Psychopharmacological Profile of Hydroalcoholic Extract and P-Hydroxybenzoic Acid Obtained from <i>Bourreria huanita</i>(Boraginaceae) in Mice

Bourreria huanita (Lex.) Hemsl. (Boraginaceae) is a very rare and highly appreciated tree in Mesoamerica for its medicinal properties and beauty. It grows in a region extending from central Mexico to Costa Rica. Ethnobotanical surveys have shown that the infusion of dried flowers is popularly used as a tranquilizer to cure several diseases. In the present study we report the isolation of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (pHBZ) obtained from the hydroalcoholic extract (HE) of B. huanita, and the effect of both, the extract and the compound on the central nervous system in mice. HE of B. huanita (100, 150, 300 mg/kg) and pHBZ (10 mg/kg) were orally administered to mice and 1 h later, behavioral tests were performed. The effects of HE and pHBZ were tested by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and strychnine (STR) induced seizures, pentobarbital-induced hypnosis, the forced swimming test and the tail suspension test, the elevated plus maze, apomorphine-induced stereotypy and the climbing test, the inhibitory avoidance test and the open-field test. B. huanita extract produced hypnotic, anxiolytic and antidepressant effects in animals, with no change in motor performance. On the other hand, the extract did not reduce PTZ and STR-induced convulsions, apomorphine-induced stereotypy or climbing. Moreover, no changes were observed in the animals’ memory. The compound pHBZ was effective only in the depression tests. The results obtained in the present study suggest that B. huanita exhibited sedative, antidepressant and hypnotic activities in mice, and that the antidepressant activity may be mediated by an isolated compound identified as pHBZ.

Capillary Electrochromatography of Molecularly Imprinted Monolithic Column Using p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid as Templates

Moleculary imprinted polymers using p-hydroxybenzoic acid as templates wassynthesized by an in situ polymerization reaction and rendered capillary monolithic column wasused in capillary electrochromatographic mode. Good molecular recognition was achieved for p-hydroxybenzoic acid and good resolution of isomers can be realized.

STRUCTURE OF THERMOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTALLINE VANILLIC ACID/P-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID/ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE VHE TERPOLYESTERS

Thermotropic liquid crystalline VHE terpolyesters made from vanillic acid (V),p-hydroxybenzoic acid (H) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (E) were studied by 400 MHz NMR spectra, wide angle X-ray diffraction,scanning electron and polarizing microscopes.It was found that the VHE terpolyesters had random sequence distribution.The VHE terpolyester films exhibited highly oriented fibrillar structure.

热水解污泥酸化液碳氮磷对PHA合成的影响

基于热水解污泥酸化液定向驯化得到了稳定的PHA合成混合菌体系,分析了菌群特征与结构,研究了限制氮、磷、非挥发性脂肪酸(non-VFAs)物质和补料方式对PHA合成率以及相关组分对菌群活性的影响.结果表明,利用热水解污泥酸化液合成PHA的特有混合菌体系中优势菌属短枝单胞菌属(Brachymonas)占45%.限制酸化液中NH_(4)^(+)-N浓度PHA合成率从22wt%提高至25wt%,限制non-VFAs不仅PHA合成率可提升27%同时合成速率也提升了25%.酸化液中的NH_(4)^(+)-N、PC_(4)^(3-)-P和non-VFAs未对PHA合成菌群活性造成显著影响,但是高浓度挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)会对菌群活性造成抑制.为降低高浓度VFAs的抑制采取分批补料策略可提高PHA合成率,分批补料(5次)PHA最大合成率较一次补料的28wt%提升至34wt%.因此,通过提高酸化液中VFAs占比及优化补料方式均可提升PHA合成率,热水解污泥酸化液生物合成PHA在未来工业化生产时具有很大发展前景.

不同碳源种类对好氧颗粒污泥合成PHA的影响

影响好氧颗粒污泥稳定性的因素众多,其中碳源种类的不同会造成好氧颗粒污泥合成聚羟基烷酸酯（PHA）的不同,进而影响其稳定性能.采用混合碳源驯化培养的好氧颗粒污泥进行试验.考察了厌氧条件下,乙酸钠等八种碳源对好氧颗粒污泥合成PHA的影响.结果表明,颗粒污泥对乙酸钠和蔗糖具有较好的转化能力,合成PHA的量分别为102.19mg COD/g·VSS和70.58mg COD/g·VSS,显著高于其他碳源的PHA合成量（5～26mg/g·VSS）.故以蔗糖和乙酸钠作碳源均有利于颗粒污泥稳定性能的维持,而当以甲醇作碳源时好氧颗粒污泥的贮存能力最差。

化学换肤配合含PHA护肤品治疗轻中度痤疮

目的:观察系列化学换肤配合含多聚羟酸(Pol y hydroxy aci ds,PHA)护肤品治疗轻中度痤疮的效果以及皮肤生理指标变化。方法:入选18例轻中度痤疮患者,对其进行3次系列化学换肤同时使用含PHA护肤品。比较治疗前后l eeds评分、炎症性丘疹和非炎症性粉刺的数量来判定疗效,观察皮肤颜色、角质层含水量、皮肤屏障功能改变。结果:经过3次系列换肤,39%的患者痤疮治愈,61%的患者皮损有改善,有效率为100%,炎症性丘疹和非炎症性粉刺的数量均明显减少。系列换肤后,患者的皮肤颜色变白;没有出现红斑反应,角质层含水量增加,皮肤的屏障功能没有改变。结论:系列化学换肤配合含PHA护肤品对于轻中度痤疮有很好的疗效,不良反应少见,皮肤未受损。该方法是治疗轻中度痤疮的一种安全有效的方法。

Supramolecular Self-assembly Formed from Cucurbit[8]uril and p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid

The binding behavior of cucurbit[8]uril(Q[8])and p-hydroxybenzoic acid(p-HBA)has been investigated using ^(1)H NMR titration experiments,UV-Vis absorption,isothermal titration calorimetry(ITC),and X-ray crystallography.Results revealed that the Q[8]can accommodate two p-HBA molecules to form a 1:2 host-guest inclusion complex in solution,namely(p-HBA)2@Q[8].From a poorly scattering crystal,we were able to identify two symmetry unique Q[8]rings,but with different p-HBA fillings.The structure can be represented as Q[8]+1.5 p-HBA,which gives Q[8]@(p-HBA)2∙Q[8]@p-HBA as the structural formula.This supramolecular structure was screened for its ability to capture iodine.The experimental results showed that the adsorption efficiency of the supramolecular organic framework material for iodine capture was 43.8%,with an equilibrium adsorption capacity of 223.3 mg/g.

用于合成PHA活性污泥的驯化培养

活性污泥用于可降解塑料聚羟基烷酸酯(polyhydroxyalkanoate,PHA)生产前需进行驯化培养,以增强其合成能力.为提高PHA产量,对比考察了单阶段驯化和双阶段驯化两种模式对底物利用、活性污泥性质以及合成PHA的影响.结果表明:单阶段模式下乙酸利用速率为8.8 mg/(L.min),活性污泥质量浓度为2 000 mg/L左右,PHA单位乙酸合成效率为0.19 g/g,PHA含量在进水后90 min时达到最大值;双阶段模式下各项指标均有提高,利用率为27.3 mg/(L.min),活性污泥质量浓度为4 500 mg/L左右,PHA单位乙酸合成效率提高到0.24 g/g,PHA含量在进水后30 min时达到最大值.因此,双阶段模式比单阶段模式更适于培养具有高PHA合成能力的活性污泥.

复合菌群利用模拟APG协同FNA预处理剩余污泥水解液合成PHA

为探究亚硝酸(FNA)预处理协同烷基糖苷(APG)处理剩余污泥水解液合成聚羟基烷酸酯(PHA)的可行性,本文启动接种两种不同污泥的序批式反应器(SBR)富集PHA产生菌,研究活性污泥复合菌群以模拟APG协同FNA预处理剩余污泥的水解液为底物的PHA合成效果;并采用批次合成实验,考察pH、C/N和C/P对PHA合成量的影响。结果表明:与接种污水厂二沉池污泥的反应器(SBR#1)相比,接种以葡萄糖为底物驯化成熟的产PHA混合菌的反应器(SBR#2)在30天时得到的PHA合成量较高;随着富集时间的推移,到117天时,接种污水厂二沉池污泥得到的PHA产生菌性能更优。PHA合成的最佳条件为:pH=8,C/P=100∶0.03,C/N=125∶1。在此条件下,PHA合成量最大,为57.34%。以实际FNA预处理协同APG处理剩余污泥水解液为底物时,PHA的累积合成量为24.43%。该研究结果可丰富污泥合成PHA技术方法,为污泥的处理和资源化利用提供技术支持。

Effects of phenolic acids on soil nitrogen mineralization over successive rotations in Chinese fir plantations

Phenolic acids are secondary metabolites of plants that significantly affect nutrient cycling processes.To investigate such effects,the soil available nitrogen(N)content,phenolic acid content,and net N mineralization rate in three successive rotations of Chinese fir plantations in subtropical China were investigated.Net N mineralization and nitrification rates in soils treated with phenolic acids were measured in an ex situ experiment.Compared with first-rotation plantations(FCP),the contents of total soil nitrogen and nitrate in second(SCP)-and third-rotation plantations(TCP)decreased,and that of soil ammonium increased.Soil net N mineralization rates in the second-and third-rotation plantations also increased by 17.8%and 39.9%,respectively.In contrast,soil net nitrification rates decreased by 18.0%and 25.0%,respectively.The concentrations of total phenolic acids in the FCP soils(123.22±6.02 nmol g^-1)were 3.0%and 17.9%higher than in the SCP(119.68±11.69 nmol g^-1)and TCP(104.51±8.57 nmol g^-1,respectively).The total content of phenolic acids was significantly correlated with the rates of net soil N mineralization and net nitrification.The ex situ experiment showed that the net N mineralization rates in soils treated with high(HCPA,0.07 mg N kg^-1 day^-1)and low(LCPA,0.18 mg N kg^-1 day^-1)concentrations of phenolic acids significantly decreased by 78.6%and 42.6%,respectively,comparing with that in control(0.32 mg N kg^-1 day^-1).Soil net nitrification rates under HCPA and LCPA were significantly higher than that of the control.The results suggested that low contents of phenolic acids in soil over successive rotations increased soil net N mineralization rates and decreased net nitrification rates,leading to consequent reductions in the nitrate content and enhancement of the ammonium content,then resulting in enhancing the conservation of soil N of successive rotations in Chinese fir plantation.

Induced Effects of Exogenous Phenolic Acids on Allelopathy of a Wild Rice Accession(Oryza longistaminata,S37)

Four exogenous phenolic acids, including salicylic acid, fumalic acid, p-coumaric acid and p-hydroxybenzonic acid, were used to investigate the regulatory effects on allelopathy of a wild rice accession of S37 （Oryza Iongistaminata）, which is a known allelopathic rice. The four exogenous phenolic acids induced the enhancement of the allelopathic potential of wild rice S37 in target weeds though the weed-suppressive activities were low, and the inducible effects were dependent on the specific phenolic acid, concentration and treatment time. After foliar application of exogenous phenolic acids, the inhibition rates for plant height, root length and fresh weight of barnyard grass （Echinochioa crus-galli） were significantly higher than those of the control. Especially at the concentration of 100 mg/L, the inhibition rates for plant height and fresh weight of barnyard grass by fumalic acid were 38.12% and 26.31% higher than those of the control, showing that fumalic acid was more effective compared with other phenolic acids in inhibiting monocotyledon weed growth. Furthermore, the weedsuppressive activity of aqueous extract from the leaves of wild rice S37 treated with exogenous phenolic acids was increased, and it peaked at 48 h after the treatment with the aqueous extract, and then gradually declined.

Alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist treatment in a rat model of Huntington's disease and involvement of heme oxygenase-1

Neuroinflammation is a common element involved in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases.We recently reported that repeated alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor（α7 n ACh R） activations by a potent agonist such as PHA 543613 in quinolinic acid-injured rats exhibited protective effects on neurons.To further investigate the underlying mechanism,we established rat models of early-stage Huntington＇s disease by injection of quinolinic acid into the right striatum and then intraperitoneally injected 12 mg/kg PHA 543613 or sterile water,twice a day during 4 days.Western blot assay results showed that the expression of heme oxygenase-1（HO-1）,the key component of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway,in the right striatum of rat models of Huntington＇s disease subjected to intraperitoneal injection of PHA 543613 for 4 days was significantly increased compared to the control rats receiving intraperitoneal injection of sterile water,and that the increase in HO-1 expression was independent of change in α7 n ACh R expression.These findings suggest that HO-1 expression is unrelated to α7 n ACh R density and the increase in HO-1 expression likely contributes to α7 n ACh R activation-related neuroprotective effect in early-stage Huntington＇s disease.

Coupling System for Food Wastes Anaerobic Digestion and Polyhydroxyalkanoates Production with Ralstonia eutropha

A new technology was developed to couple the anaerobic digestion of food wastes with production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). Acetic, propionic, butyric and lactic acids were produced during food wastes anaerobic digestion and their concentrations reached 5.5, 1.8, 27.4 and 32.7 g/L, respectively under appropriate digestion conditions. The fermentative acids were transferred through a dialysis membrane to an air-lift reactor for PHA synthesis by Ralstonia eutropha. Dry cell concentration and PHA content reached 22.7 g/L and 72.6%, respectively. The obtained PHA was a copolymer of b-hydroxybutyrate (HB) and b-hydroxyvalerate (HV) with 2.8% (mole ratio) of HV units in polymer.

动胶菌发酵产物PHAs提取方法的研究

以动胶菌为生产菌株,对后期提取方法进行筛选,从而确定了提取聚羟基烷酸酯(PHAs)的最佳方案即季铵盐浓度为1%,作用时间为15 min,细胞浓度为350 g/L,次氯酸钠浓度为3%,作用时间为5 min。以该方案为基础的放大实验,得到产物纯度98.3%;经力学性质测试拉伸强度为26.265 MPa;杨氏模量1287.535 MPa;经热分析测试熔点为173℃,熔解焓43.18Jg-1。

In vitro and in vivo study of formulated valproic acid loaded nanoemulsion in rats for epilepsy treatment

OBJECTIVE To investigate the in vitro and in vivo potential of formulated valproic acid-encapsulated nanoemulsion in terms of drug penetrability across the blood-brain barrier. METHODS Human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells(hCMEC/D3)and human cortical astrocytes(SC-1800)were cultured on the membrane of the transwell inserts as to build the co-culture model of in vitro BBB model.Drug penetration analysis was then conducted at various time intervals for 24 h.The in vivostudy of this formulated nanoemulsion was also investigated using Sprague Dawley rats.They were treated with VANE 60mg·kg-1 or valproic acid 60mg·kg-1 via intraperitoneal route before being anesthetized and sacrificed by cardiac puncture at different time points after administration.The blood and brain were collected and processed.The samples were analyzed with HPLC to determine the pharmacokinetic profile and biodistribution of the drug in the brain.RESULTS The formulated VANE had apparent permeability coefficient of 0.205cm·s-1 in vitro studies.It was 1.06-fold better than the drug solution.It showed that the VANE can penetrate across the BBB faster than the drug solution.The cumulative amount was reported to be 1.12-fold higher that the drug solution.This briefly suggests the VANE can be good candidate to promote the uptake of drug into the brain.In in vivo study,the formulated nanoemulsion showed remarkably improved pharmacokinetic parameters with 3.85-fold higher of total area under the curve-time curve(AUC)and 2.81-fold higher in maximum concentration of drug in blood plasma(cmax).More interestingly,the half-life(T1/2)is prolonged by 1.80-fold and its clearance(Cl)was reduced by 3.85-fold.CONCLUSION The formulated nanoemulsions were able to improve most of the pharmacokinetic parameter thus this formulation technique improves the bioavailability of the drug in the brain compared to the drug solution alone.

Study on Differential Rate Kinetics Analysis Based on the Substitution Reaction of Rare Earth-PHA with CyDTA

The kinetic behaviours of the substitution reaction of rare earth-PHA with CyDTA were studied systemati- cally.The relationship between the rate constant and atomic number was discussed.The rate differentiation val- ue R_d(R_d=lgk_(z+n)-lgk_z)was proposed to evaluate the possibility of differential kinetic analysis.The R_d value between the neighbouring lanthanide ions first increases and then decreases along with increasing atomic number, so that the middle and heavy rare earth mixture(such as Sm-Gd and Gd-Y)are ideal systems for the differential rate kinetic analysis.

污泥厌氧发酵及污泥发酵液产PHA的研究

随着“限塑令”政策的升级,生物可降解塑料的研发和推广成为当下热点。聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)作为一种新兴的生物可降解塑料,有着无限的潜力。利用剩余污泥来生产PHA,不仅节约成本,还有很好的环境效益,实现了废弃资源的再利用。本文主要针对污泥厌氧发酵以及菌种合成PHA的影响因素进行分析,阐述当前剩余污泥发酵液产PHA的研究进展,并对污泥厌氧发酵产PHA的发展前景进行展望。

Grafting of MIPs from PVDF Membranes via Reversible Addition-fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization for Selective Removal of p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid

Effective molecularly imprinted membranes（MIMs） were developed as an efficient adsorbent for the selective removal ofp-hydroxybenzoic acid（p-HB） from acetylsalicylic acid（ASA, aspirin）. The MIMs were grafted successfully from poly（vinylidene fluoride） microfiltration membranes via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer（RAFT） polymerization. The graft copolymerization of acrylic acid（AA） in the presence of template p-hydroxybenzoic acid led to molecularly imprinted polymer（MIP） film coated membranes. The obtained MIMs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer（FTIR） and Raman spectra, and batch mode adsorption studies were carried ont to investigate the specific adsorption equilibrium, kinetics and selective recognition properties of different MIMs. The kinetic properties of the MIMs could be well described by the pseudo-second-order rate equation. Selective permeation experiments were performed to evaluate the permeation selectivity of the p-HB imprinted membranes. The observed performances of the MIMs are applicable to the further purification of aspirin. Keywords Acetylsalicylic acid; Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer; Molecularly imprinted membrane; p-Hydroxybenzoic acid; Selective adsorption

真氧产碱杆菌利用短链有机酸合成聚羟基烷酸酯

研究了真氧产碱杆菌利用单一以及混合短链有机酸作为碳源进行聚羟基烷酸酯(PHAs)的生物合成. 不同的碳氮浓度比对产物的形成有较大影响;在同样的碳源浓度下,较低氮源浓度更加有利于产物的合成;当短链有机酸浓度为8 g/L、硫酸铵浓度为0.3 g/L时对PHAs的合成最为有利.在4种短链有机酸分别单独用作碳源时,乳酸的消耗速度最快,其次为乙酸、丁酸以及丙酸;在单酸发酵条件下,丁酸的PHAs产量最高(2.72 g/L). 通过比较摇瓶以及5 L罐水平的混合酸发酵发现,发酵罐中的各项发酵指标均优于摇瓶. 研究还发现,真氧产碱杆菌在利用丙酸为碳源进行产物合成时,在发酵后期还伴随有乙酸产生.

微生物合成的聚羟基链烷酸在细胞内的积聚及提取

综述了以聚β羟基丁酸（ＰＨＢ）为代表的可用作可降解塑料的聚羟基链烷酸（ＰＨＡ）在细胞内积聚的形态、动力学及其提取技术。