BACKGROUND To investigate the relationship between interstitial maturity and prognosis of colorectal cancer.AIM To examine the correlation between interstitial maturity and the prognosis of colorectal cancer.METHODS T...BACKGROUND To investigate the relationship between interstitial maturity and prognosis of colorectal cancer.AIM To examine the correlation between interstitial maturity and the prognosis of colorectal cancer.METHODS The paper database PubMed,EMBASE,Cochranelibrary,Springerlink,CNKI,and Wanfang database were searched until December 2023."tumor stroma maturity""desmoplastic stroma reaction""desmoplastic reaction""stroma reaction""degree of stroma reaction""stroma classification""stroma density""colorectal cancer""colon cancer""rectal cancer""prognosis"were searched for the search terms.Two system assessors independently screened the literature quality according to the inclusion exclusion criteria,Quality evaluation and data extraction were performed for the included literatures,and meta-analysis was performed for randomized control trials included at using Review Manager 5.2 software.RESULTS Finally,data of 9849 patients with colorectal cancer from 19 cosets in 15 literatures were included,including 4339 patients with mature type(control group),3048 patients with intermediate type(intermediate group)and 2456 patients with immature type(immature group).The results of meta-analysis showed:Relapse-free survival[hazard ratio(HR)=2.66,95%confidence interval(CI):2.30-3.08;P<0.00001],disease-free survival(HR=3.68,95%CI:2.33-5.81;P<0.00001)and overall survival(HR=1.70,95%CI:1.53-1.87;P<0.00001)were significantly lower than those in mature group(control group);relapse-free survival(HR=1.36,95%CI:1.17-1.59;P<0.0001)and disease-free survival rate(HR=1.85,95%CI:1.53-2.24;P<0.0001)was significantly lower than the mature group(control group).CONCLUSION There is the correlation between tumor interstitial maturity and survival prognosis of colorectal cancer,and different degrees of tumor interstitial maturity have a certain impact on the quality of life of colorectal cancer patients.展开更多
The fruits of Dacryodes edulis are rich in biologically active substances, which makes them of great interest in terms of validation. In this study, we targeted the primary metabolites in the epicarp, the mesocarp and...The fruits of Dacryodes edulis are rich in biologically active substances, which makes them of great interest in terms of validation. In this study, we targeted the primary metabolites in the epicarp, the mesocarp and the seed of the fruit of Dacryodes edulis at taste maturity, which were selected for their nutritional quality and its appreciation throughout the Gulf of Guinea area, which is very popular because of its large size, texture and special taste. The evaluation of total carbohydrates, total lipids and soluble proteins in the epicarp, mesocarp and seed of the fruit at taste maturity was made from spectrophotometer measurements. The overall analysis of the results of the present study shows that total carbohydrates, total lipids and proteins accumulate more in the seed with respectively 251.33 ± 1.15 mg/g DM;9.92 ± 0.201 mg/g DM and 55.075 ± 0.024 mg/g DM. Likewise, the results indicate low concentrations of total carbohydrates and total lipids in the epicarp with respectively 245 ± 1 mg/g DM and 4.77 ± 0.047 mg/g DM, on the other hand, it is the mesocarp which presents the lowest content of soluble proteins: 28.075 ± 3.231 mg/g DM. This variation could be linked to the nature of the compartment, more particularly to the storage location. This comparative study could lead to the valorization of the seed of the fruit of Dacryodes edulis for its richness in metabolites and arouse significant interest in nutrition.展开更多
Software delivery is vital for modern organizations, driving innovation and competitiveness. Measuring an organization’s maturity in software delivery is crucial for efficiency and quality. The Capability Maturity Mo...Software delivery is vital for modern organizations, driving innovation and competitiveness. Measuring an organization’s maturity in software delivery is crucial for efficiency and quality. The Capability Maturity Model (CMM) framework provides a roadmap for improvement but assessing an organization’s CMM Level is challenging. This paper offers a quantitative approach tailored to the CMM framework, using Goal-Question-Metric (GQM) frame-works for each key process area (KPA). These frameworks include metrics and questions to compute maturity scores effectively. The study also refines practices into questions for a thorough assessment. The result is an Analysis Matrix that calculates weighted scores and an overall maturity score. This approach helps organizations assess and enhance their software delivery processes systematically, aiming for improved practices and growth.展开更多
In sweet cherry(Prunus avium L.),quantitative trait loci have been identified for fruit maturity,colour,firmness,and size to develop markers for marker-assisted selection.However,resolution is usually too low in those...In sweet cherry(Prunus avium L.),quantitative trait loci have been identified for fruit maturity,colour,firmness,and size to develop markers for marker-assisted selection.However,resolution is usually too low in those analyses to directly target candidate genes,and some associations are missed.In contrast,genome-wide association studies are performed on broad collections of accessions,and assemblies of reference sequences from Tieton and Satonishiki cultivars enable identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms after whole-genome sequencing,providing high marker density.Two hundred and thirty-five sweet cherry accessions were sequenced and phenotyped for harvest time and fruit colour,firmness,and size.Genome-wide association studies were used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with each trait,which were verified in breeding material consisting of 64 additional accessions.A total of 1767106 single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified.At that density,significant single nucleotide polymorphisms could be linked to co-inherited haplotype blocks(median size∼10 kb).Thus,markers were tightly associated with respective phenotypes,and individual allelic combinations of particular single nucleotide polymorphisms provided links to distinct phenotypes.In addition,yellow-fruit accessions were sequenced,and a∼90-kb-deletion on chromosome 3 that included five MYB10 transcription factors was associated with the phenotype.Overall,the study confirmed numerous quantitative trait loci from bi-parental populations using high-diversity accession populations,identified novel associations,and genome-wide association studies reduced the size of trait-associated loci from megabases to kilobases and to a few candidate genes per locus.Thus,a framework is provided to develop molecular markers and evaluate and characterize genes underlying important agronomic traits.展开更多
A pyrolysis experiment was carried out on a Dongying Depression kerogen sample to separate the resin from the oil. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) with a positive-ion detector w...A pyrolysis experiment was carried out on a Dongying Depression kerogen sample to separate the resin from the oil. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) with a positive-ion detector was used to detect the relative proportional changes in the compounds of the resin. During the whole pyrolysis experiment, the relative ratio of resin exceed 10% of the soluble component at each temperature point. Five compounds were detected from the resin: N1, N1O1, N1O_(2), O1, and O_(2). To research the changes in the proportions of the compounds during pyrolysis clearly, these five compounds were divided into three classes: N1, N1Ox, and Ox. The N1 class has the largest proportion in resin at the beginning of the pyrolysis, while Ox class has the least proportion. And the relationship between the number and the molecular mass of three classes compound was researched. With increasing maturity, the proportion of N1 and the N1Ox class decreased rapidly, while the Ox class increased slowly. Through researching these resin compounds, it was found that an inversion in the proportions of above three compounds appeared at the end of the oil window. At the same time, we found that the DBE and carbon number of resin compounds have changed obviously during the pyrolysis: the DBE increased, while the carbon number decreased significantly. And the details of the change of each compound have been researched. This research extends our knowledge of judging the maturity of crude oil during the pyrolysis through the characteristics of compounds in resin and provides the new index based on resin for the evaluation of thermal evolution stage and hydrocarbon generation capacity of source rocks.展开更多
Successful breakthroughs have been made in shale oil exploration in several lacustrine basins in China,indicating a promising future for shale oil exploration and production.Current exploration results have revealed t...Successful breakthroughs have been made in shale oil exploration in several lacustrine basins in China,indicating a promising future for shale oil exploration and production.Current exploration results have revealed the following major conditions of lacustrine shale oil accumulation:(1)stable and widely distributed shale with a high organic abundance and appropriate thermal maturity acts as a fundamental basis for shale oil retention.This shale exhibits several critical parameters,such as total organic carbon content greater than 2%,with optimal values ranging from 3% to 4%,kerogen Ⅰ and Ⅱ_(1) as the dominant organic matter types,and vitrinite reflectance(R_(o))values greater than 0.9%(0.8% for brackish water environments).(2)Various types of reservoirs exhibiting brittleness and a certain volume of micro-nanoscale pores are critical conditions for shale oil accumulation,and these reservoirs have porosities greater than 3% to 6%.Moreover,when diagenesis is incipient,pure shales are not favorable for medium-to-high maturity shale oil enrichment,whereas tight sandstone and hybrid rocks with clay content less than 20% are favorable;however,for medium-to-late-stage diagenesis,pure shales with a clay content of 40% are favorable.(3)The retention of a large amount of high-quality hydrocarbons is the factor that best guarantees shale oil accumulation with good mobility.Free hydrocarbon content exceeding a threshold value of 2 mg/g is generally required,and the optimum value is 4 mg/g to 6 mg/g.Moreover,a gas-oil ratio exceeding a threshold value of 80 m^(3)/m^(3) is required,with the optimal value ranging from 150 m^(3)/m^(3) to 300 m^(3)/m^(3).(4)High-quality roof and floor sealing conditions are essential for the shale oil enrichment interval to maintain the overpressure and retain a sufficient amount of hydrocarbons with good quality.Lacustrine shale oil distributions exhibit the following characteristics:(1)major enrichment areas of shale oil are located in semi-deep to deep lacustrine depositional areas with external materials,such as volcanic ash fallout,hydrothermal solutions,and radioactive substances with catalytic action,as inputs;(2)intervals with“four high values and one preservation condition”govern the distribution of shale oil enrichment intervals;and(3)favorable assemblages of lithofacies/lithologies determine the distribution of enrichment area.According to preliminary estimates,China has 131×10^(8) to 163×10^(8) t of total shale oil resources with medium-to-high thermal maturity,among which 67×10^(8) to 84×10^(8) t is commercial.These resources are primarily located in the Chang 7^(1+2) interval in the Ordos Basin,Qing 1+2 members in Gulong sag in the Songliao Basin,Kongdian and Shahejie formations of Cangdong sag,Qikou sag and the Jiyang depression in the Bohai Bay Basin,and Lucaogou Formation in the Junggar Basin.展开更多
The effectiveness of the Business Intelligence(BI)system mainly depends on the quality of knowledge it produces.The decision-making process is hindered,and the user’s trust is lost,if the knowledge offered is undesir...The effectiveness of the Business Intelligence(BI)system mainly depends on the quality of knowledge it produces.The decision-making process is hindered,and the user’s trust is lost,if the knowledge offered is undesired or of poor quality.A Data Warehouse(DW)is a huge collection of data gathered from many sources and an important part of any BI solution to assist management in making better decisions.The Extract,Transform,and Load(ETL)process is the backbone of a DW system,and it is responsible for moving data from source systems into the DW system.The more mature the ETL process the more reliable the DW system.In this paper,we propose the ETL Maturity Model(EMM)that assists organizations in achieving a high-quality ETL system and thereby enhancing the quality of knowledge produced.The EMM is made up of five levels of maturity i.e.,Chaotic,Acceptable,Stable,Efficient and Reliable.Each level of maturity contains Key Process Areas(KPAs)that have been endorsed by industry experts and include all critical features of a good ETL system.Quality Objectives(QOs)are defined procedures that,when implemented,resulted in a high-quality ETL process.Each KPA has its own set of QOs,the execution of which meets the requirements of that KPA.Multiple brainstorming sessions with relevant industry experts helped to enhance the model.EMMwas deployed in two key projects utilizing multiple case studies to supplement the validation process and support our claim.This model can assist organizations in improving their current ETL process and transforming it into a more mature ETL system.This model can also provide high-quality information to assist users inmaking better decisions and gaining their trust.展开更多
Background Fiber maturity is a key cotton quality property,and its variability in a sample impacts fiber processing and dyeing performance.Currently,the maturity is determined by using established protocols in laborat...Background Fiber maturity is a key cotton quality property,and its variability in a sample impacts fiber processing and dyeing performance.Currently,the maturity is determined by using established protocols in laboratories under a controlled environment.There is an increasing need to measure fiber maturity using low-cost(in general less than $20000)and small portable systems.In this study,a laboratory feasibility was performed to assess the ability of the shortwave infrared hyperspectral imaging(SWIR HSI)technique for determining the conditioned fiber maturity,and as a comparison,a bench-top commercial and expensive(in general greater than $60000)near infrared(NIR)instrument was used.Results Although SWIR HSI and NIR represent different measurement technologies,consistent spectral characteristics were observed between the two instruments when they were used to measure the maturity of the locule fiber samples in seed cotton and of the well-defined fiber samples,respectively.Partial least squares(PLS)models were established using different spectral preprocessing parameters to predict fiber maturity.The high prediction precision was observed by a lower root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP)(<0.046),higher R_(p)^(2)(>0.518),and greater percentage(97.0%)of samples within the 95% agreement range in the entire NIR region(1000-2500 nm)without the moisture band at 1940 nm.Conclusion SWIR HSI has a good potential for assessing cotton fiber maturity in a laboratory environment.展开更多
Background: Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, affecting approximately 1% of all live births and 10% of all preterm infants. Lamellar bodies represent a storage f...Background: Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, affecting approximately 1% of all live births and 10% of all preterm infants. Lamellar bodies represent a storage form of pulmonary surfactant within Type II pneumocytes, secretion of which increases with advancing gestational age, thus enabling prediction of the degree of FLM. Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) complicates approximately 1/3 of all preterm births. Birth within 1 week is the most likely outcome for any patient with PPROM in the absence of adjunctive treatments. Respiratory distress has been reported to be the most common complication of preterm birth. Sepsis, intraventricular haemorrhage, and necrotizing enterocolitis also are associated with prematurity, but these are less common near to term. Objective: To assess the efficacy of the amniotic fluid lamellar body counting from a vaginal pool in predicting fetal lung maturity in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Methods: This study was conducted at Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital in the emergency ward from January 2019 to September 2019. It included 106 women with singleton pregnancies, gestational age from 28 - 36 weeks with preterm premature rupture of membranes. This study is designed to assess the efficacy of the amniotic fluid lamellar body counting (LBC) from a vaginal pool in predicting fetal lung maturity in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Results: The current study revealed a highly significant increase in the lamellar body count in cases giving birth to neonates without RDS compared to that cases giving birth to neonates with RDS. Also, no statistically significant difference between LBC and age, parity and number of previous miscarriages in the mother was found. Gestational age at delivery was significantly lower among cases with respiratory distress. Steroid administration was significantly less frequent among cases with respiratory distress. However, lamellar bodies had high diagnostic performance in the prediction of respiratory distress. Conclusion: Lamellar body count (LBC) is an effective, safe, easy, and cost-effective method to assess fetal lung maturity (FLM). It does not need a highly equipped laboratory or specially trained personnel, it just needs the conventional blood count analyzer. Measurement of LBC is now replacing the conventional Lecithin/Sphyngomyelin L/S ratio. LBC cut-off value of ≤42.5 × 10<sup>3</sup>/μL can be used safely to decide fetal lung maturity with sensitivity of 95.7% and specificity of 97.6%.展开更多
Emma is one of the most successful novels by Jane Austen.This thesis analyzed the background of its heroine Emma’s growth background,her growth from conceit,snobbery,domination to maturity,and the causes of her chara...Emma is one of the most successful novels by Jane Austen.This thesis analyzed the background of its heroine Emma’s growth background,her growth from conceit,snobbery,domination to maturity,and the causes of her character transformation.Her psychological growth process from innocence to maturity demonstrates women’s growth and progress in the early 19th cen tury,and inspires modern women to gradually improve in personality and better present their charms of maturity.展开更多
The aim of this study was to characterize the biological stability and maturity degree of compost during a controlled pile-composting trial of mixed vegetable residues (VR) collected from markets of Tunis City with ...The aim of this study was to characterize the biological stability and maturity degree of compost during a controlled pile-composting trial of mixed vegetable residues (VR) collected from markets of Tunis City with residues of Posidonia oceanica (PoR), collected from Tunis beaches. The accumulation in beaches (as well as their removal) constitutes a serious environmental problem in all Mediterranean countries particularly in Tunisia. Aerobic-thermophilic composting is the most reasonable way to profit highly-valuable content of organic matter in these wastes for agricultural purposes. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were monitored during composting over 150 d. The most appropriate parameters were selected to establish the maturity degree. The main result of this research was the deduction of the following maturity criterion: (a) C/N ratio 〈 15; (b) NH4^+-N 〈 400 mg/kg; (c) CO2-C 〈 2000 mg CO2-C/kg; (d) dehydrogenase activity 〈 1 mg TPF/g dry matter; (e) germination index (GI) 〉 80%. These five parameters, considered jointly are indicative of a high maturity degree and thus of a high-quality organic amendment which employed in a rational way, may improve soil fertility and soil quality. The mature compost was relatively rich in N (13.0 g/kg), P (4.74 g/kg) and MgO (15.80 g/kg). Thus composting definitively constitutes the most optimal option to exploit these wastes.展开更多
Aromatic fractions of 140 oils and condensates that originated from different types of source rocks (marine shale,terrestrial shale and marine carbonate) were analyzed using gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC...Aromatic fractions of 140 oils and condensates that originated from different types of source rocks (marine shale,terrestrial shale and marine carbonate) were analyzed using gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) to investigate the relative distributions of methylated dibenzothiophenes with respect to thermal maturity.The positions of methyl groups of trimethyldibenzothiophene isomers (TMDBTs) including those used in the definition of maturity indicator TMDBT index in previous studies were firmly identified by co-elution of internal standards in GC-MS analysis and by comparing with reported retention indices.A new maturity ratio related to dimethyldibenzothiophenes (DMDBTs) is proposed on the basis of the differences in thermodynamic stability among different DMDBT isomers.Another maturity index (TMDBT-I2) based on TMDBTs is also suggested on the basis of our empirical observations and presumed thermodynamic stability of TMDBT isomers.These two newly proposed (2,6 + 3,6)-/1,4-DMDBT ratio and TMDBT-I2 correlate well with MDR (4-/1-methyldibenzothiophene)and 2,4-/1,4-DMDBT ratios,suggesting their common chemical reaction mechanisms and similar behavior with increasing maturity.Therefore,they can be effectively applied for maturity assessments.Furthermore,the TMDBTs related maturity parameters are more reliable for over-mature oils and condensates due to the relatively higher concentrations of thermodynamically unstable TMDBT isomers,i.e.1,4,6-,1,4,8-and 3,4,6-TMDBT in this study than those of 1-methyldibenzothiophene (1-MDBT) or 1,4-DMDBT.In contrast with 4,6-/1,4-DMDBT,the newly proposed (2,6 + 3,6)-/1,4-DMDBT ratios for oils that originated from different types of source rocks have approximately same relationship with the oil maturity (Rc %).This suggests that the lithology and organic facies may have relatively less influence on (2,6 + 3,6)-/1,4-DMDBT ratio compared to 4,6-/1,4-DMDBT.The maturity parameters based on methylated dibenzothiophenes are particularly useful in the maturity assessments of post-and over-mature oils and condensates and can complement maturity indicators based on steranes and terpanes.展开更多
The oleanane parameter, i.e., OP (oleananes/(oleananes+C30hopanes)) in the two sedimentary columns of the Beibuwan Basin, South China Sea, can be used to delimit the top of oil generation window, with Ro (/%) o...The oleanane parameter, i.e., OP (oleananes/(oleananes+C30hopanes)) in the two sedimentary columns of the Beibuwan Basin, South China Sea, can be used to delimit the top of oil generation window, with Ro (/%) of 0.53 in Well M1 and 0.55 in Wells H1/Hd1/Hd2, respectively. Comparing with vitrinite reflectance (Ro/%), the OP features a dynamic range and can indicate the oil generation window more precisely. By using OP and other geochemical indices, the oil-source correlation is also conducted. It suggests that the oils in wells M1 and M2 are derived from the source rocks in situ. The mudstone in Huachang uplift is not the main source rocks for oils in this area, The OP is also a useful oil-source correlation parameter in some Tertiary lacustrine basins.展开更多
Rock-Eval pyrolysis and Py-GC experiments on naturally and artificially matured coal samples were carried out. The results suggest that both depolymerization and defuctionalization exist during the maturation and evol...Rock-Eval pyrolysis and Py-GC experiments on naturally and artificially matured coal samples were carried out. The results suggest that both depolymerization and defuctionalization exist during the maturation and evolution of coal. The patterns of hydrocarbon regeneration are diverse at different stages of the maturation and evolution. When the vitrinite reflectance (R0) is 0.7%-0.9%, bitumen is the richest in coal while activation energy is the minimum, and the temperature of peak yield is lower than that of primary hydrocarbon generation. However, if reflectance is greater than 0.9%, defunctionalization predominates and the temperature of peak regeneration is shown in lagging compared with the primary hydrocarbon generation. When reflectance is out of the “oil window”, the peak temperature of hydrocarbon regeneration and that of the primary hydrocarbon generation seems to be continuous.展开更多
The timing of fruit maturity is an important trait in sweet cherry production and breeding.Phenotypic variation for phenology of fruit maturity in sweet cherry appears to be under strong genetic control,but that contr...The timing of fruit maturity is an important trait in sweet cherry production and breeding.Phenotypic variation for phenology of fruit maturity in sweet cherry appears to be under strong genetic control,but that control might be complicated by phenotypic instability across environments.Although such genotype-by-environment interaction(G×E)is a common phenomenon in crop plants,knowledge about it is lacking for fruit maturity timing and other sweet cherry traits.In this study,1673 genome-wide SNP markers were used to estimate genomic relationships among 597 weakly pedigree-connected individuals evaluated over two seasons at three locations in Europe and one location in the USA,thus sampling eight‘environments’.The combined dataset enabled a single meta-analysis to investigate the environmental stability of genomic predictions.Linkage disequilibrium among marker loci declined rapidly with physical distance,and ordination of the relationship matrix suggested no strong structure among germplasm.The most parsimonious G×E model allowed heterogeneous genetic variance and pairwise covariances among environments.Narrow-sense genomic heritability was very high(0.60–0.83),as was accuracy of predicted breeding values(>0.62).Average correlation of additive effects among environments was high(0.96)and breeding values were highly correlated across locations.Results indicated that genomic models can be used in cherry to accurately predict date of fruit maturity for untested individuals in new environments.Limited G×E for this trait indicated that phenotypes of individuals will be stable across similar environments.Equivalent analyses for other sweet cherry traits,for which multiple years of data are commonly available among breeders and cultivar testers,would be informative for predicting performance of elite selections and cultivars in new environments.展开更多
Tuber starch content and plant maturity are two important agronomic traits of potato. To investigate the complex genetic basis of these traits in the cultivated potato, as well as the relationship between them, we dev...Tuber starch content and plant maturity are two important agronomic traits of potato. To investigate the complex genetic basis of these traits in the cultivated potato, as well as the relationship between them, we developed a linkage map in a tetraploid population of 192 clones derived from the cross Longshu 8 × Zaodabai and mapped quantitative trait loci(QTL) for tuber starch content and plant maturity using data collected in three diverse environments over two years. We detected eleven QTL for tuber starch content distributed on seven chromosomes, of which four, on chromosomes I, II, and VIII, were expressed in at least three environments. For plant maturity, we identified six QTL on chromosomes II, IV,V, VII, and XI, one of which, on chromosome V, showed LOD peaks ranging from 45.2 to 62.5 cM and explained 21.6%–26.6% of phenotypic variation was expressed in five of the six environments. Because the reproducible QTL for plant maturity and tuber starch content mapped to different chromosomes and neither overlapping QTL, nor any genetic interaction between QTL were detected, we infer that tuber starch content and plant maturity are controlled by independent genetic loci. This inference supports the prospect of breeding potato for both early maturity and high starch content.展开更多
As the two important components of shale, organic matter(OM) and clay minerals are usually thought to strongly influence the hydrocarbon generation, enrichment and exploitation. The evolution process of OM and clay mi...As the two important components of shale, organic matter(OM) and clay minerals are usually thought to strongly influence the hydrocarbon generation, enrichment and exploitation. The evolution process of OM and clay minerals as well as their interrelationship over a wide range of thermal maturities are not completely clear. Taking Yanchang(T3y), Longmaxi(S1l) and Niutitang(?1n) shales as examples, we have studied the microstructure characteristics of OM and clay minerals in shales with different thermal maturities. The effects of clay minerals and OM on pores were reinforced through sedimentation experiments. Using a combination of field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM) and low-pressure N2 adsorption, we investigated the microstructure differences among the three shales. The results showed that both OM and clay minerals have strong effects on pores, and small mesopore(2–20 nm) is the dominant pore component for all three samples. However, the differences between the three samples are embodied in the distribution of pore size and the location. For the T3y shale, clay minerals are loosely arranged and develop large amounts of pores, and fine OM grains often fill in intergranular minerals or fractures. Widespread OM pores distribute irregularly in S1l shale, and most of the pores are elliptical and nondirectional. The ?1n shale is characterized by the preferred orientational OM-clay aggregates, and lots of pores in the composites are in the mesopore range, suggesting that over maturity lead to the collapse and compaction of pores under huge pressure of strata. The results of the current research imply that with increasing thermal maturity, OM pores are absent at low maturity(T3y), are maximized at high maturity(S1l) and are destroyed or compacted at over-mature stage(?1n). Meanwhile, clay minerals have gone through mineral transformation and orientational evolution. The interaction of the two processes makes a significant difference to the microstructure evolution of OM and clay minerals in shale, and the findings provide scientific foundation in better understanding diagenetic evolution and hydrocarbon generation of shale.展开更多
Fifty samples from the source rocks in Member 3 and Member 4 of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation in the Bohai Bay Basin, East China, were analyzed to investigate the distribution, evolution of the molecular maturity r...Fifty samples from the source rocks in Member 3 and Member 4 of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation in the Bohai Bay Basin, East China, were analyzed to investigate the distribution, evolution of the molecular maturity ratios C29ββ/(ββ+αα) and C2920S/(20S+20R) and their control factors in the natural geological profile and sequence. The results showed that progressive changes in molecular maturity parameters are associated with major changes in thermal evolution of related biomarkers. Increases in the C29ββ/(ββ+αα) and C2920S/(20S+20R) ratios result from the difference in the relative rate between generation and thermal degradation of isomers involved. The samples from a hyper-saline environment below 3.5 km in which evaporitic rocks deposited shows high response of Sr/Ba, Sr/Ca, Fe/ Mn, Pr/n-C17, Ph/n-C18 and gammacerane and low response of Pr/Ph. There presents negative reversal of biomarker maturity C29ββ/(ββ+αα, C29ββ/(ββ+αα) and Ts/(Ts+Ym) in the samples from hypersaline environment, reflecting that the gypsum- halite have negative effect on the isomerization of biomarker and thermal evolution of organic matter. The minerals in evaporites also retard the conventional thermal indicators including vitrinite reflectance (Ro) and pyrolysis peak temperature Tmax at the depth below 3.4 km (i.e. 〉3.4 km), and these parameters also show the inhibition from overpressure in the range of 2.4-3.4 kin. This result will be helpful in the interpretation and application of molecular maturity parameters for similar saline lacustrine basins.展开更多
Sweet cherry maturity date and fruit quality are relevant traits for its marketability,transport,and consumer acceptance.In this work,sweet cherry fruit development time,maturity date,and commercial fruit-quality trai...Sweet cherry maturity date and fruit quality are relevant traits for its marketability,transport,and consumer acceptance.In this work,sweet cherry fruit development time,maturity date,and commercial fruit-quality traits(size,weight,firmness,soluble solid content,and titratable acidity)were investigated to improve the knowledge of their genetic control,and to identify alleles of breeding interest.Six sweet cherry populations segregating for these traits were used for QTL analyses.These populations descend from cross-and self-pollinations of local Spanish sweet cherries‘Ambrunés’and‘Cristobalina’,and breed cultivars(‘Brooks’,‘Lambert’,or‘Vic’).The six populations(n=411),previously genotyped with RosBREED Cherry 6 K SNP array,were phenotyped for 2 years.QTL analyses were conducted using a multifamily approach implemented by FlexQTL™.Fruit development time,soluble solid content,and titratable acidity QTLs are first reported in sweet cherry in this work.Significant QTLs were detected for all the traits.Eighteen were more stable as they were detected for 2 years.Of these,nine are first reported in this work.The major QTLs for fruit development time,maturity date,firmness,and soluble solid content were identified on the same narrow region of linkage group 4.These traits also showed significant positive correlation(long fruit development time associated with late maturity,high firmness,and high SSC).NAC transcription factor genes identified on this LG4 region may be candidate genes for the regulation of these traits in sweet cherry,as previously described in syntenic regions of other Rosaceae species.Haplotypes of breeding interest on this LG4 genomic region were identified and will be useful for sweet cherry breeding from this and related plant material.展开更多
Indicators based on the developed version of the Capability Maturity Model were set up to access the maturity degree of China's seven pilot carbon markets from 2013 to 2017. Results show that the maturity degree o...Indicators based on the developed version of the Capability Maturity Model were set up to access the maturity degree of China's seven pilot carbon markets from 2013 to 2017. Results show that the maturity degree of Shenzhen and Beijing pilot carbon markets ranks first;while those of Guangdong, Hubei, and Shanghai rank second. Tianjin and Chongqing rank lowest. Most of pilot markets failed to perform well on price efficiency except Shenzhen. There is significant disparity in the scores that the pilot carbon markets got, with a range from 9 to 73. The drivers to maintain market maturity is different among the pilot markets, either with a good performance on market structure, scale, or efficiency could lead to a certain score. Much could be done to increase the maturity level of the carbon market. Further downscaling the firm size, raising the legislation level, and increasing the participation of the third party entities may help the carbon market to grow healthier.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND To investigate the relationship between interstitial maturity and prognosis of colorectal cancer.AIM To examine the correlation between interstitial maturity and the prognosis of colorectal cancer.METHODS The paper database PubMed,EMBASE,Cochranelibrary,Springerlink,CNKI,and Wanfang database were searched until December 2023."tumor stroma maturity""desmoplastic stroma reaction""desmoplastic reaction""stroma reaction""degree of stroma reaction""stroma classification""stroma density""colorectal cancer""colon cancer""rectal cancer""prognosis"were searched for the search terms.Two system assessors independently screened the literature quality according to the inclusion exclusion criteria,Quality evaluation and data extraction were performed for the included literatures,and meta-analysis was performed for randomized control trials included at using Review Manager 5.2 software.RESULTS Finally,data of 9849 patients with colorectal cancer from 19 cosets in 15 literatures were included,including 4339 patients with mature type(control group),3048 patients with intermediate type(intermediate group)and 2456 patients with immature type(immature group).The results of meta-analysis showed:Relapse-free survival[hazard ratio(HR)=2.66,95%confidence interval(CI):2.30-3.08;P<0.00001],disease-free survival(HR=3.68,95%CI:2.33-5.81;P<0.00001)and overall survival(HR=1.70,95%CI:1.53-1.87;P<0.00001)were significantly lower than those in mature group(control group);relapse-free survival(HR=1.36,95%CI:1.17-1.59;P<0.0001)and disease-free survival rate(HR=1.85,95%CI:1.53-2.24;P<0.0001)was significantly lower than the mature group(control group).CONCLUSION There is the correlation between tumor interstitial maturity and survival prognosis of colorectal cancer,and different degrees of tumor interstitial maturity have a certain impact on the quality of life of colorectal cancer patients.
文摘The fruits of Dacryodes edulis are rich in biologically active substances, which makes them of great interest in terms of validation. In this study, we targeted the primary metabolites in the epicarp, the mesocarp and the seed of the fruit of Dacryodes edulis at taste maturity, which were selected for their nutritional quality and its appreciation throughout the Gulf of Guinea area, which is very popular because of its large size, texture and special taste. The evaluation of total carbohydrates, total lipids and soluble proteins in the epicarp, mesocarp and seed of the fruit at taste maturity was made from spectrophotometer measurements. The overall analysis of the results of the present study shows that total carbohydrates, total lipids and proteins accumulate more in the seed with respectively 251.33 ± 1.15 mg/g DM;9.92 ± 0.201 mg/g DM and 55.075 ± 0.024 mg/g DM. Likewise, the results indicate low concentrations of total carbohydrates and total lipids in the epicarp with respectively 245 ± 1 mg/g DM and 4.77 ± 0.047 mg/g DM, on the other hand, it is the mesocarp which presents the lowest content of soluble proteins: 28.075 ± 3.231 mg/g DM. This variation could be linked to the nature of the compartment, more particularly to the storage location. This comparative study could lead to the valorization of the seed of the fruit of Dacryodes edulis for its richness in metabolites and arouse significant interest in nutrition.
文摘Software delivery is vital for modern organizations, driving innovation and competitiveness. Measuring an organization’s maturity in software delivery is crucial for efficiency and quality. The Capability Maturity Model (CMM) framework provides a roadmap for improvement but assessing an organization’s CMM Level is challenging. This paper offers a quantitative approach tailored to the CMM framework, using Goal-Question-Metric (GQM) frame-works for each key process area (KPA). These frameworks include metrics and questions to compute maturity scores effectively. The study also refines practices into questions for a thorough assessment. The result is an Analysis Matrix that calculates weighted scores and an overall maturity score. This approach helps organizations assess and enhance their software delivery processes systematically, aiming for improved practices and growth.
基金This work was supported by the Ministry of Agri-culture of the Czech Republic(project QK1910290)Computational resources were supplied by the project“e-Infrastruktura CZ”(e-INFRA CZ LM2018140)supported by the Ministry of Education,Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic.
文摘In sweet cherry(Prunus avium L.),quantitative trait loci have been identified for fruit maturity,colour,firmness,and size to develop markers for marker-assisted selection.However,resolution is usually too low in those analyses to directly target candidate genes,and some associations are missed.In contrast,genome-wide association studies are performed on broad collections of accessions,and assemblies of reference sequences from Tieton and Satonishiki cultivars enable identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms after whole-genome sequencing,providing high marker density.Two hundred and thirty-five sweet cherry accessions were sequenced and phenotyped for harvest time and fruit colour,firmness,and size.Genome-wide association studies were used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with each trait,which were verified in breeding material consisting of 64 additional accessions.A total of 1767106 single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified.At that density,significant single nucleotide polymorphisms could be linked to co-inherited haplotype blocks(median size∼10 kb).Thus,markers were tightly associated with respective phenotypes,and individual allelic combinations of particular single nucleotide polymorphisms provided links to distinct phenotypes.In addition,yellow-fruit accessions were sequenced,and a∼90-kb-deletion on chromosome 3 that included five MYB10 transcription factors was associated with the phenotype.Overall,the study confirmed numerous quantitative trait loci from bi-parental populations using high-diversity accession populations,identified novel associations,and genome-wide association studies reduced the size of trait-associated loci from megabases to kilobases and to a few candidate genes per locus.Thus,a framework is provided to develop molecular markers and evaluate and characterize genes underlying important agronomic traits.
基金financially supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA14010102).
文摘A pyrolysis experiment was carried out on a Dongying Depression kerogen sample to separate the resin from the oil. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) with a positive-ion detector was used to detect the relative proportional changes in the compounds of the resin. During the whole pyrolysis experiment, the relative ratio of resin exceed 10% of the soluble component at each temperature point. Five compounds were detected from the resin: N1, N1O1, N1O_(2), O1, and O_(2). To research the changes in the proportions of the compounds during pyrolysis clearly, these five compounds were divided into three classes: N1, N1Ox, and Ox. The N1 class has the largest proportion in resin at the beginning of the pyrolysis, while Ox class has the least proportion. And the relationship between the number and the molecular mass of three classes compound was researched. With increasing maturity, the proportion of N1 and the N1Ox class decreased rapidly, while the Ox class increased slowly. Through researching these resin compounds, it was found that an inversion in the proportions of above three compounds appeared at the end of the oil window. At the same time, we found that the DBE and carbon number of resin compounds have changed obviously during the pyrolysis: the DBE increased, while the carbon number decreased significantly. And the details of the change of each compound have been researched. This research extends our knowledge of judging the maturity of crude oil during the pyrolysis through the characteristics of compounds in resin and provides the new index based on resin for the evaluation of thermal evolution stage and hydrocarbon generation capacity of source rocks.
基金Major Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(42090020,42090025)Major Project of CNPC(2019E-2601)。
文摘Successful breakthroughs have been made in shale oil exploration in several lacustrine basins in China,indicating a promising future for shale oil exploration and production.Current exploration results have revealed the following major conditions of lacustrine shale oil accumulation:(1)stable and widely distributed shale with a high organic abundance and appropriate thermal maturity acts as a fundamental basis for shale oil retention.This shale exhibits several critical parameters,such as total organic carbon content greater than 2%,with optimal values ranging from 3% to 4%,kerogen Ⅰ and Ⅱ_(1) as the dominant organic matter types,and vitrinite reflectance(R_(o))values greater than 0.9%(0.8% for brackish water environments).(2)Various types of reservoirs exhibiting brittleness and a certain volume of micro-nanoscale pores are critical conditions for shale oil accumulation,and these reservoirs have porosities greater than 3% to 6%.Moreover,when diagenesis is incipient,pure shales are not favorable for medium-to-high maturity shale oil enrichment,whereas tight sandstone and hybrid rocks with clay content less than 20% are favorable;however,for medium-to-late-stage diagenesis,pure shales with a clay content of 40% are favorable.(3)The retention of a large amount of high-quality hydrocarbons is the factor that best guarantees shale oil accumulation with good mobility.Free hydrocarbon content exceeding a threshold value of 2 mg/g is generally required,and the optimum value is 4 mg/g to 6 mg/g.Moreover,a gas-oil ratio exceeding a threshold value of 80 m^(3)/m^(3) is required,with the optimal value ranging from 150 m^(3)/m^(3) to 300 m^(3)/m^(3).(4)High-quality roof and floor sealing conditions are essential for the shale oil enrichment interval to maintain the overpressure and retain a sufficient amount of hydrocarbons with good quality.Lacustrine shale oil distributions exhibit the following characteristics:(1)major enrichment areas of shale oil are located in semi-deep to deep lacustrine depositional areas with external materials,such as volcanic ash fallout,hydrothermal solutions,and radioactive substances with catalytic action,as inputs;(2)intervals with“four high values and one preservation condition”govern the distribution of shale oil enrichment intervals;and(3)favorable assemblages of lithofacies/lithologies determine the distribution of enrichment area.According to preliminary estimates,China has 131×10^(8) to 163×10^(8) t of total shale oil resources with medium-to-high thermal maturity,among which 67×10^(8) to 84×10^(8) t is commercial.These resources are primarily located in the Chang 7^(1+2) interval in the Ordos Basin,Qing 1+2 members in Gulong sag in the Songliao Basin,Kongdian and Shahejie formations of Cangdong sag,Qikou sag and the Jiyang depression in the Bohai Bay Basin,and Lucaogou Formation in the Junggar Basin.
基金King Saud University for funding this work through Researchers Supporting Project Number(RSP-2021/387),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘The effectiveness of the Business Intelligence(BI)system mainly depends on the quality of knowledge it produces.The decision-making process is hindered,and the user’s trust is lost,if the knowledge offered is undesired or of poor quality.A Data Warehouse(DW)is a huge collection of data gathered from many sources and an important part of any BI solution to assist management in making better decisions.The Extract,Transform,and Load(ETL)process is the backbone of a DW system,and it is responsible for moving data from source systems into the DW system.The more mature the ETL process the more reliable the DW system.In this paper,we propose the ETL Maturity Model(EMM)that assists organizations in achieving a high-quality ETL system and thereby enhancing the quality of knowledge produced.The EMM is made up of five levels of maturity i.e.,Chaotic,Acceptable,Stable,Efficient and Reliable.Each level of maturity contains Key Process Areas(KPAs)that have been endorsed by industry experts and include all critical features of a good ETL system.Quality Objectives(QOs)are defined procedures that,when implemented,resulted in a high-quality ETL process.Each KPA has its own set of QOs,the execution of which meets the requirements of that KPA.Multiple brainstorming sessions with relevant industry experts helped to enhance the model.EMMwas deployed in two key projects utilizing multiple case studies to supplement the validation process and support our claim.This model can assist organizations in improving their current ETL process and transforming it into a more mature ETL system.This model can also provide high-quality information to assist users inmaking better decisions and gaining their trust.
基金supported partially by the USDA-ARS Research Project#6054-44000-080-00D.
文摘Background Fiber maturity is a key cotton quality property,and its variability in a sample impacts fiber processing and dyeing performance.Currently,the maturity is determined by using established protocols in laboratories under a controlled environment.There is an increasing need to measure fiber maturity using low-cost(in general less than $20000)and small portable systems.In this study,a laboratory feasibility was performed to assess the ability of the shortwave infrared hyperspectral imaging(SWIR HSI)technique for determining the conditioned fiber maturity,and as a comparison,a bench-top commercial and expensive(in general greater than $60000)near infrared(NIR)instrument was used.Results Although SWIR HSI and NIR represent different measurement technologies,consistent spectral characteristics were observed between the two instruments when they were used to measure the maturity of the locule fiber samples in seed cotton and of the well-defined fiber samples,respectively.Partial least squares(PLS)models were established using different spectral preprocessing parameters to predict fiber maturity.The high prediction precision was observed by a lower root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP)(<0.046),higher R_(p)^(2)(>0.518),and greater percentage(97.0%)of samples within the 95% agreement range in the entire NIR region(1000-2500 nm)without the moisture band at 1940 nm.Conclusion SWIR HSI has a good potential for assessing cotton fiber maturity in a laboratory environment.
文摘Background: Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, affecting approximately 1% of all live births and 10% of all preterm infants. Lamellar bodies represent a storage form of pulmonary surfactant within Type II pneumocytes, secretion of which increases with advancing gestational age, thus enabling prediction of the degree of FLM. Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) complicates approximately 1/3 of all preterm births. Birth within 1 week is the most likely outcome for any patient with PPROM in the absence of adjunctive treatments. Respiratory distress has been reported to be the most common complication of preterm birth. Sepsis, intraventricular haemorrhage, and necrotizing enterocolitis also are associated with prematurity, but these are less common near to term. Objective: To assess the efficacy of the amniotic fluid lamellar body counting from a vaginal pool in predicting fetal lung maturity in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Methods: This study was conducted at Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital in the emergency ward from January 2019 to September 2019. It included 106 women with singleton pregnancies, gestational age from 28 - 36 weeks with preterm premature rupture of membranes. This study is designed to assess the efficacy of the amniotic fluid lamellar body counting (LBC) from a vaginal pool in predicting fetal lung maturity in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Results: The current study revealed a highly significant increase in the lamellar body count in cases giving birth to neonates without RDS compared to that cases giving birth to neonates with RDS. Also, no statistically significant difference between LBC and age, parity and number of previous miscarriages in the mother was found. Gestational age at delivery was significantly lower among cases with respiratory distress. Steroid administration was significantly less frequent among cases with respiratory distress. However, lamellar bodies had high diagnostic performance in the prediction of respiratory distress. Conclusion: Lamellar body count (LBC) is an effective, safe, easy, and cost-effective method to assess fetal lung maturity (FLM). It does not need a highly equipped laboratory or specially trained personnel, it just needs the conventional blood count analyzer. Measurement of LBC is now replacing the conventional Lecithin/Sphyngomyelin L/S ratio. LBC cut-off value of ≤42.5 × 10<sup>3</sup>/μL can be used safely to decide fetal lung maturity with sensitivity of 95.7% and specificity of 97.6%.
文摘Emma is one of the most successful novels by Jane Austen.This thesis analyzed the background of its heroine Emma’s growth background,her growth from conceit,snobbery,domination to maturity,and the causes of her character transformation.Her psychological growth process from innocence to maturity demonstrates women’s growth and progress in the early 19th cen tury,and inspires modern women to gradually improve in personality and better present their charms of maturity.
基金The study is part of the 1999–2002 research program "Municipal solid waste treatment and compost agriculture application" which is supported jointly by the Tunisian Secretariat of Scientific Research and Technology
文摘The aim of this study was to characterize the biological stability and maturity degree of compost during a controlled pile-composting trial of mixed vegetable residues (VR) collected from markets of Tunis City with residues of Posidonia oceanica (PoR), collected from Tunis beaches. The accumulation in beaches (as well as their removal) constitutes a serious environmental problem in all Mediterranean countries particularly in Tunisia. Aerobic-thermophilic composting is the most reasonable way to profit highly-valuable content of organic matter in these wastes for agricultural purposes. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were monitored during composting over 150 d. The most appropriate parameters were selected to establish the maturity degree. The main result of this research was the deduction of the following maturity criterion: (a) C/N ratio 〈 15; (b) NH4^+-N 〈 400 mg/kg; (c) CO2-C 〈 2000 mg CO2-C/kg; (d) dehydrogenase activity 〈 1 mg TPF/g dry matter; (e) germination index (GI) 〉 80%. These five parameters, considered jointly are indicative of a high maturity degree and thus of a high-quality organic amendment which employed in a rational way, may improve soil fertility and soil quality. The mature compost was relatively rich in N (13.0 g/kg), P (4.74 g/kg) and MgO (15.80 g/kg). Thus composting definitively constitutes the most optimal option to exploit these wastes.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41272158)the State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting (PRP/indep-2-1302)
文摘Aromatic fractions of 140 oils and condensates that originated from different types of source rocks (marine shale,terrestrial shale and marine carbonate) were analyzed using gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) to investigate the relative distributions of methylated dibenzothiophenes with respect to thermal maturity.The positions of methyl groups of trimethyldibenzothiophene isomers (TMDBTs) including those used in the definition of maturity indicator TMDBT index in previous studies were firmly identified by co-elution of internal standards in GC-MS analysis and by comparing with reported retention indices.A new maturity ratio related to dimethyldibenzothiophenes (DMDBTs) is proposed on the basis of the differences in thermodynamic stability among different DMDBT isomers.Another maturity index (TMDBT-I2) based on TMDBTs is also suggested on the basis of our empirical observations and presumed thermodynamic stability of TMDBT isomers.These two newly proposed (2,6 + 3,6)-/1,4-DMDBT ratio and TMDBT-I2 correlate well with MDR (4-/1-methyldibenzothiophene)and 2,4-/1,4-DMDBT ratios,suggesting their common chemical reaction mechanisms and similar behavior with increasing maturity.Therefore,they can be effectively applied for maturity assessments.Furthermore,the TMDBTs related maturity parameters are more reliable for over-mature oils and condensates due to the relatively higher concentrations of thermodynamically unstable TMDBT isomers,i.e.1,4,6-,1,4,8-and 3,4,6-TMDBT in this study than those of 1-methyldibenzothiophene (1-MDBT) or 1,4-DMDBT.In contrast with 4,6-/1,4-DMDBT,the newly proposed (2,6 + 3,6)-/1,4-DMDBT ratios for oils that originated from different types of source rocks have approximately same relationship with the oil maturity (Rc %).This suggests that the lithology and organic facies may have relatively less influence on (2,6 + 3,6)-/1,4-DMDBT ratio compared to 4,6-/1,4-DMDBT.The maturity parameters based on methylated dibenzothiophenes are particularly useful in the maturity assessments of post-and over-mature oils and condensates and can complement maturity indicators based on steranes and terpanes.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40672093)CNPC Innovation Fund(07El001)the ESS-China Hydrocarbon Geosciences Collaboration Project under Natural Resources Canada's International Opportunities Program.
文摘The oleanane parameter, i.e., OP (oleananes/(oleananes+C30hopanes)) in the two sedimentary columns of the Beibuwan Basin, South China Sea, can be used to delimit the top of oil generation window, with Ro (/%) of 0.53 in Well M1 and 0.55 in Wells H1/Hd1/Hd2, respectively. Comparing with vitrinite reflectance (Ro/%), the OP features a dynamic range and can indicate the oil generation window more precisely. By using OP and other geochemical indices, the oil-source correlation is also conducted. It suggests that the oils in wells M1 and M2 are derived from the source rocks in situ. The mudstone in Huachang uplift is not the main source rocks for oils in this area, The OP is also a useful oil-source correlation parameter in some Tertiary lacustrine basins.
基金This project was granted financial support from the China Postdoctoral Science FoundationChinese National Key Science and Technology Project(96-110-01-02).
文摘Rock-Eval pyrolysis and Py-GC experiments on naturally and artificially matured coal samples were carried out. The results suggest that both depolymerization and defuctionalization exist during the maturation and evolution of coal. The patterns of hydrocarbon regeneration are diverse at different stages of the maturation and evolution. When the vitrinite reflectance (R0) is 0.7%-0.9%, bitumen is the richest in coal while activation energy is the minimum, and the temperature of peak yield is lower than that of primary hydrocarbon generation. However, if reflectance is greater than 0.9%, defunctionalization predominates and the temperature of peak regeneration is shown in lagging compared with the primary hydrocarbon generation. When reflectance is out of the “oil window”, the peak temperature of hydrocarbon regeneration and that of the primary hydrocarbon generation seems to be continuous.
基金supported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture(NIFA)-Specialty Crop Research Initiative project,‘RosBREED:Combining disease resistance with horticultural quality in new rosaceous cultivars’(grant number 2014-51181-22378).
文摘The timing of fruit maturity is an important trait in sweet cherry production and breeding.Phenotypic variation for phenology of fruit maturity in sweet cherry appears to be under strong genetic control,but that control might be complicated by phenotypic instability across environments.Although such genotype-by-environment interaction(G×E)is a common phenomenon in crop plants,knowledge about it is lacking for fruit maturity timing and other sweet cherry traits.In this study,1673 genome-wide SNP markers were used to estimate genomic relationships among 597 weakly pedigree-connected individuals evaluated over two seasons at three locations in Europe and one location in the USA,thus sampling eight‘environments’.The combined dataset enabled a single meta-analysis to investigate the environmental stability of genomic predictions.Linkage disequilibrium among marker loci declined rapidly with physical distance,and ordination of the relationship matrix suggested no strong structure among germplasm.The most parsimonious G×E model allowed heterogeneous genetic variance and pairwise covariances among environments.Narrow-sense genomic heritability was very high(0.60–0.83),as was accuracy of predicted breeding values(>0.62).Average correlation of additive effects among environments was high(0.96)and breeding values were highly correlated across locations.Results indicated that genomic models can be used in cherry to accurately predict date of fruit maturity for untested individuals in new environments.Limited G×E for this trait indicated that phenotypes of individuals will be stable across similar environments.Equivalent analyses for other sweet cherry traits,for which multiple years of data are commonly available among breeders and cultivar testers,would be informative for predicting performance of elite selections and cultivars in new environments.
基金supported by Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-09-P07)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31160299,31760410)
文摘Tuber starch content and plant maturity are two important agronomic traits of potato. To investigate the complex genetic basis of these traits in the cultivated potato, as well as the relationship between them, we developed a linkage map in a tetraploid population of 192 clones derived from the cross Longshu 8 × Zaodabai and mapped quantitative trait loci(QTL) for tuber starch content and plant maturity using data collected in three diverse environments over two years. We detected eleven QTL for tuber starch content distributed on seven chromosomes, of which four, on chromosomes I, II, and VIII, were expressed in at least three environments. For plant maturity, we identified six QTL on chromosomes II, IV,V, VII, and XI, one of which, on chromosome V, showed LOD peaks ranging from 45.2 to 62.5 cM and explained 21.6%–26.6% of phenotypic variation was expressed in five of the six environments. Because the reproducible QTL for plant maturity and tuber starch content mapped to different chromosomes and neither overlapping QTL, nor any genetic interaction between QTL were detected, we infer that tuber starch content and plant maturity are controlled by independent genetic loci. This inference supports the prospect of breeding potato for both early maturity and high starch content.
基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences(“Hundred Talents Program”)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41802143).
文摘As the two important components of shale, organic matter(OM) and clay minerals are usually thought to strongly influence the hydrocarbon generation, enrichment and exploitation. The evolution process of OM and clay minerals as well as their interrelationship over a wide range of thermal maturities are not completely clear. Taking Yanchang(T3y), Longmaxi(S1l) and Niutitang(?1n) shales as examples, we have studied the microstructure characteristics of OM and clay minerals in shales with different thermal maturities. The effects of clay minerals and OM on pores were reinforced through sedimentation experiments. Using a combination of field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM) and low-pressure N2 adsorption, we investigated the microstructure differences among the three shales. The results showed that both OM and clay minerals have strong effects on pores, and small mesopore(2–20 nm) is the dominant pore component for all three samples. However, the differences between the three samples are embodied in the distribution of pore size and the location. For the T3y shale, clay minerals are loosely arranged and develop large amounts of pores, and fine OM grains often fill in intergranular minerals or fractures. Widespread OM pores distribute irregularly in S1l shale, and most of the pores are elliptical and nondirectional. The ?1n shale is characterized by the preferred orientational OM-clay aggregates, and lots of pores in the composites are in the mesopore range, suggesting that over maturity lead to the collapse and compaction of pores under huge pressure of strata. The results of the current research imply that with increasing thermal maturity, OM pores are absent at low maturity(T3y), are maximized at high maturity(S1l) and are destroyed or compacted at over-mature stage(?1n). Meanwhile, clay minerals have gone through mineral transformation and orientational evolution. The interaction of the two processes makes a significant difference to the microstructure evolution of OM and clay minerals in shale, and the findings provide scientific foundation in better understanding diagenetic evolution and hydrocarbon generation of shale.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(40802026)"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"
文摘Fifty samples from the source rocks in Member 3 and Member 4 of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation in the Bohai Bay Basin, East China, were analyzed to investigate the distribution, evolution of the molecular maturity ratios C29ββ/(ββ+αα) and C2920S/(20S+20R) and their control factors in the natural geological profile and sequence. The results showed that progressive changes in molecular maturity parameters are associated with major changes in thermal evolution of related biomarkers. Increases in the C29ββ/(ββ+αα) and C2920S/(20S+20R) ratios result from the difference in the relative rate between generation and thermal degradation of isomers involved. The samples from a hyper-saline environment below 3.5 km in which evaporitic rocks deposited shows high response of Sr/Ba, Sr/Ca, Fe/ Mn, Pr/n-C17, Ph/n-C18 and gammacerane and low response of Pr/Ph. There presents negative reversal of biomarker maturity C29ββ/(ββ+αα, C29ββ/(ββ+αα) and Ts/(Ts+Ym) in the samples from hypersaline environment, reflecting that the gypsum- halite have negative effect on the isomerization of biomarker and thermal evolution of organic matter. The minerals in evaporites also retard the conventional thermal indicators including vitrinite reflectance (Ro) and pyrolysis peak temperature Tmax at the depth below 3.4 km (i.e. 〉3.4 km), and these parameters also show the inhibition from overpressure in the range of 2.4-3.4 kin. This result will be helpful in the interpretation and application of molecular maturity parameters for similar saline lacustrine basins.
基金funded by Spanish Government‘Ministerio de Economía Industria y Competitividad,’‘Agencia Estatal de Investigación’(AEI),and‘Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentiaria(INIA)’by research projects RTA2015-00027-00-00,and RFP2015-00015-00-00,and FEDER funds,and by‘Grupo de Investigación de la Comunidad de Aragón’A12-17R(‘Fruticultura.Caracterización,Adaptación y Mejora Genética’)of‘Departamento de Innovación,Investigación y Universidad,’‘Gobierno de Aragón.’AC was funded by‘Departamento de Innovación,Investigación y Universidad.
文摘Sweet cherry maturity date and fruit quality are relevant traits for its marketability,transport,and consumer acceptance.In this work,sweet cherry fruit development time,maturity date,and commercial fruit-quality traits(size,weight,firmness,soluble solid content,and titratable acidity)were investigated to improve the knowledge of their genetic control,and to identify alleles of breeding interest.Six sweet cherry populations segregating for these traits were used for QTL analyses.These populations descend from cross-and self-pollinations of local Spanish sweet cherries‘Ambrunés’and‘Cristobalina’,and breed cultivars(‘Brooks’,‘Lambert’,or‘Vic’).The six populations(n=411),previously genotyped with RosBREED Cherry 6 K SNP array,were phenotyped for 2 years.QTL analyses were conducted using a multifamily approach implemented by FlexQTL™.Fruit development time,soluble solid content,and titratable acidity QTLs are first reported in sweet cherry in this work.Significant QTLs were detected for all the traits.Eighteen were more stable as they were detected for 2 years.Of these,nine are first reported in this work.The major QTLs for fruit development time,maturity date,firmness,and soluble solid content were identified on the same narrow region of linkage group 4.These traits also showed significant positive correlation(long fruit development time associated with late maturity,high firmness,and high SSC).NAC transcription factor genes identified on this LG4 region may be candidate genes for the regulation of these traits in sweet cherry,as previously described in syntenic regions of other Rosaceae species.Haplotypes of breeding interest on this LG4 genomic region were identified and will be useful for sweet cherry breeding from this and related plant material.
基金We thank Miss DENG Ying-Ying for data collection. This work was funded by the National Key Research and Devel opment Program of China (2018YFC1509008) and the Na tional Natural Science Foundation of China (41401058).
文摘Indicators based on the developed version of the Capability Maturity Model were set up to access the maturity degree of China's seven pilot carbon markets from 2013 to 2017. Results show that the maturity degree of Shenzhen and Beijing pilot carbon markets ranks first;while those of Guangdong, Hubei, and Shanghai rank second. Tianjin and Chongqing rank lowest. Most of pilot markets failed to perform well on price efficiency except Shenzhen. There is significant disparity in the scores that the pilot carbon markets got, with a range from 9 to 73. The drivers to maintain market maturity is different among the pilot markets, either with a good performance on market structure, scale, or efficiency could lead to a certain score. Much could be done to increase the maturity level of the carbon market. Further downscaling the firm size, raising the legislation level, and increasing the participation of the third party entities may help the carbon market to grow healthier.