Electrolyte engineering and material modification for graphite-based lithium-ion batteries operated at low temperature

Graphite offers several advantages as an anode material,including its low cost,high theoretical capacity,extended lifespan,and low Li+-intercalation potential.However,the performance of graphite-based lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)is limited at low temperatures due to several critical challenges,such as the decreased ionic conductivity of liquid electrolyte,sluggish Li+desolvation process,poor Li+diffusivity across the interphase layer and bulk graphite materials.Various approaches have therefore been explored to address these challenges.On the basis of graphite anode and corresponding LIBs,this review herein offers a comprehensive analysis of the latest advances in electrolyte engineering and electrode modification.First,electrolyte engineering is discussed in detail,highlighting the design of new electrolyte formula with broad liquid temperature range,optimized solvation structure,and well-performed inorganic-rich solid electrolyte interface.The advances in material modification have been then depicted with the view of improving the solid bulk diffusion rate to show general strategies with excellent performance at low temperatures.Finally,the corresponding challenges and opportunities have also been outlined to shed light on viable strategies for developing efficient and reliable graphite anode and graphite-based LIBs under low-temperature scenarios.

Experimental Study on Material Surface Modification of Tool Steel

This paper presents the surface temperature behavior of M42 high-speed tool steel samples during N+ implantation in an industrialized GLZ-100 metal-ion implantation machine. A detail study has been made on the parameters of N+ implantation. Optimized technical parameters have been presented. The microhardness of the sample surface implanted under these parameters has been increased by a factor of 2.3, and the wear-resistance has been improved by about 5.4 times. The research on the mechanism of surface modification of M42 steel by nitrogen ion implantation has also been made.

Surface Modification of Ceramic Materials Using Excimer Laser

Changes of surface morphology following XeCI excimer laser irradiation were investigated for three engineering ceramic materials (Al2O3, Al2O3-SiC nanocomposite and Si3N4). Al2O3 and AI2O3-SiC nanocomposite samples exhibit a smooth rapid melt layer on the surface, and the formation of the metastabfe γ-Al2Oa was observed. A silicon-rich layer on the surface was formed after laser irradiation of Si3N4. The toughness K1c of the materials was measured by the indentation fracture method. After laser irradiation, the toughness of Al2O3, Al2O3-SiC nanocomposite and Si3N4 was improved to various degrees: Al2O3-SiC nanocomposite, 60% (max.); AI203, 40% (max.); Si3N4, 12% (max.).

The effect of pulse voltage rise rate on the polypropylene surface hydrophilic modification by ns pulsed nitrogen DBD

The nanosecond(ns) pulsed nitrogen dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) is employed to enhance the hydrophilicity of polypropylene(PP) surface and improve its application effect.The discharge characteristics of the ns pulsed nitrogen DBD with different pulse rise times(from 50to 500 ns) are investigated by electrical and optical diagnostic methods and the discharge uniformity is quantitatively analyzed by image processing method.To characterize the surface hydrophilicity,the water contact angle(WCA) is measured,and the physical morphology and chemical composition of PP before and after modification are analyzed to explore the effect of plasma on PP surface.It is found that with increasing pulse rise time from 50 to 500 ns,DBD uniformity becomes worse,energy efficiency decreases from 20% to 10.8%,and electron density decrease from 6.6 × 10^(11)to 5.5 × 10^(11)cm^(-3).The tendency of electron temperature is characterized with the intensity ratio of N_(2)/N_(2)^(+)emission spectrum,which decreases from 17.4 to15.9 indicating the decreasing of T_(e) with increasing pulse rise time from 50 to 500 ns.The PP surface treated with 50 ns pulse rise time DBD has a lower WCA(~47°),while the WCA of PP treated with 100 to 500 ns pulse rise time DBD expands gradually(~50°–57°).According to the study of the fixed-point WCA values,the DBD-treated PP surface has superior uniformity under50 ns pulse rise time(3° variation) than under 300 ns pulse rise time(8° variation).After DBD treatment,the increased surface roughness from 2.0 to 9.8 nm and hydrophilic oxygencontaining groups on the surface,i.e.hydroxyl(-OH) and carbonyl(C=O) have played the significant role to improve the sample’s surface hydrophilicity.The short pulse voltage rise time enhances the reduced electric field strength(E/n) in the discharge space and improves the discharge uniformity,which makes relatively sufficient physical and chemical reactions have taken place on the PP surface,resulting in better treatment uniformity.

STUDY ON THE SURFACE MODIFICATION OF NANOMETER CARBON PARTICLES IN ATMOSPHERIC PLASMA

The surface modification of nanometer carbon material has been studied by using an Induced Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma device (IDBD). The experimental results show that with different work gases and different discharge conditions, the surface behaviors of carbon black can be changed according to needs, including the use of different functional groups and the change of the surface roughness of carbon particles etc., which increased the grinding and dispersion abilities in binder.

Research progress of high temperature resistant nylon 10T

Researches about synthesis and modification of nylon 10T(PA10T)in domestic universities and scientific research institutions are reviewed in this paper.The results show that,due to the different performance requirements,PA10T is studied from the co-polymerization,blending modification and filling modification of these three aspects.Meanwhile,the existing problems are analyzed and the development prospect of PA10T is predicted.

Durability of High Performance Color Hardener

The properties of high performance color hardener (HPCH) and the mechanism were studied.HPCH is a composite system, which is composed of cementitious and auxiliary cementing materials, composite additives, abrasion resistance component (aggregate) and pigment. The porosity and pore structure of the material are obviously improved due to the activation, filling and adsorption of auxiliary cementing materials, thus resulting in a great increase of binding capacity for ions in HPCH and the obstacles of ion migrating.The density of material structure, bonding capacity of cementitious material to the abrasion-resisting component and the corrosion resistance are greatly and effectively improved by adding the auxiliary cementing materials and compound additives. According to the tests of dry shrinkage, sulphate resistance, chloride permeability and Ca(OH) 2 content distribution, the property superiority of HPCH is analyzed.The mechanism of materials modification of HPCH is explained from the microscopic point of view by testing the pore structure and pore distribution via the mercury intrusion pressure method.

Magnetic modification of diamagnetic agglomerate forming powder materials

A simple method for the magnetic modification of various types of powdered agglomerate forming dia- magnetic materials was developed. Magnetic iron oxide particles were prepared from ferrous sulfate by microwave assisted synthesis. A suspension of the magnetic particles in water soluble organic solvent （methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropyl alcohol, or acetone） was mixed with the material to be modified and then completely dried at elevated temperature. The magnetically modified materials were found to be stable in water suspension at least for 2 months.

Ceria-based catalysts for soot oxidation: a review

Developments in ceria-based soot oxidation catalysts, especially during the last decade, are reviewed. Based on the com- parisons of the activity, durability and cost-efficiency of different soot oxidation catalysts, four kinds of applicable ceria-based cata- lysts have been screened out, which are： （1） CexZrl-xO2 catalyst with high cerium content （x〉0.76）, （2） rare-earth metals （especially Pr） modified ceria, （3） transition metals （especially Mn and Cu） modified ceria, and （4） Ag/CeO2. Moreover, a general review of recent developments on the morphology-controlled ceria-based catalysts, as well as that on the soot oxidation mechanisms over different ceria-based catalysts, is also presented.