shows a similar mass loss signature while the river discharge of both stations has stay at a relative stable level. This indicates that further study is still needed to understand the mechanism better.

Separator coatings as efficient physical and chemical hosts of polysulfides for high-sulfur-loaded rechargeable lithium–sulfur batteries

Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)are promising alternative energy storage devices to the commercial lithium-ion batteries.However,the LSBs have several limitations including the low electronic conductivity of sulfur(5×10^-30S cm^-1),associated lithium polysulfides(PSs),and their migration from the cathode to the anode.In this study,a separator coated with a Ketjen black(KB)/Nafion composite was used in an LSB with a sulfur loading up to 7.88 mg cm^-2to mitigate the PS migration.A minimum specific capacity(Cs)loss of 0.06%was obtained at 0.2 C-rate at a high sulfur loading of 4.39 mg cm^-2.Furthermore,an initial areal capacity up to 6.70 mAh cm^-2 was obtained at a sulfur loading of 7.88 mg cm^-2.The low Cs loss and high areal capacity associated with the high sulfur loading are attributed to the large surface area of the KB and sulfonate group(SO3^-)of Nafion,respectively,which could physically and chemically trap the PSs.

Effects of Harmonics on Power Loss in XLPE Cables

Harmonics in power systems is increasingly at high level. Also, there has been an incredible growth in the use of cross linked polyethylene (XLPE) cables in distribution systems. Harmonics cause additional power loss/temperature rise;causing premature failure of cables. Catastrophic failure of power cables leads to great inconvenience to consumers and loss of system reliability and money. To avoid the overheating of power cables;the additional power loss due to harmonics should be accurately calculated and properly accommodated by derating the cable. The present method of calculating the power loss in cables in harmonics rich environment is very arduous. The aim of this paper is to present the reasonably accurate method for evaluating effects of harmonics on the power loss in XLPE cables. Computational model is developed in MATLAB for power loss calculation using conventional method. Using this model, calculations are performed for aluminium and copper conductor XLPE cables of different size and type;for three different types of harmonics spectrums having total harmonics distortion (THD) of 30.68%, including all odd harmonics components up to 49th order. Using these results;a mathematical model in the form of simple empirical formula is developed by curve fitting technique. The results obtained by various models are presented and compared with error justification.

Investigation of Power Supply to Subsea Loads from High Voltage Electric Source Using Modular Direct Current Scheme

Subsea power converters have been identified in recent researches as a potential means of supplying power to subsea loads and this technology has been seen as a means to reduce the reliance on offshore platforms. This study analyses all electric subsea high power system for power generation and transmission in the offshore oil and gas industry for sustainable subsea development. In order to accomplish the analysis of power generation and transmission to subsea loads, the MAT lab SIMULINK software was employed to ascertain losses arising from the transmission of power to subsea systems. Data from Agbara and Akpo fields, all located in Nigeria, were analysed using the MSDC model as an alternative power source for power generation and transmission to all subsea loads. When the voltage loss between a step out distance at 30 km and 200 km was compared for the Akpo oil field, the plots indicate a significant loss in voltage. The RMS value of voltage loss increased from 0.8874 at a step out distance 30 km to 0.9449 for 200 km.

考虑空载损失的非集中式共同配送订单分派及路径优化研究

物流活动的空载率居高不下源于路径规划不合理及企业间缺少合作,共同配送是降低空载损失的有效模式,但非集中式共同配送下物流企业可能基于被分派的订单选择自身成本最小的配送路径,从而导致共同配送联盟的空载损失变大。本文研究考虑空载损失的非集中式共同配送订单分派及路径优化,首先提出空载损失定义,权衡整个配送过程的成本最小和空载损失最小两个目标,基于非集中式共同配送的特征设计订单分派策略,进而建立订单分派及路径优化模型。设计了基于ε约束法的精确算法、改进的MOPSO(multiple objective particle swarm optimization)算法、多项式时间快速算法进行求解,并结合算例验证算法的有效性。数值分析结果表明,即使物流企业均追求自身成本最小化,提出的订单分派策略也可得到与全局优化相近的结果。

基于位错运动的弹簧应力松弛方程应用研究

评价弹簧的强压处理工艺、预测弹簧的贮存寿命和载荷损失具有重要的工程意义。本文对圆柱螺旋压缩弹簧进行应力松弛试验,利用基于位错运动的应力松弛方程对加速试验数据进行拟合分析,提出评价弹簧强压处理效果的方法,并对应力松弛方程进行线性化处理,导出弹簧寿命预测方程和载荷预测方程,给出计算载荷损失误差的方法,预测圆柱螺旋压缩弹簧的寿命和载荷损失,并对其进行试验验证。结果表明:本文提出的弹簧应力松弛方程效果较好,载荷损失预测误差在±2%以内。

Investigating the Effects of Slack Bus Selection in Load Flow Studies: A Comparative Analysis of Robust and Weak Grids

Load flow studies play a critical role in the analysis of power systems. They enable the computation of voltage, current, and power flows in a power system. They provide valuable insights into the steady-state performance of the power system under different operating conditions. Choosing a slack bus is a vital step in conducting load flow simulations. A slack bus is a PV bus that includes a generator and is used to balance real and reactive power during load flow studies. Many studies have been conducted on the selection of slack buses in load flow analysis. However, varied conclusions regarding the impact on system losses and power flows were obtained during these studies. Therefore, using the IEEE-14 bus test system, this study investigated the effects of slack bus selection in strong and weak grids by alternating slack buses among PV buses and observing the effects on bus voltage magnitude, bus voltage phase angle, total power flows, and active and reactive power losses. The study noted that the effect of slack bus selection on these system quantities is contingent upon the voltage stability of the grid. Whereas in a robust grid, system losses and power flows remained constant irrespective of the choice of slack bus, a weak grid experienced some variations in these system quantities under similar circumstances. The simulation results led to the conclusion that, to a large extent, the voltage stability of the grid plays a significant role in determining the degree to which slack bus selection affects system losses and other quantities in load flow studies.

震后RC桥墩竖向承载力最优工程需求参数的选取方法

桥墩结构的震后竖向承载力是评估梁式桥梁震后通行功能的重要指标,但其难以测量。为了快速定量地评估桥梁结构的震后通行能力,对评估梁式桥梁结构震后竖向承载力的最优工程需求参数(EDP)进行了系统地研究。首先选取与墩柱残余侧移和损伤相关的5个EDPs,通过对考虑了材料不确定性的RC桥墩进行Pushover分析和动力时程分析得到5个EDPs,进一步对震后的桥墩进行Pushdown分析获取震后竖向承载力。然后采用回归模型对所选EDPs与震后竖向承载力损失比的关系曲线进行回归分析,选取竖向承载力损失比关系曲线的最优回归模型为在ln(x)-y坐标系中的正态累积函数模型,进一步通过最优EDP评价准则对评估竖向承载力损失比的5个EDPs进行评价分析。评价结果表明:当考虑震后可计算性时,峰值侧移率最优;当考虑震后可测性时,残余侧移率最优;当考虑余震时,改进的Park-Ang指标最优。通过选取的最优EDP可以建立桥梁结构功能指标与抗震性能指标之间的联系,为进一步发展和完善桥梁结构的抗震韧性评估和设计提供参考。

空间导叶式多级离心泵级间能量损失机理

为探究空间导叶式多级离心泵级间能量损失的原因,以1个单级和1个3级潜水泵为研究对象,通过试验和数值模拟相结合的方法,分析其级间能量损失的机理.对单级和3级潜水泵分别进行全流场外特性试验.基于ANSYS软件对3级潜水泵不同流量点进行数值模拟和内流场分析,着重对各级叶轮进口流态、内部旋涡结构和叶片载荷分析比较.结果表明:小流量工况下,3级潜水泵各级扬程接近且与单级扬程相差不大;额定流量工况和大流量工况下,3级潜水泵第1级扬程与单级扬程仍相差不大,但后2级扬程相比于第1级降低了6%~10%.随着流量的增大,首级叶轮来流稳定性不受影响,其后各级叶轮进流流态变差.后2级叶轮进口液体介质冲角变化使其对叶片进口边的冲击增大.后2级叶轮进口处的涡在流量较大时发展为流向涡,从而引起叶片载荷突变,削弱了叶轮做功能力,导致后2级能量损失.研究结果可为多级离心泵的设计提供理论依据.

Optimization of Losses Joule in the Congolese Electrical Network Integrated with the Energy Pool of Central Africa in the PEAC Acronym

Joule losses in the power grids are a factor in the degradation of power grid equipment (lines and transformers), but also a shortfall for power companies, which must maximize their revenues. This is why in this article we present a study on the optimization of joule losses in a meshed electricity network interconnected to a very high voltage power line crossing Congolese territory for nearly one thousand five hundred (1500) kilometers. The value of interconnections no longer needs to be demonstrated in view of these technical, economic and social advantages. The object of this study is to assess the optimal node where the interconnection can be achieved which would cause fewer joule losses in the networks to be interconnected on this line. Indeed, it can have several possible nodes where the interconnection can be carried out, so it is necessary to simulate each configuration in order to evaluate the losses using the hybrid method including the genetic algorithm to provide different configurations and the Newton Raphson algorithm. Advanced integrating FACTS devices in this case STATCOM to perform load flow. The results are interesting because by injecting electrical energy to the network or to the line to the same selected, the joule losses are within the standards provided by the International Electrotechnical Commission.

多执行器载荷差异储能均衡系统特性

针对阀控多执行器复合作业系统节流损失大、动势能浪费严重等问题,提出一种多执行器载荷差异储能均衡原理。首先对多执行器系统功率分配特性进行分析,明确了载荷差异产生节流损失的原因是动力源压力与最大负载相匹配,导致其他执行器控制阀产生过大的压力损失。然后建立了载荷储能均衡液压挖掘机联合仿真模型。并设计电液储能单元控制各执行器进油腔的压力相等,从而消除执行器载荷差异造成的节流损失。在动臂、铲斗同时动作时,与流量匹配系统相比,所提系统节流损失降低达75%,系统效率提升39%;同时,电液储能单元实现了传统压力补偿器的压差调控功能,显著提升了系统运行平稳性。

基于单片机的配网变压器能耗自动监测和控制系统

针对配网变压器能耗较高的问题,该文提出以单片机技术为基础的配网变压器能耗自动检测和控制系统。系统设计的控制中心为单片机,通过多功能表对变压器负荷进行计算,同时设置相应的调档阈值,调整变压器的容量,从而起到降低损耗、节约能源的效果。经过实例验证,该方法能够大幅提升配网变压器的节能效果,同时运行稳定可靠。

计及相关性和谐波损耗的配电网极限线损计算模型

针对大规模新能源接入、负荷相关性以及系统不确定谐波影响配电网的极限线损准确计算的问题。为此文中构建一种计及相关性和谐波损耗的配电网极限线损计算模型。建立分布式电源、电动汽车出力的半不变量模型;利用改进的Nataf变换处理负荷出力的相关性,并建立考虑相关性的负荷半不变量模型,分析线路和变压器的损耗随谐波含有率变化情况,并采用指数拟合建立相应的关联模型,通过概率潮流模型求解各状态变量的半不变量,利用Cornish-Fisher级数拟合状态变量的概率分布,进而求取配电网的极限线损,对富含新能源的IEEE 34节点系统进行分析,计算结果验证了模型的准确性。

实现配电变压器效率最大化的治理方法研究

铁损、铜损是影响配电变压器效率的基本损耗,尤其当三相负荷不平衡发生时还会带来附加损耗。为实现配电变压器效率最大化,结合低压供配电系统三相幅值和功率因数均不平衡的现状,通过数学建模对影响配电变压器效率的因素进行理论分析,并建立三相负荷不平衡度与配电变压器效率关系的度量式,基于联合机制提出实现配电变压器效率最大化算法。通过算例与实验法对所提理论进行验证分析,结果表明,通过治理中性线电流可以有效提高配电变压器效率。结合实验结果提出了实现配电变压器效率最大化的改良措施。

考虑动态三相不平衡度的输电线路线损控制方法

为了精准计算线路三相不平衡度并降低线路损耗,治理三相电流不平衡度,研究考虑动态三相不平衡度的输电线路线损控制方法。估算输电线路的三相电压不平衡度,并以其为参考计算输电线路三相电流不平衡度,结合等值电阻法与不平衡度因素计算输电线路的线损,当线路损耗过高时,通过在线路中接入基于电压控制的统一潮流控制器,降低输电线路中的电阻功率值与阻抗,实现输电线路线损控制。实验结果证明,该方法可以有效分析三相不平衡负载下输电线路两端电压、电流波形变化,并准确计算输电线路中三相电流不平衡度,且线损率计算结果准确,控制后线损率呈明显下降趋势。

适应多元源荷接入的配电网两阶段灵活性提升优化方法

配电网灵活性提升优化过程中易受不均匀电压、强磁场、电流效应等问题的干扰,灵活性提升效果不明显。为了解决上述问题,提出适应多元源荷接入的配电网两阶段灵活性提升优化方法。该方法首先采用瞬时功率平衡算法保证配电网达到三相平衡状态,其次通过无功出力与有功损耗的输出特点实现配电网的无功规划,有效地提高配电网运行质量,降低网损。最后采用多元源荷接入的两阶段提升优化法提升配电网的灵活性,第一阶段基于灵活性三指标与多源源荷供给特性构建灵活性提升优化模型,第二阶段考虑配电网灵活性指标的概率平衡性,并采用线性转换算法对模型求解,完成配电网灵活性提升优化。试验结果表明,所提方法的网损率小,净负荷波动曲线小,计算时间短,配电网分布式电源接入的灵活适应性强。可见通过灵活性优化调度,可以有效提升含分布式电源配电网的灵活性,提高配电网接纳分布式电源的能力。

基于负荷损失解析建模的城市电网移动式电源集群灾前布局

台风、暴雨等极端天气易造成城市电网大规模停电。为实现重要负荷的灾中保供,针对台风灾害场景的不确定性构建了城市电网失负荷分布的概率模型,提出了移动式电源集群的灾前最优布局策略。考虑到城市电网的高维度特征,将城市电网分为中压配电网和高压配电网分别进行建模:在中压配电网层面,根据电网拓扑结构与线路故障概率的空间分布,提出了变电站级的失负荷期望值解析模型;在高压配电网层面,建立了移动式电源集群灾前两阶段随机规划模型,以不确定极端场景下总运行成本最小为目标函数布置移动式电源集群。基于某地区实际电网验证所提出的失负荷期望解析模型与电源布局方法,算例结果表明,所提模型和方法能够快速计算失负荷值,在对计算时间严格约束的场景下给出移动式电源集群的最优配置方案,实现城市电网极限生存能力的提升。