ON THE STUDY OF THE INITIATION OF THE MICRO CRACK ON THE SMOOTH SURFACE OF POLYCRYSTALLINE

Crystallographic plasticity was applied to study the initiation of micro cracks on the smooth surface of polycrystalline under uniform applied stress. Even under the uniform external stress, due to the different crystallographic orientations of the grains in the polycrystalline, there is un-uniform stress distribution and the deformation is also not uniform. Under the fatigue loading, the roughness increases with the number of fatigue, and deformation will localize in some places, where micro cracks form.

Micro Crack of Aluminum Sheet During Cold Rolling

The micro crack of aluminum sheet during cold rolling lubricated with emulsions is investigated. Experi-ments show that micro cracks occur after cold rolling process and this is attributed to various parameters, for instance, the thin oxide film formed at the sheet surface. The micro crack spacing thus becomes an important parameter which deserves more concerns. The aspect ratio of these micro cracks is then analyzed theoreti-cally, which takes into consideration of the oxide fracture process. The good agreement between the obser-vations and the theoretical predictions validates the analysis. The approach can shed some new lights on the mechanical process of aluminium sheet during cold rolling.

Diffusive healing of internal fatigue micro-cracks in pure titanium

The internal micro cracks with the critical length about 30?μm and thickness less than 1?μm were introduced into the pure titanium samples by uniaxial tension compression low cycle fatigue method. The experimental results indicate that the internal fatigue micro crack clearly evolves from the original penny shaped crack into a string of spherical voids in the longitudinal section plane of the fatigue sample after the vacuum diffusive healing at the high temperature. The quantitative relationship between the radius and the spacing of spherical voids depends on the crack position (within grains, on grain boundaries or transgranular sites) and its orientations within the grain. The diffusive healing, the related thermodynamics and mechanism, and the effect of the surface tension anisotropy on the relationship between void diameter and void spacing are also discussed.

FORMULATION OF STATISTICAL EVOLUTION OF MICROCRACKS IN SOLIDS

The paper presents a principal formulation of statistical evolution of microcracks, occurring in solids, subjected to external loading. In particular, the concept of ideal microcracks is elaborated, in order to describe the fundamental features of damage resulting from nucleation and extension of microcracks. Relevant average damage functions are also discussed.

Micro-crack detection of nonlinear Lamb wave propagation in three-dimensional plates with mixed-frequency excitation

We propose a nonlinear ultrasonic technique by using the mixed-frequency signals excited Lamb waves to conduct micro-crack detection in thin plate structures.Simulation models of three-dimensional(3D)aluminum plates and composite laminates are established by ABAQUS software,where the aluminum plate contains buried crack and composite laminates comprises cohesive element whose thickness is zero to simulate delamination damage.The interactions between the S0 mode Lamb wave and the buried micro-cracks of various dimensions are simulated by using the finite element method.Fourier frequency spectrum analysis is applied to the received time domain signal and fundamental frequency amplitudes,and sum and difference frequencies are extracted and simulated.Simulation results indicate that nonlinear Lamb waves have different sensitivities to various crack sizes.There is a positive correlation among crack length,height,and sum and difference frequency amplitudes for an aluminum plate,with both amplitudes decreasing as crack thickness increased,i.e.,nonlinear effect weakens as the micro-crack becomes thicker.The amplitudes of sum and difference frequency are positively correlated with the length and width of the zero-thickness cohesive element in the composite laminates.Furthermore,amplitude ratio change is investigated and it can be used as an effective tool to detect inner defects in thin 3D plates.

Image Preprocessing Methods to Identify Micro-cracks of Road Pavement

Standards of highway conservation and maintenance are improved gradually following the improvement of requirements of road service. Before obvious damage such as obvious cracking (block,transverse, longitudinal ) and rutting emerge, inconspicuous distress (micro-cracks, polishing, pockmarked) is generated previously. These inconspicuous distresses may provide basis and criteria for pavement preventive maintenance. Currently most of preventive conservation measures are determined by experienced experts in maintenance and repair of road after site visits. Thus method is difficult in operation, and has a certain amount of instability as it is based on experience and personal knowledge. In this paper, camera and laser were used for automated high-speed acquisition images. Methods to preprocess pavement image are compared. The pretreatment method suitable for analyze micro-cracks picture is elected, an effective way to remove shadow is also proposed.

Non-equilibrium statistical theory about microscopic fatigue cracks of metal in magnetic field

This paper develops the non-equilibrium statistical fatigue damage theory to study the statistical behaviour of micro-crack for metals in magnetic field. The one-dimensional homogeneous crack system is chosen for study. To investigate the effect caused by magnetic field on the statistical distribution of micro-crack in the system, the theoretical analysis on microcrack evolution equation, the average length of micro-crack, density distribution function of microcrack and fatigue fracture probability have been performed. The derived results relate the changes of some quantities, such as average length, density distribution function and fatigue fracture probability, to the applied magnetic field, the magnetic and mechanical properties of metals. It gives a theoretical explanation on the change of fatigue damage due to magnetic fields observed by experiments, and presents an analytic approach on studying the fatigue damage of metal in magnetic field.

Self-catalyzed Effect and Cracking Risk in Mass Concrete Containing Micro-slag

The main results obtained from the experimental and engineering investigation on the heat evolution and cracking risk of a furnace concrete block were presented. The heat evolution of experimental mortars containing micro-slag under different environmental temperatures was instrumented in order to investigate the self-catalyzed effect, which was discovered in engineering. More-over,the thermal stress of the furnace concrete due to heat temperature rise was calculated to evaluate the cracking risk of mass concrete containing micro-slag due to self-catalyzed effect. The experimental results illustrate that with the development of hydration and initial temperature of mixture, the hydra-tion can be also accelerated and temperature of concrete will be continued to rise, which was the self-catalyzed effect. And the thermal stress due to self-catalyzed effect could not result in the cracking of furnace concrete.

温度循环荷载下花岗岩微裂隙演化试验

花岗岩力学性能随环境温度的变化是岩石力学领域的热点问题,其微细观结构随温度的演化规律尚不清晰。基于现代化测试技术和实验设备设计了等幅值温度循环和峰值递增温度循环荷载,关注其作用下花岗岩微裂隙的衍生和扩展规律,并讨论了风化程度的影响。研究结果表明峰值温度比循环次数对裂隙网络发展的影响更大,峰值递增的温度循环可促进表面裂隙的衍生,而风化在一定程度上可减弱温度荷载的影响。本文研究可促进对温度作用下岩石力学性能演化的认知。

氮元素对高钛含铌钢裂纹影响的定量研究

应用试验、热力学计算及统计,定量研究了氮(N)对高钛(Ti)含铌(Nb)钢连铸横裂纹的影响,提出N控定量标准。结果表明:高钛含铌钢的高温塑性与氮化物形成具有强相关性;凝固末期TiN的析出影响第一脆性区,第二脆性区与Nb(C,N)的析出有关,温度区间为从Nb(C,N)析出到其析出速率开始缓和的温度,第三脆性区与铁素体或AlN析出有关,温度区间为从铁素体或AlN析出到渗碳体开始析出的温度。高钛含铌钢的N控瓶颈在于TiN在凝固末期的析出,根据Ti、N积建立控N标准,Ti、N积为4×10-5~7×10-5(%•%)。

王家岭煤矿综放工作面上覆岩层运动规律及卸压区瓦斯抽采试验研究

为实现低瓦斯高涌出矿井综放工作面安全高效开采,以王家岭煤矿为背景,结合物理相似模拟实验、UDEC数值模拟和微震监测,系统分析了王家岭煤矿综放工作面上覆岩层运动规律,在此基础上,开展了现场卸压区瓦斯抽采试验。研究结果表明:随工作面推进,煤层顶板上覆岩层垮落高度距煤层底板距离增大,离层裂隙距顶板距离增大,空洞高度减小;采空区两侧瓦斯运移通道的裂隙多于压实区的裂隙。初次来压前,采空区垂直应力随工作面的推进而降低;初次来压后,采空区垂直应力随工作面的推进而增大。在进、回风巷顶板,煤层、采空区顶底板共发生2 572个微震事件,工作面前方50 m范围内应力集中较大,应注意超前支护防范。12301工作面周期来压步距20~26 m,采动裂缝带高度90~110 m,周期来压4~6次。现场卸压区瓦斯抽采试验中,合理层位工作面瓦斯抽采量是其他层位工作面瓦斯抽采量的1.5倍,且工作面上隅角和回风流瓦斯浓度均小于0.8%,瓦斯治理效果显著。

基于硅酸钠和硅藻土的油井水泥自愈合材料的制备及表征

【目的】研究硅藻土对硅酸钠的吸附效果,探讨油井水泥环微裂缝的修复问题。【方法】采用硅酸钠作为自愈合剂,硅藻土为载体,利用真空浸渍法制备硅藻土基自愈合材料;借助扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)、红外光谱仪(infrared spectrometer,FTIR)、全自动表面积和孔结构分析仪(automatic surface area and pore structure analyzer,BET)进行分析;通过对比分析掺入硅藻土基自愈合材料前、后水泥石的抗压强度、恢复率和渗透率等,对自愈合效果进行评价;通过对水泥石裂缝表面物质进行X射线衍射分析(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、热重分析(thermal analysis,TG)和SEM分析评价材料的自愈合机制。【结果】利用真空浸渍法能够成功制得硅藻土基自愈合材料;硅藻土基自愈合材料在油井水泥中最佳掺量为9%(质量分数),该试样劈裂造缝后自愈合14 d的抗压强度比纯水泥的提高99.57%,自愈合14 d后渗透率为0.42 mD,渗透率降低率达到75.44%,比纯水泥试样的高40.94%,且自愈合14 d后裂缝表面已经闭合。【结论】硅藻土基自愈合材料制备工艺简单,在油井水泥浆中具有良好的分散性和稳定性,可以促进油井水泥石微裂缝自愈合。

碱含量对水泥基材料开裂敏感性的影响

选择低热硅酸盐水泥、中热硅酸盐水泥和普通硅酸盐水泥作为研究对象,利用外掺Na2SO4和K_(2)SO_(4)将其总碱含量调节至0.8%和1.2%,利用椭圆环法,并从干燥收缩性能、水化产物形貌、显微硬度及水化产物微观力学的角度,探究了碱对不同水泥基材料开裂敏感性的影响。结果表明:随着碱含量的提高,不同水泥基材料的开裂敏感性增加;低热硅酸盐水泥具有较高的抗裂能力,且适当地提高碱含量,有助于提高其抗裂性能;干燥收缩性并不能完全揭示碱对不同水泥基材料开裂敏感性的影响机制。碱对不同水泥基材料开裂敏感性的提高还与其微观特性有关,通过促使水化产物形貌发生转变,提高其显微硬度,降低水泥基材料浆体适应变形的能力;通过降低唯一具有胶凝特性的水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)簇间粘结力,降低水泥基材料浆体抵抗开裂的能力。

适宜水工混凝土内环境的矿化微生物梯度驯化优选

水工混凝土内部高碱性环境限制了微生物混凝土的自修复效能。利用梯度驯化方法可提高矿化微生物对高碱度的耐受性,优选出适宜混凝土孔隙内环境并具备高诱导矿化沉积能力的增强嗜碱型微生物。首先,在实验室高碱性环境下,对比巨大、科氏、枯草、巴氏等4种芽孢杆菌的活性及诱导矿化沉积量,初选耐碱性较好的微生物并对其开展耐碱性梯度驯化;随后,综合分析驯化微生物对混凝土力学性能、吸水性、渗透性和自愈能力的影响,通过扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射对矿化产物微观形态和组成进行分析。结果表明:相较于巨大、科氏和枯草芽孢杆菌,巴氏芽孢杆菌在高碱性条件下表现出更强的活性,梯度驯化技术可进一步提高巴氏芽孢杆菌在高碱性环境中的活性,并证实通过该方法增强的耐碱性具有后代保留的特性;与掺未驯化微生物组试样相比,掺驯化微生物混凝土试样养护28 d的抗压强度提高了16.59%,吸水系数降低了37.74%,渗透系数减小了19.22%;掺驯化微生物混凝土试样的裂缝自修复试验得到裂缝最大修复宽度为0.57 mm,超过了未驯化微生物组的0.44 mm。本研究为基于微生物诱导矿化沉积技术的微生物水工混凝土研发和应用提供理论依据和技术支撑。

渗透树脂联合美白技术修复微裂氟斑牙

背景:微研磨、家庭美白联合渗透树脂治疗氟斑牙具有良好的效果,但该方法对氟斑牙微裂纹的影响尚不清楚。目的:探究微研磨、家庭美白联合渗透树脂修复微裂氟斑牙的效果。方法:①临床研究:选择2020年7月至2021年3月就诊于天津医科大学口腔医院修复科的23例微裂氟斑牙患者,包括255颗微裂氟斑牙,均接受牙齿微研磨术、家庭美白与渗透树脂联合治疗,对比治疗前及治疗结束后1周、1个月的牙齿颜色、牙齿敏感程度和牙齿疼痛阈值。②体外实验:收集牙齿表面至少存在一条裂纹的氟斑牙60颗,随机分3组处理:对照组不进行任何处理,美白组进行微研磨与家庭美白处理,联合组进行微研磨、家庭美白和渗透树脂联合处理,每组20颗,测量处理后3组牙齿样本的显微硬度。结果与结论:①临床研究:治疗结束后6个月,255颗微裂氟斑牙中牙齿美白治疗显效207颗、有效48颗,总体治疗有效率为100%。随着治疗时间的延长,中、重度牙齿度敏感程度占比呈下降趋势,治疗结束后6个月,255颗氟斑牙中无重度敏感、15颗为中度敏感、125颗为轻度敏感、115颗无敏感,与治疗前的氟斑牙敏感程度相比差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。治疗前与治疗结束后1周、6个月的牙齿疼痛阈值比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。②体外实验:美白组牙齿显微硬度值低于对照组、联合组(P<0.05),对照组与联合组牙齿显微硬度值比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。③结果表明,微研磨、家庭美白联合渗透树脂治疗微裂氟斑牙具有较好的疗效。

剑麻纤维-聚丙烯酰胺改良客土干缩开裂试验研究

裸露岩质边坡的数量随着基础设施建设规模和数量的不断增大,客土喷播技术作为一种有效的边坡护坡绿化技术可以改善岩质边坡的表层稳定性,但多种因素造成表层土体失水开裂,影响客土喷播的修复效果。针对此问题,采用剑麻纤维和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对客土进行改良,开展了不同土层厚度、剑麻纤维和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)含量条件下干缩开裂试验,研究了不同条件对土体干燥失水、表面裂隙发育的影响,采用微观扫描技术(SEM)对改良后客土的内在结构变化进行了测试。结果表明:随土层厚度增大,改良土蒸发稳定时间有所延长,且土层厚度增大能有效抑制试样表面裂隙的发育。剑麻纤维和PAM的掺入有效延长了黏土蒸发的路径,且随着纤维和PAM含量增加土体蒸发速率逐渐降低,抑制了土体表层裂隙发育。PAM的强吸水性能够降低土体的蒸发速率,纤维的“桥接作用”可以抑制裂隙的扩展,提高土体的整体性。

预制裂纹的预备后椭圆形根管牙根有限元模型构建及分析

目的分析椭圆形根管牙根两种预备形态下,根管壁微裂纹对牙根受力的影响。方法选择椭圆形根管的前磨牙20颗,器械扩大预备根管、制造微裂纹并染色,切片后显微镜下观察牙本质微裂纹的产生及分布。据此构建两种预备形态下预制裂纹的牙根模型,评估受力时微裂纹处及牙根的应力分布。结果椭圆形根管牙根的微裂纹总是出现在颊舌侧,由根管壁向牙根表面扩展,与有限元分析所展示的应力集中在根管壁颊舌侧的规律一致。微裂纹使根管壁的应力集中点向裂纹尖端处转移,且在尖端极小区域内出现近5倍的应力剧增,使微裂纹极易沿尖端方向扩展,尤其在牙体长轴方向。结论微裂纹的存在不改变椭圆形根管牙根颊舌侧应力集中的特点,但微裂纹的产生使其尖端极小区域内出现剧增的应力集中,这可能是微裂纹迅速扩展为牙根纵裂的机制,临床操作需提高警惕。

核电厂截止阀阀杆微裂纹老化检测技术研究

由于截止阀阀杆材料、热处理不当、应力集中、点蚀及晶间腐蚀等因素,加之在阀门开关过程中受力过载,因此导致断裂事件时常发生,影响核电机组安全运行。针对核电厂截止阀维修工作量大、拆装检查后无法重复使用的问题,开发截止阀阀杆微裂纹专用老化检测技术,实现了对阀杆断裂敏感部位微裂纹的有效探测,减少了阀门维修过程的工作量。

基于非均匀性的平台巴西圆盘失效过程及损伤行为

为了探讨冲击荷载作用下裂缝对混凝土失效行为的影响,开展动态冲击荷载下混凝土预制裂缝平台巴西圆盘失效过程及损伤行为的研究.基于分离式霍普金森压杆试验,建立考虑混凝土细观非均匀性的数值模型,根据混凝土预制裂缝分布特征,分析混凝土预制裂缝角度和应变率对次生裂纹扩展规律和损伤演化程度的影响.结果表明,混凝土试件动态抗拉强度与应变率呈显著正相关,而与预制裂缝角度呈负相关.通过对混凝土单元的非均匀赋值,实现了冲击荷载下圆盘试件裂纹的萌生、扩展和贯穿的真实过程,当混凝土预制裂缝倾角大于60°时,主裂纹的扩展方向与预制裂缝近似垂直,次生裂纹数量则随预制裂缝倾角的增大逐渐增多.此外,基于破坏单元个数定量表征试件的损伤程度,发现当预制裂缝倾角为45°时,圆盘试件的损伤程度最低.研究成果可为混凝土材料的动态安全设计提供理论依据.

热等静压对激光选区熔化增材制造GH3230高温合金微裂纹与组织的影响

为揭示GH3230高温合金的激光选区熔化增材成形性,研究了热等静压对激光选区熔化增材制造GH3230高温合金微裂纹与组织及拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,激光选区熔化增材制造GH3230高温合金沉积态存在凝固微裂纹,该裂纹在XOY截面呈现龟裂特征,在ZOY截面呈现线状;热等静压之后,激光选区熔化增材制造GH3230高温合金的一部分微裂纹可以消除,另一部分较长的微裂纹难以消除。激光选区熔化增材制造GH3230高温合金沉积态组织基本为片状固溶体组织,在晶界附近存在少量析出碳化物;热等静压之后,在晶界附近析出大量的MoWCr碳化物,而晶内析出MoWCr碳化物数量多且尺寸较小。凝固微裂纹导致激光选区熔化增材制造GH3230高温合金沉积态XY方向抗拉强度及延伸率降低,而热等静压能减小大尺寸微裂纹,消除小尺寸微裂纹及气孔,可大幅提高XY方向的抗拉强度和延伸率。