Concrete Mix Design by IS,ACI and BS Methods:A Comparative Analysis

Concrete is one of the most consumable construction materials on the earth.The concrete constitutes cement,sand,gravel,water and/or additives in definite proportions.The proportions of raw materials of concrete are decided by the concrete mix design.The mix design depends on the various factors.For mix design,most of the countries have their own specifications.In the present study,standard guidelines of India,Britain and America for the concrete mix design have been discussed.The concrete grades of M25,M35 and M45 were designed and compared.Indian Standards were also compared.It was concluded that a new revised version of Indian Standard code has the lowest value of water/cement ratio and highest quantity of cement as compared to other standards.

Mix design and expansion behavior of sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious composite

Sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious composite is proved to be one of the most effective ways to prevent concrete cracking too soon. Mix design of sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious composite completely depends on experience and experiments at present. This method ignores the influence of expansion behavior which hinders the application of sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious composite. The workability,free expansion property,flexural strength and compressive strength of sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious composite have been investigated by tests. The relationship between expansion ratio and mix design parameters such as curing age,water-cement ratio and cement abundance coefficient is deduced according to the experimental statistics. A new simplified approach to mix design of sulpho-aluminate expansive cementitious composite is proposed as a reference for construction application,which avoids experiments and experience.

Automated,economical,and environmentally-friendly asphalt mix design based on machine learning and multi-objective grey wolf optimization

The increasing impact of the greenhouse effect on ecosystems is prompting transportation agencies to seek methods for reducing CO_(2)emissions during pavement construction and maintenance.Additionally,the laboratory mix design process,which involves selecting aggregate gradation and binder content,is time-consuming and labor-intensive.To accelerate the traditional mix design procedure,this study presented a mix design procedure that can automatically determine gradation and binder content based on machine learning(ML)and a meta-heuristic algorithm.Specifically,ML approaches were employed to model the relationship between volumetric properties(mixture bulk specific gravity(Gmb)and air void(VV))and both mixture component properties and mixture proportion,based on a dataset collected from literature with 660 mixture designs.Integrated with the prediction of ML models and the modified multi-objective grey wolf optimization(MOGWO)algorithm,an automatic asphalt mix design was proposed to pursue three goals,including VV,cost,and CO_(2)emission.The results indicated that least squares support vector regression(LSSVR)and e Xtreme gradient boosting(XGBoost)achieved the highest prediction accuracies(correlation coefficient:0.92 for VV and 0.96 for Gmb).The MOGWO algorithm successfully found the 26 optimal mix designs for the case of VV vs.cost vs.CO_(2)emission.Compared to the traditional laboratory design,the optimal mixture with VV of4%achieves a cost saving of 2.46%and a reduction of 4.03%in carbon emission.The volumetric properties of the mixtures output by the approach also align closely with values measured in a laboratory.

Mix design optimization of seawater sea sand coral aggregate concrete

With the resource shortage in coastal areas,the construction of concrete structures using freshwater and river sand has brought great economic and environmental costs.The use of seawater,sea sand,and coral aggregates in concrete mixes has become an alternative solution for coastal and marine structures,especially for offshore structures and artificial islands.In this study,378 seawater,sea sand,and coral aggregate concrete(Coral-SWSSC)specimens were prepared,and their mechanical properties were investigated comprehensively through compressive tests to explore the optimized mix design at different grades.Results showed that the mechanical properties of Coral-SWSSC were strongly correlated with the water-to-binder ratios,coastal particle gradings,and pretreatment method of coastal particles.Based on the experimental results,mix proportion designs of CoralSWSSC were proposed for concrete from C20 to C50 grades,and the failure mechanism of Coral-SWSSC at different grades was discussed according to their respective failure modes.The findings of the current study provide knowledge on the optimized design of Coral-SWSSC,which can be used to promote the application of Coral-SWSSC in offshore,marine,and ocean engineering.

Main flexible pavement and mix design methods in Europe and challenges for the development of an European method

Pavement and mix design represent one of the key components within the life cycle of a road infrastructure, with links to political, economic, technical, societal and environmental issues. Recent researches related to the characteristics of materials and associated behavior models both for materials and pavement, made it appropriate to consider updating current pavement design methods, and especially in the USA this has already been in process while in Europe uses of the methods developed in the early 1970s. Thus, this paper firstly presents a brief historical overview of pavement design methods, high- lighting early limitations of old empirical methods. Afterwards, French, UK and Shell methods currently in use in Europe will be presented, undeHining their main components in terms of methodology, traffic, climatic conditions and subgrade. The asphalt mix design and modeling in Europe are presented with their inclusion in the pavement design methods. Finally, the main challenges for the development of a European pavement design method are presented as well as the recent research developments that can be used for that method.

A multi-attribute decision making approach of mix design based on experimental soil characterization

The clay mineral composition is one of the major factors that governs the physical properties of silty sand subgrade. Therefore, a thorough knowledge of mineral composition is essential to predict the optimum engineering properties of the soil, which is generally characterized by different indices like maximum dry density （MDD）, California bearing ratio （CBR）, unconfined compressive strength （UCS） and free swelling index （FSI）. In this article, a novel multi- attribute decision making （MADM） based approach of mix design has been proposed for silty sand- artificial clay mix to improve the characteristic strength of a soil subgrade. Experimental investigation has been carried out in this study to illustrate the proposed approach of selecting appropriate proportion for the soil mix to optimize all the above mentioned engineering properties simultaneously. The results show that a mix proportion containing approximately 90% silty sand plus 10% bentonite soil is the optimal combination in context to the present study. The proposed methodology for optimal decision making to choose appropriate combination of bentonite and silty sand is general in nature and therefore, it can be extended to other problems of selecting mineral compositions.

Dimension-down iterative algorithm for the mixed transportation network design problem

An optimal dimension-down iterative algorithm （DDIA） is proposed for solving a mixed （continuous/ discrete） transportation network design problem （MNDP）, which is generally expressed as a mathematical programming with equilibrium constraints （MPEC）. The upper level of the MNDP aims to optimize the network performance via both the expansion of existing links and the addition of new candidate links, whereas the lower level is a traditional Wardrop user equilibrium （UE） model. The idea of the proposed DDIA is to reduce the dimensions of the problem. A group of variables （discrete/continuous） are fixed to altemately optimize another group of variables （continuous/discrete）. Some continuous network design problems （CNDPs） and discrete network design problems （DNDPs） are solved repeatedly until the optimal solution is obtained. A numerical example is given to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

Development of mix design method based on statistical analysis of different factors for geopolymer concrete

The present study proposes the mix design method of Fly Ash(FA)based geopolymer concrete using Response Surface Methodology(RSM).In this method,different factors,including binder content,alkali/binder ratio,NS/NH ratio(sodium silicate/sodium hydroxide),NH molarity,and water/solids ratio were considered for the mix design of geopolymer concrete.The 2D contour plots were used to setup the mix design method to achieve the target compressive strength.The proposed mix design method of geopolymer concrete is divided into three categories based on curing regime,specifically one ambient curing(25°C)and two heat curing(60 and 90°C).The proposed mix design method of geopolymer concrete was validated through experimentation of M30,M50,and M70 concrete mixes at all curing regimes.The observed experimental compressive strength results validate the mix design method by more than 90%of their target strength.Furthermore,the current study concluded that the required compressive strength can be achieved by varying any factor in the mix design.In addition,the factor analysis revealed that the NS/NH ratio significantly affects the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete.

Packing and film thickness theories for the mix design of high-performance concrete

A high-performance concrete （HPC） is required to have superior performance in various aspects such as workability,strength, durability, dimensional stability, segregation stability, and passing ability. The mix design of HPC is rather complicatedbecause the number of ingredients in HPC is usually more than those in conventional concrete and some of the required propertiesare conflicting with each other in the sense that improvement in one property would at the same time cause impairment of anotherproperty. However, there is still lack of understanding regarding how the various mix parameters should be optimised forachieving best overall performance. Most practitioners are still conducting mix design primarily through trial concrete mixing,which is laborious, ineffective, and often unable to timely respond to fluctuations in the properties of raw materials. To addressthese issues, the authors have been developing the packing and film thickness theories of concrete materials, in order to revamp themix design philosophy of HPC in terms of the water film thickness （WFT）, paste film thickness （PFT）, and mortar film thickness（MFT） in the concrete. Based on the findings from an extensive experimental programme, suitable ranges ofWFT, PFT, and MFThave been recommended.

A Simple Mix Proportion Design Method Based on Frost Durability for Recycled High Performance Concrete Using Fully Coarse Recycled Aggregate

Durability design of recycled high performance concrete（RHPC） is fundamental for improving the use rate and level of concrete waste as coarse recycled aggregate（CRA）. We discussed a frostdurability-based mix proportion design method for RHPC using 100 % CRA and natural sand. Five groups of RHPC mixes with five strength grades（40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 MPa） were produced using CRA with four quality classes, and their workability, 28 d compressive strengths and frost resistances（measured by the compressive strength loss ratio and the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity） were tested. Relationships between the 28 d compressive strength, the frost resistance and the CRA quality characteristic parameter, water absorption, were then developed. The criterion of a CRA maximum water absorption limit value for RHPC was suggested, independent of its source and quality class. The results show that all RHPC mixes achieve the expected target workability, strength, and frost durability. The research results demonstrate that the application of the proposed method does not require trial testing prior to use.

不同钢渣掺量AC-16沥青混合料性能研究

研究将钢渣应用于道路建设中的可行性和钢渣沥青混合料性能特点,揭示混合料性能随钢渣掺量不同的变化规律。将钢渣0%、25%、50%、75%掺量代替石灰岩集料制备钢渣沥青混合料,采用高温单轴贯入试验、低温劈裂强度试验、冻融劈裂强度试验、间接拉伸疲劳试验,分别针对不同钢渣掺量下沥青混合料的高温性能、低温性能、水稳定性与疲劳性能展开相应研究。试验结果表明,钢渣各项性能指标均满足规范要求,可以作为集料制备沥青混合料,掺加钢渣后沥青混合料各项性能均有不同程度提高。随着钢渣掺量的提高沥青混合料各项性能变化规律不同,建议钢渣掺量控制在50%左右,以达到沥青混合料综合性能最优。

Application of Uniform Experimental Design in Optimizing Excitation Parameters for Magnetic Frequency Mixing Measurements

Excitation parameter preferences are key factors a ecting the performance of magnetic frequency mixing detection.A uniform experimental design method was used to analyze this influence.Using fuzzy theory,a comprehensive model is established for evaluating the e ect of magnetic frequency mixing.A polynomial is selected as the regression function to express explicitly the correlation between the excitation parameters and the frequency-mixing e ect.The excitation parameters were then optimized using genetic algorithm.Magnetic frequency mixing experiments were conducted to measure the surface hardness of some ferromagnetic materials.Frequency mixing is further enhanced under the optimal settings,resulting in an improvement in the measurement sensitivity.The results of this study support the application of the magnetic frequency mixing technique in non-destructive testing.

Mixed Method in Language Learner Cognition

Research on mixed method has made great development.In order to explore the practical application of mixed method,this article starts from the perspective of language learner cognition and selects The Modern Language Journal and Language Teaching Research as the research journals.It explores some empirical papers that used mixed method to learn the specific research designs of mixed method as well as the main means of its application.The study finds that mixed method has been applied in several fields and is more scientifically reliable than qualitative and quantitative methods especially in language learner cognition,and the different research tools used in the field of language learner cognition demonstrate the flexibility and relevance of mixed method data collection.

基于自主学习理论的线上线下混合式教学设计的思考——以“土地经济学”教学为例

为了适应自主学习的需要,以“土地经济学”的实践教学为例,运用齐默曼的自主学习理论,分析自主学习的构成要素及其与混合式教学的关系,并结合学生自主学习的自我设计的三个阶段,即计划阶段、控制阶段和自我反思阶段,探索线上线下混合式教学内容和方法的设计,重新设计适应自主学习要求的教学考核标准和学生成绩考核标准,并由此提出高校教师能力与素质提升的新方向。改变学生的被动学习为内在驱动的自主学习,既具有理论价值,又具有实践意义。

基于“雨课堂”的植物生理学混合式教学设计与探索

随着多媒体工具和网络覆盖普及,基于互联网的在线教育愈加便捷,但其优势并未在高校的课程教学中得到体现和充分应用。该文针对植物生理学的学科特点和教学现状,充分利用线上教学资源,针对性地选择教学内容和方法,以学生为主体、教师为主导,基于“雨课堂”等教学平台进行线上线下混合式教学模式初探,以期利用有限的学时和丰富的线上教学资源,整合线上和线下教学的优势,通过有效的管理方式组织实施,为深化信息化教学改革、提高植物生理学的教学效果奠定基础。

Multifunctional Product Design Concept in Mixed-Media Textile Lampshades

Ghanaian society and the world at large have shown a strong interest in the use of lampshades with evidence from hotels and residential dwellings. Table-top Lampshades direct the rays of light to make sight easier for reading whereas bedside lampshades provide romantic illumination and beautification in bedrooms. This art studio research sought to examine lampshades on Ghanaian market;their qualities, significance, shortcomings, etc. as the basis to design and produce inventive lampshades for private and public use. The study was conducted at an art studio condition using Practice-based research design method. Findings show that lampshades serve functional and aesthetic significance in public dwellings and the hospitality industry. Nonetheless, available lampshades on the Ghanaian market lack the multifunctional property as well as a local touch which arguably makes them misfit in Ghanaian context in terms of usage. The innovative results of the studio-produced lampshades revealed the possibility of creating symbolic and multifunctional lampshades which suit specific space and tradition. The study recommends the adoption of such innovative design approach in the creation of interior design and decoration artefacts for residential and public edifices.

基于正交试验的生态混凝土孔隙环境优化研究

为使生态混凝土力学性能满足要求的同时改善其孔隙环境,通过设计有交互作用的正交试验,采用正交试验的敏感性分析方法,探究硅灰、苯丙乳液、尿素对生态混凝土抗压强度、孔隙率、孔隙环境pH值、总氮累积释放率4个指标的影响规律,并构建多元回归方程验证可靠性并得出最优配合比。结果表明:硅灰、尿素及两者交互作用下对抗压强度与孔隙率的影响显著;硅灰与尿素对降低孔隙内pH值有利,苯丙乳液会影响硅灰的降低效果;尿素能提高总氮累积释放率,硅灰与苯丙乳液能起到制约作用,且苯丙乳液效果较为明显。回归方程拟合曲线与试验结果曲线形态及趋势相似,生态混凝土的最优配合比为硅灰掺量9%、苯丙乳液掺量5%、尿素掺量10%。

高掺量磷石膏道路基层材料配比设计及性能研究

按传统矿质混合料设计掺磷石膏道路基层材料难以大规模消纳磷石膏,为实现磷石膏在道路基层材料中大规模利用,通过骨料替代法进行高掺量磷石膏道路基层材料配比设计,确定适宜的碎石比(5~10 mm粒级与10~25 mm粒级质量比39∶61)后以不同掺量替代磷石膏基胶凝材料体系,再击实然后得出最佳含水率及最大干密度。通过对设计好的配比进行性能试验筛选,得出适宜配比为P85S60,养护28 d的试件抗压强度最大达5.39 MPa,体积变化率较低,且养护7 d后试件的体积增长稳定,体积变化率最终维持在0.5%左右,有利于现场道路施工应用。所有配比浸出氟、磷均满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)一级限值,相较于常规水泥稳定碎石材料,该道路基层材料浸出液的酸碱性不会额外增加不利影响。通过XRD和SEM分析可知,胶凝材料水化产生的钙矾石和水化硅酸钙包裹在未反应的二水石膏周围,另外针棒状钙矾石和水化硅酸钙填充微小孔隙,使得试件整体结构密实、强度增加、体积稳定性增强。

低强度再生混凝土微观形态与力学性能的相关性研究

建筑垃圾来源复杂,为提高再生混凝土的资源利用,并满足基本工程应用要求,在仅考虑再生骨料密度、吸水和含水率、压碎指标的条件下,采用再生粗骨料混凝土配合比设计法配置低强度再生混凝土,结合切片法和SEM扫描电镜对再生混凝土的孔隙结构变化与微观形貌进行观察,分析水胶比、减水剂、粉煤灰对低强度再生混凝土内部结构的影响,发现当水胶比降低时,再生混凝土内部结构的密实度提升,絮状C-S-H之间更为密实,多害孔的比例降低,抗压和劈裂强度提高;当减水剂掺量提升时,钙钒石(AFt)的含量增加,内部结构更为致密;粉煤灰对再生混凝土的抗压和劈裂强度呈负面影响,降低C-S-H与再生骨料之间的粘结性,内部孔隙率变大,坍落度升高,可降低经济成本。