Mogroside IIE,an in vivo metabolite of sweet agent,alleviates acute lung injury via Pla2g2a-EGFR inhibition

In the face of increasingly serious environmental pollution,the health of human lung tissues is also facing serious threats.Mogroside IIE(M2E)is the main metabolite of sweetening agents mogrosides from the anti-tussive Chinese herbal Siraitia grosvenori.The study elucidated the anti-inflammatory action and molecular mechanism of M2E against acute lung injury(ALI).A lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced ALI model was established in mice and MH-S cells were employed to explore the protective mechanism of M2E through the western blotting,co-immunoprecipitation,and quantitative real time-PCR analysis.The results indicated that M2E alleviated LPS-induced lung injury through restraining the activation of secreted phospholipase A2 type IIA(Pla2g2a)-epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR).The interaction of Pla2g2a and EGFR was identified by co-immunoprecipitation.In addition,M2E protected ALI induced with LPS against inflammatory and damage which were significantly dependent upon the downregulation of AKT and m TOR via the inhibition of Pla2g2a-EGFR.Pla2g2a may represent a potential target for M2E in the improvement of LPS-induced lung injury,which may represent a promising strategy to treat ALI.

Research Progress on the Prevention of Premature Infant Lung Injury and Neonatal Respiratory Support

In the past 40 years,advances in neonatal intensive care unit(NICU)technology have enabled premature infants with lower birth weight and younger gestational age to survive.But with it comes an increase in the incidence of long-term respiratory dysfunction,mainly in the form of bronchopulmonary dysplasia(BPD).Preventing lung injury is crucial for preventing BPD and improving the long-term prognosis of premature infants.Therefore,how to avoid ventilator-associated lung injury has become a focus of clinical and scientific research in premature infants in recent years.This article will elaborate on the susceptibility and pathophysiology of premature infant lung injury,ventilation strategies for preventing lung injury,and new advances in neonatal respiratory support.

Oleuropein alleviates sepsis-induced acute lung injury via the AMPK/Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling

Objective:To explore the effect of oleuropein on sepsis-induced acute lung injury(ALI)in vitro and in vivo and investigate the underlying mechanism.Methods:In an lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-mediated cell model of sepsis-induced ALI and a cecal ligation and puncture-induced mouse model of septic ALI,CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry analysis were used to detect cell activity and apoptosis.ELISA and relevant assay kits were used to measure the levels of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress,respectively.Western blot was applied to determine the expression of apoptosis-and AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2(Nrf-2)/heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)signaling-associated proteins.JC-1 staining,adenosine triphosphate(ATP)assay kit,and MitoSOX Red assays were performed to detect mitochondrial membrane potential,ATP content,and mitochondrial ROS formation,respectively.Moreover,lung injury was evaluated by measuring lung morphological alternations,lung wet-to-dry ratio,myeloperoxidase content,and total protein concentration.Results:Oleuropein reduced inflammatory reaction,oxidative damage,and apoptosis,and ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction in LPS-exposed BEAS-2B cells and mice with septic ALI.Besides,oleuropein activated the AMPK/Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling pathway.However,these effects of oleuropein were abrogated by an AMPK inhibitor compound C.Conclusions:Oleuropein can protect against sepsis-induced ALI in vitro and in vivo by activating the AMPK/Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling,which might be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of sepsis-induced ALI.

Periplaneta Americana Extract Ameliorates LPS-induced Acute Lung Injury Via Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress

Objective Acute lung injury(ALI)is an acute clinical syndrome characterized by uncontrolled inflammation response,which causes high mortality and poor prognosis.The present study determined the protective effect and underlying mechanism of Periplaneta americana extract(PAE)against lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced ALI.Methods The viability of MH-S cells was measured by MTT.ALI was induced in BALB/c mice by intranasal administration of LPS(5 mg/kg),and the pathological changes,oxidative stress,myeloperoxidase activity,lactate dehydrogenase activity,inflammatory cytokine expression,edema formation,and signal pathway activation in lung tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)were examined by H&E staining,MDA,SOD and CAT assays,MPO assay,ELISA,wet/dry analysis,immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting,respectively.Results The results revealed that PAE obviously inhibited the release of proinflammatory TNF-α,IL-6 and IL-1βby suppressing the activation of MAPK/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathways in LPS-treated MH-S cells.Furthermore,PAE suppressed the neutrophil infiltration,permeability increase,pathological changes,cellular damage and death,pro-inflammatory cytokines expression,and oxidative stress upregulation,which was associated with its blockage of the MAPK/Akt/NF-κB pathway in lung tissues of ALI mice.Conclusion PAE may serve as a potential agent for ALI treatment due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties,which correlate to the blockage of the MAPK/NF-κB and AKT signaling pathways.

Glycolysis and acute lung injury:A review

Acute lung injury is featured as diffuse pulmonary edema and persistent hypoxemia caused by lung or systemic injury.It is believed that these pathological changes are associated with damage to the alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium,recruitment of inflammatory cells,and inflammatory factor storms.In recent years,the metabolic reprogramming of lung parenchymal cells and immune cells,particularly alterations in glycolysis,has been found to occur in acute lung injury.Inhibition of glycolysis can reduce the severity of acute lung injury.Thus,this review focuses on the interconnection between acute lung injury and glycolysis and the mechanisms of interaction,which may bring hope for the treatment of acute lung injury.

LungPoint导航联合吲哚菁绿荧光成像在Ⅰa期非小细胞肺癌淋巴结采样中的应用价值

目的:寻找一种准确定位Ⅰa期非小细胞肺癌患者(NSCLC)前哨淋巴结(SLN)的方法,验证SLN作为淋巴结取样样本的合理性。方法:采用前瞻性研究方法,参照入组标准纳入2021年1月至2023年12月在山东省公共卫生临床中心胸外科临床分期为Ⅰa期NSCLC住院患者50例,术前借助LungPoint导航气管镜下肿瘤周围注射示踪剂吲哚菁绿,通过荧光胸腔镜成像完成SLN定位,并对包括SLN在内的区域淋巴结行病理学检查,使用该方法对SLN的识别率、准确率与假阴性率等验证其作为淋巴结取样样本的合理性。结果:50例患者中,41例检测到SLN,识别率为82.0%(41/50),经病理检测发现3例共计9枚SLN有淋巴结转移(阳性),其中1例亦检出非前哨淋巴结(N-SLN)阳性2枚。9例患者未检测到SLN,清扫淋巴结54枚,未发现转移淋巴结,故SLN准确率为100.0%(41/41),假阴性率为0(0/3)。结论:借助LungPoint气管镜在肿瘤周围注射示踪剂吲哚菁绿,通过荧光胸腔镜成像探寻SLN技术具有较高的区域淋巴结转移预测性,有望成为指导Ⅰa期NSCLC系统性淋巴结采样的依据。

Biomarkers Associated with Radiation-Induced Lung Injury in Cancer Patients

Radiotherapy (RT) is a common and effective non-surgical treatment for thoracic solid tumors, and radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is the most common side effect of radiotherapy. Even if RT is effective in the treatment of cancer patients, severe radiation pneumonitis (RP) or pulmonary fibrosis (PF) can reduce the quality of life of patients and may even lead to serious consequences of death. Therefore, how to overcome the problem of accurate prediction and early diagnosis of RT for pulmonary toxicity is very important. This review summarizes the related factors of RILI and the related biomarkers for early prediction of RILI.

The therapeutic mechanism of dexamethasone in lung injury induced by hydrogen sulfide

The lung is one of the primary target organs of hydrogen sulfide(H2S),as exposure to H2S can cause acute lung injury(ALI)and pulmonary edema.Dexamethasone(Dex)exerts a protective effect on ALI caused by exposure to toxic gases and is commonly used in the clinic;however,the underlying mechanisms remain elusive,and the dose is unclear.Methods:In vivo experiments:divided C57BL6 mice into 6 groups at random,12 in each group.The mice were exposed to H2S for 3 h and 5 or 50 mg/kg Dex pretreated before exposure,sacrificed 12 h later.The morphological changes of HE staining and the ultrastructural changes of lungs under transmission electron microscopy were evaluated.The wet/dry ratio of lung tissue was measured.Bronchial alveolar lavage fluid(BALF)protein content and lung permeability index were detected.The expression of AQP5 protein was measured by immunohistochemistry and Western Blot(WB).In vitro experiments:divided human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 into 4 groups.1μmol/L dexamethasone was added to pre-incubation.The WB analyzed the protein of p-ERK1/2,p-JNK,and p-p38 in MAPK pathway after 1 h of NaHS exposure;six hours after NaHS exposure,the AQP5 protein was measured by WB.Results:Dex treatment could significantly attenuate the H2S-induced destruction to the alveolar wall,increase the wet-to-dry weight ratio and decrease pulmonary permeability index,with high-dose dexamethasone seemingly functioning better.Additionally,our previous studies showed that aquaporin 5(AQP 5),a critical protein that regulates water flux,decreased both in a mouse and cell model following the exposure to H2S.This study indicates that tThe decrease in AQP 5 can be alleviated by Dex treatment.Additionally,the mitogen activated protein kinase(MAPK)pathway may be involved in the protective effects of Dex in ALI caused by exposure to H2S since H2Sinduced MAPK activation could be inhibited by Dex.Conclusion:The present results indicate that AQP 5 may be considered a therapeutic target for Dex in H2S or other hazardous gases-induced ALI.

Study of the anti-inflammatory effect of the Traditional Mongolian Medicine Hohgardi-9 in acute lung injury

Background:Hohgardi-9 is a well-known traditional Mongolian drug that relieves cough and removes phlegm.Although it is widely used to treat lung diseases clinically,Hohgardi-9’s bioactive constituents and mechanism of action are unknown.In this study,we explored the bioactive compounds in Hohgardi-9 and the mechanism underlying its therapeutic effect against acute lung injury(ALI).Methods:We obtained the main components of Hohgardi-9 and analyzed the targets related to ALI by searching the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and existing literature.Then,we constructed the compound-target network using Cytoscape 3.8.0 software to obtain the bioactive compounds in Hohgardi-9 against ALI.We used a string database to investigate the interaction between the possible protein targets of Hohgardi-9.We also performed Gene Ontology function annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis to predict its anti-ALI mechanism.Further,to verify the therapeutical effects of Hohgardi-9,we used an ALI rat model and analyzed the components of Hohgardi-9 found in the rat plasma using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Q-Exactive mass spectrometry.Results:The network pharmacology and plasma component analysis showed that Hohgardi-9 contained 31 potentially bioactive components,including quercetin,herbacetin,izoteolin,and columbinetin acetate,which affected the NF-κB,TLR,and TNF signaling pathways via key targets,such as RELA(p65)and TLR4.The in vivo experiments using hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed that Hohgardi-9 significantly improved lung tissue injury and pulmonary edema in ALI rats.Simultaneously,Hohgardi-9 significantly reduced the expression levels of genes encoding inflammatory factors,such as TRL4,TNF-α,IL-1β,and ICAM1,in the lungs of ALI rats.Conclusion:Hohgardi-9 alleviated ALI by inhibiting inflammation-related gene expression through its active ingredients,such as quercetin and herbacetin.

Network pharmacology and molecular docking to explore Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix treatment for acute lung injury

BACKGROUND Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix(PCRR),a well-known traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),inhibits inflammation associated with various human diseases.However,the anti-inflammatory effects of PCRR in acute lung injury(ALI)and the underlying mechanisms of action remain unclear.AIM To determine the ingredients related to PCRR for treatment of ALI using multiple databases to obtain potential targets for fishing.METHODS Recognized and candidate active compounds for PCRR were obtained from Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology,STITCH,and PubMed databases.Target ALI databases were built using the Therapeutic Target,DrugBank,DisGeNET,Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man,and Genetic Association databases.Network pharmacology includes network construction,target prediction,topological feature analysis,and enrichment analysis.Bioinformatics resources from the Database for Annotation,Visualization and Integrated Discovery were utilized for gene ontology biological process and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes network pathway enrichment analysis,and molecular docking techniques were adopted to verify the combination of major active ingredients and core targets.RESULTS Thirteen bioactive compounds corresponding to the 433 PCRR targets were identified.In addition,128 genes were closely associated with ALI,60 of which overlapped with PCRR targets and were considered therapeutically relevant.Functional enrichment analysis suggested that PCRR exerted its pharmacological effects in ALI by modulating multiple pathways,including the cell cycle,cell apoptosis,drug metabolism,inflammation,and immune modulation.Molecular docking results revealed a strong associative relationship between the active ingredient and core target.CONCLUSION PCRR alleviates ALI symptoms via molecular mechanisms predicted by network pharmacology.This study proposes a strategy to elucidate the mechanisms of TCM at the network pharmacology level.

Extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis and treatment of acute lung injury

Acute lung injury(ALI)and acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS)are common life-threatening lung diseases associated with acute and severe inflammation.Both have high mortality rates,and despite decades of research on clinical ALI/ARDS,there are no effective therapeutic strategies.Disruption of alveolar-capillary barrier integrity or activation of inflammatory responses leads to lung inflammation and injury.Recently,studies on the role of extracellular vesicles(EVs)in regulating normal and pathophysiologic cell activities,including inflammation and injury responses,have attracted attention.Injured and dysfunctional cells often secrete EVs into serum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid with altered cargoes,which can be used to diagnose and predict the development of ALI/ARDS.EVs secreted by mesenchymal stem cells can also attenuate inflammatory reactions associated with cell dysfunction and injury to preserve or restore cell function,and thereby promote cell proliferation and tissue regeneration.This review focuses on the roles of EVs in the pathogenesis of pulmonary inflammation,particularly ALI/ARDS.

Multiomics reveal human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells improving acute lung injury via the lung-gut axis

BACKGROUND Acute lung injury(ALI)and its final severe stage,acute respiratory distress syndrome,are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates in patients due to the lack of effective specific treatments.Gut microbiota homeostasis,including that in ALI,is important for human health.Evidence suggests that the gut microbiota improves lung injury through the lung-gut axis.Human umbilical cord mesenchymal cells(HUC-MSCs)have attractive prospects for ALI treatment.This study hypothesized that HUC-MSCs improve ALI via the lung-gut microflora.AIM To explore the effects of HUC-MSCs on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced ALI in mice and the involvement of the lung-gut axis in this process.METHODS C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups(18 rats per group):Sham,sham+HUC-MSCs,LPS,and LPS+HUC-MSCs.ALI was induced in mice by intraperitoneal injections of LPS(10 mg/kg).After 6 h,mice were intervened with 0.5 mL phosphate buffered saline(PBS)containing 1×10^(6) HUC-MSCs by intraperitoneal injections.For the negative control,100 mL 0.9%NaCl and 0.5 mL PBS were used.Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)was obtained from anesthetized mice,and their blood,lungs,ileum,and feces were obtained by an aseptic technique following CO_(2) euthanasia.Wright’s staining,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,hematoxylin-eosin staining,Evans blue dye leakage assay,immunohistochemistry,fluorescence in situ hybridization,western blot,16S rDNA sequencing,and non-targeted metabolomics were used to observe the effect of HUC-MSCs on ALI mice,and the involvement of the lung-gut axis in this process was explored.One-way analysis of variance with post-hoc Tukey’s test,independent-sample Student’s t-test,Wilcoxon rank-sum test,and Pearson correlation analysis were used for statistical analyses.RESULTS HUC-MSCs were observed to improve pulmonary edema and lung and ileal injury,and decrease mononuclear cell and neutrophil counts,protein concentrations in BALF and inflammatory cytokine levels in the serum,lung,and ileum of ALI mice.Especially,HUC-MSCs decreased Evans blue concentration and Toll-like receptor 4,myeloid differentiation factor 88,p-nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB)/NF-κB,and p-inhibitorαof NF-κB(p-IκBα)/IκBαexpression levels in the lung,and raised the pulmonary vascular endothelial-cadherin,zonula occludens-1(ZO-1),and occludin levels and ileal ZO-1,claudin-1,and occludin expression levels.HUC-MSCs improved gut and BALF microbial homeostases.The number of pathogenic bacteria decreased in the BALF of ALI mice treated with HUCMSCs.Concurrently,the abundances of Oscillospira and Coprococcus in the feces of HUS-MSC-treated ALI mice were significantly increased.In addition,Lactobacillus,Bacteroides,and unidentified_Rikenellaceae genera appeared in both feces and BALF.Moreover,this study performed metabolomic analysis on the lung tissue and identified five upregulated metabolites and 11 downregulated metabolites in the LPS+MSC group compared to the LPS group,which were related to the purine metabolism and the taste transduction signaling pathways.Therefore,an intrinsic link between lung metabolite levels and BALF flora homeostasis was established.CONCLUSION This study suggests that HUM-MSCs attenuate ALI by redefining the gut and lung microbiota.

Proteomic Analysis Revealed the Involvement of Autophagy in Rat Acute Lung Injuries Caused by Gas Explosion Based on a Data-Independent Acquisition Strategy

Gas explosion injury is a compound injury caused by a shock wave,high-temperature flame,or toxic gas directly or indirectly acting on the human body,resulting in multiple organ damage.As a hyperaerated tissue,the lung is the primary organ that experiences an early injury.The pathological manifestations of gas-explosion-induced acute lung injury(ALI)include pulmonary tissue edema.

Lung ultrasound for the early diagnosis of acute lung injury:A case report

BACKGROUND The extensive availability of ultrasound(US)technology has increased its use for point-of-care applications in many health care settings.During anaesthesia and surgery,acute respiratory failure or pulmonary oedema are common lifethreatening events that,if not recognized and treated appropriately,result in a high mortality rate.CASE SUMMARY We report a patient under anaesthesia whose lung US examination showed multiple vertical artefacts(B-lines)in the lung tissue,indicating pulmonary oedema.The respiratory state improved with the resolution of the pulmonary oedema after our treatment.CONCLUSION We believe that US of the lungs may be a useful tool for dynamic respiratory monitoring at the bedside during anaesthesia.

Application of artificial hibernation technology in acute brain injury

Controlling intracranial pressure,nerve cell regeneration,and microenvironment regulation are the key issues in reducing mortality and disability in acute brain injury.There is currently a lack of effective treatment methods.Hibernation has the characteristics of low temperature,low metabolism,and hibernation rhythm,as well as protective effects on the nervous,cardiovascular,and motor systems.Artificial hibernation technology is a new technology that can effectively treat acute brain injury by altering the body’s metabolism,lowering the body’s core temperature,and allowing the body to enter a state similar to hibernation.This review introduces artificial hibernation technology,including mild hypothermia treatment technology,central nervous system regulation technology,and artificial hibernation-inducer technology.Upon summarizing the relevant research on artificial hibernation technology in acute brain injury,the research results show that artificial hibernation technology has neuroprotective,anti-inflammatory,and oxidative stress-resistance effects,indicating that it has therapeutic significance in acute brain injury.Furthermore,artificial hibernation technology can alleviate the damage of ischemic stroke,traumatic brain injury,cerebral hemorrhage,cerebral infarction,and other diseases,providing new strategies for treating acute brain injury.However,artificial hibernation technology is currently in its infancy and has some complications,such as electrolyte imbalance and coagulation disorders,which limit its use.Further research is needed for its clinical application.

The future of artificial hibernation medicine:protection of nerves and organs after spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury is a serious disease of the central nervous system involving irreversible nerve injury and various organ system injuries.At present,no effective clinical treatment exists.As one of the artificial hibernation techniques,mild hypothermia has preliminarily confirmed its clinical effect on spinal cord injury.However,its technical defects and barriers,along with serious clinical side effects,restrict its clinical application for spinal cord injury.Artificial hibernation is a futureoriented disruptive technology for human life support.It involves endogenous hibernation inducers and hibernation-related central neuromodulation that activate particular neurons,reduce the central constant temperature setting point,disrupt the normal constant body temperature,make the body adapt"to the external cold environment,and reduce the physiological resistance to cold stimulation.Thus,studying the artificial hibernation mechanism may help develop new treatment strategies more suitable for clinical use than the cooling method of mild hypothermia technology.This review introduces artificial hibernation technologies,including mild hypothermia technology,hibernation inducers,and hibernation-related central neuromodulation technology.It summarizes the relevant research on hypothermia and hibernation for organ and nerve protection.These studies show that artificial hibernation technologies have therapeutic significance on nerve injury after spinal co rd injury through inflammatory inhibition,immunosuppression,oxidative defense,and possible central protection.It also promotes the repair and protection of res pirato ry and digestive,cardiovascular,locomoto r,urinary,and endocrine systems.This review provides new insights for the clinical treatment of nerve and multiple organ protection after spinal cord injury thanks to artificial hibernation.At present,artificial hibernation technology is not mature,and research fa ces various challenges.Neve rtheless,the effort is wo rthwhile for the future development of medicine.

Long non-coding RNA H19 regulates neurogenesis of induced neural stem cells in a mouse model of closed head injury

Stem cell-based therapies have been proposed as a potential treatment for neural regeneration following closed head injury.We previously reported that induced neural stem cells exert beneficial effects on neural regeneration via cell replacement.However,the neural regeneration efficiency of induced neural stem cells remains limited.In this study,we explored differentially expressed genes and long non-coding RNAs to clarify the mechanism underlying the neurogenesis of induced neural stem cells.We found that H19 was the most downregulated neurogenesis-associated lnc RNA in induced neural stem cells compared with induced pluripotent stem cells.Additionally,we demonstrated that H19 levels in induced neural stem cells were markedly lower than those in induced pluripotent stem cells and were substantially higher than those in induced neural stem cell-derived neurons.We predicted the target genes of H19 and discovered that H19 directly interacts with mi R-325-3p,which directly interacts with Ctbp2 in induced pluripotent stem cells and induced neural stem cells.Silencing H19 or Ctbp2 impaired induced neural stem cell proliferation,and mi R-325-3p suppression restored the effect of H19 inhibition but not the effect of Ctbp2 inhibition.Furthermore,H19 silencing substantially promoted the neural differentiation of induced neural stem cells and did not induce apoptosis of induced neural stem cells.Notably,silencing H19 in induced neural stem cell grafts markedly accelerated the neurological recovery of closed head injury mice.Our results reveal that H19 regulates the neurogenesis of induced neural stem cells.H19 inhibition may promote the neural differentiation of induced neural stem cells,which is closely associated with neurological recovery following closed head injury.

Advantages of nanocarriers for basic research in the field of traumatic brain injury

A major challenge for the efficient treatment of traumatic brain injury is the need for therapeutic molecules to cross the blood-brain barrier to enter and accumulate in brain tissue.To overcome this problem,researchers have begun to focus on nanocarriers and other brain-targeting drug delivery systems.In this review,we summarize the epidemiology,basic pathophysiology,current clinical treatment,the establishment of models,and the evaluation indicators that are commonly used for traumatic brain injury.We also report the current status of traumatic brain injury when treated with nanocarriers such as liposomes and vesicles.Nanocarriers can overcome a variety of key biological barriers,improve drug bioavailability,increase intracellular penetration and retention time,achieve drug enrichment,control drug release,and achieve brain-targeting drug delivery.However,the application of nanocarriers remains in the basic research stage and has yet to be fully translated to the clinic.

Photobiomodulation inhibits the expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans after spinal cord injury via the Sox9 pathway

Both glial cells and glia scar greatly affect the development of spinal cord injury and have become hot spots in research on spinal cord injury treatment.The cellular deposition of dense extracellular matrix proteins such as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans inside and around the glial scar is known to affect axonal growth and be a major obstacle to autogenous repair.These proteins are thus candidate targets for spinal cord injury therapy.Our previous studies demonstrated that 810 nm photo biomodulation inhibited the formation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans after spinal cord injury and greatly improved motor function in model animals.However,the specific mechanism and potential targets involved remain to be clarified.In this study,to investigate the therapeutic effect of photo biomodulation,we established a mouse model of spinal cord injury by T9 clamping and irradiated the injury site at a power density of 50 mW/cm~2 for 50 minutes once a day for 7 consecutive days.We found that photobiomodulation greatly restored motor function in mice and down regulated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan expression in the injured spinal cord.Bioinformatics analysis revealed that photobiomodulation inhibited the expression of proteoglycan-related genes induced by spinal cord injury,and versican,a type of proteoglycan,was one of the most markedly changed molecules.Immunofluorescence staining showed that after spinal cord injury,versican was present in astrocytes in spinal cord tissue.The expression of versican in primary astrocytes cultured in vitro increased after inflammation induction,whereas photobiomodulation inhibited the expression of ve rsican.Furthermore,we found that the increased levels of p-Smad3,p-P38 and p-Erk in inflammatory astrocytes were reduced after photobiomodulation treatment and after delivery of inhibitors including FR 180204,(E)-SIS3,and SB 202190.This suggests that Sma d 3/Sox9 and MAP K/Sox9 pathways may be involved in the effects of photobiomodulation.In summary,our findings show that photobiomodulation modulates the expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans,and versican is one of the key target molecules of photo biomodulation.MAPK/Sox9 and Smad3/Sox9 pathways may play a role in the effects of photo biomodulation on chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan accumulation after spinal cord injury.

Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System (OSIICS) Version 15

Background:Sports medicine(injury and illnesses)requires distinct coding systems because the International Classification of Diseases is insuf-ficient for sports medicine coding.The Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System(OSIICS)is one of two sports medicine coding systems recommended by the International Olympic Committee.Regular updates of coding systems are required.Methods:For Version 15,updates for mental health conditions in athletes,sports cardiology,concussion sub-types,infectious diseases,and skin and eye conditions were considered particularly important.Results:Recommended codes were added from a recent International Olympic Committee consensus statement on mental health conditions in athletes.Two landmark sports cardiology papers were used to update a more comprehensive list of sports cardiology codes.Rugby union protocols on head injury assessment were used to create additional concussion codes.Conclusion:It is planned that OSIICS Version 15 will be translated into multiple new languages in a timely fashion to facilitate international accessibility.The large number of recently published sport-specific and discipline-specific consensus statements on athlete surveillance warrant regular updating of OSIICS.