Analysis of the Volatile Components in Flowers of <i>Paeonia lactiflora</i>Pall. and <i>Paeonia lactiflora</i>Pall. var. <i>Trichocarpa</i>

Paeonia lactiflora Pall. var. trichocarpa is a variety of Paeonia lactiflora Pall., and is currently the peony herb’s principal cultivar group. Here, we study the differences in aromatic components and flowers of different varieties between two groups of cultivars, providing a reference for applying natural fragrance substances of peonies, breeding fragrant flower types, and developing and using improved varieties. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), peak area normalization for each component relative to content, component library (NIST14/NIST14S) retrieval, and a literature review were used to analyze the volatile compounds in flowers of eight peony varieties, such as “Gaoganhong”, and ten comospore peony varieties, such as “Jinshanhong”. Results showed that the main volatile compound constituents in flowers of the two groups were terpenes and alcohols. Additionally, the content of eucalyptol, caryophyllene, α-Pinene, citronellol, and 3-Hexen-1-ol, acetate, (Z) was high. Peony cultivars contained linalool, (1R)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene, and 1,4-dimethoxybenzene, while comospore peony varieties contained 1,3,6-octatriene, 3,7-dimethyl-, (Z)-, phenylethyl alcohol, and geraniol. In this study, the differences between the volatile components of flowers of different peony varieties were clarified, laying a foundation for further molecular biology research into the floral fragrance of peonies and the cultivation of new varieties of aromatic peonies. At the same time, it also provides a theoretical basis for the development and application of peony flower by-products.

Monoterpene Glycosides from the Roots of Paeonia lactiflora

A new monoterpene glycoside, together with nine known ones, 3-O-methylpaeoniflorin, mudanpioside J, paeoniflorin, benzoylpaeoniflorin, oxypaeoniflorin, benzoyloxypaeoniflorin, oxybenzoylpaeoniflorin, albiflorin and lactiflorin, was isolated from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora Pall.. The structure of the new compound was elucidated as galloylalbiflorin by the spectro- scopic evidence including ESI-MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra.

A new sesquiterpenoidal glucoside from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora

Objective:To study the chemical constituents of the roots of Paeonia lactiflora.Materials and methods:The isolation and purification were carried out by column chromatography on macroporous adsorbent resin,MCI gel,silica gel,and Sephadex LH-20,as well as semi-preparative RP-HPLC.The structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectroscopic analysis,as well as the ECD quantum chemical computation methods.Results:A sesquiterpenoidal glucoside(1)along with two sesquiterpenoids(2-3)were isolated from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora,and their structures were identified as(+)-(1R,2R,4S,5S,10R)-2-α-D-glucopyranosyloxy-2-hydroxy-cadin-6,12-dien-15-oic acid(1),drim-7-en-3β,11,12-triol(2),and 3β-hydroxy-11,12-O-isopropylidenedrimene(3),respectively.Conclusion:Compound 1 was identified as a new sesquiterpenoidal glucoside.

Mechanisms involved in antineuralgic effects of Paeonia Lactiflora: prediction based on network pharmacology

目的:白芍的镇痛作用已被广泛应用于中医临床,但对其潜在机制知之甚少.本研究旨在从网络药理学的角度阐明其有效成分和镇痛机制.方法:通过中药系统药理学分析平台(TCMSP)筛选出其可能的活性成分及CAS.从Pubchem 中获得其SMILES,并通过在Swiss Target Prediction 数据库中反向对接获得潜在的靶点.从GeenCards 数据库中提取疼痛相关分子,采用韦恩图筛选出芍药治疗疼痛的预测靶点.机制分析采用String 构建蛋白-蛋白相互作用,运用DAVID 平台进行靶点GO 功能富集和KEGG 信号通路富集.结果:通过GO 和KEGG 分析我们发现疼痛相关的信号通路主要涉及血清素能突触、钙信号通路、调控TRP 通道的炎症介质.利用基于网络的系统生物学和分子对接分析,我们预测了白芍中的11 种活性成分和97 个潜在的治疗靶标.PRKCA、CASP3、ALOX15、SLC6A4、PRKCG、ALOX5、PRKCB、ALOX12、 EGFR、ADRB2、RYR3、RYR1、NOS2、PTAFR、PRKCQ、PRKCD 等基因参与了白芍的镇痛作用.结论:白芍可通过调节TRP 通道炎症介质、钙信号通路和5-羟色胺受体减轻疼痛.PRKCA、PRKCB、PRKCD、 PRKCQ 和PRKCG 可能是疼痛治疗的新靶标.

Paeoniflorin,the Main Monomer Component of Paeonia lactiflora,Exhibits Anti-inflammatory Properties in Osteoarthritis Synovial Inflammation

Objective:To explore the mechanism of paeoniflorin(PF)on osteoarthritis(OA)synovial inflammation from network pharmacology to experimental pharmacology.Methods:Targets of OA were constructed by detecting the database of network database platforms(Therapeutic Target database,Drug Bank and Gene Cards),and the targets of PF were constructed by Pub Chem and Herbal Ingredients'Targets database.Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)analysis of these co-targeted genes were conducted via Database for Annotation,Visualization,and Integrated Discovery(DAVID)database,and protein-protein interaction(PPI)networks were conducted via the search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes(STRING)database.Cell counting kit-8(CCK-8)assay was performed to assess the potential toxicity of PF on human OA fibroblast-like synoviocytes(FLS),quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(q PCR),enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)and Western blot were used to verify the potential mechanism of PF in synovial inflammation.Results:Twenty-six co-targeted genes were identified.GO enrichment results showed that these co-targeted genes were most likely localized in the cytoplasm,and the biological processes mainly involved'cellular response to hypoxia''lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-mediated signaling pathway'and'positive regulation of gene expression'.KEGG pathway analysis indicated that these co-targeted genes may function through pathways associated with'hypoxia-inducible factor-1(HIF-1)signaling pathway'and'tumornecrosis factor(TNF)signaling pathway'.The PPI network showed that the top 3 hub genes were TP53,TNF,and CASP3.Molecular docking results showed that PF was well docking with TNF.CCK-8 showed no potential toxicity of 10,20 and 50μmol/L PF on human OA FLS.And PF significantly decreased the expression levels of interleukin-1β,interleukin-6,TNF-αmatrix metalloproteinase 13(MMP13),and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5(ADAMTS5)and TNF-αin LPS-induced OA FLS.Conclusion:PF exhibited potent anti-inflammatory effect in OA synovial inflammation.

我国野生芍药Paeonia lactiflora适宜生长区的初步探讨

目的:对野生芍药进行适生性等级区划,为野生芍药的引种、质量定位和适生地选择提供依据,探索基于模糊数学的中药区划新方法。方法:采用模糊数学(fuzzy mathematics)的相似优先比方法,以多伦地区的年均温、年降雨量、年风速、年光照、年湿度等五大环境因子为最优模板,土壤因子作为辅助背景,分析了全国91个县、市的气象数据,并对适生地进行数值等级区划,然后以地理信息系统(GIS)进行野生芍药的适生性地图显示及大地理范围等级区划。结果:野生芍药主要集中在大兴安岭、长白山和秦岭三大地区。结论:野生芍药的分布具有较明显的经、纬度地带倾向性,且呈等级分布,温度、降雨、地形、海拔对野生芍药的生长与分布有着明显的影响;野生芍药可分为三大地理单元等级分布区,最适合地区包括化德、锡林浩特、索伦、张北等5个县;Fuzzy的方法能够较好的运用在野生芍药的区划上,在中药的区划上具有较好的前景。

A New Phenolic Glucoside from Paeonia lactiflora

Objective To study the chemical constituents from EtOAc extracts of Paeonia lactiflora.Methods Compounds were isolated by various chromatographic techniques and structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis.Results Seventeen compounds were obtained and their structures were identified as 1,2,6-benzenetriol-1-O-α-D-glucoside(1),paeoniflorin(2),4-methylpaeoniflorin(3),albiflorin(4),paeonidanin(5),benzoylpaeoniflorin(6),4-methylbenzoylpaeoniflorin(7),benzoylalbiflorin(8),paeonidanin A(9),galloylalbiflorin(10),debenzoylalbiflorin(11),4’,5-dihydroxyflavanone-7-O-β-D-glucoside(12),5,7-dihydroxy flavanone-4’-O-β-D-glucoside(13),(+)-catechin(14),gallic acid(15),vanillic acid(16),and 1,2,3-benzenetriol(17).Conclusion Compound 1 is a new compound named paeoniphenoside.Compounds 12 and 13 are firstly obtained from genus Paeonia L.,and compounds 5 and 9 are isolated from P.lactiflora for the first time.

Anti-anaphylactic potential of benzoylpaeoniflorin through inhibiting HDC and MAPKs from Paeonia lactiflora

Guided by cell-based anti-anaphylactic assay,eighteen cage-like monoterpenoid glycosides(1−18)were obtained from the bioactive fraction of P.lactiflora extract.Among these,compounds 1,5,6,11,12,15,and 17 significantly reduced the release rate ofβ-HEX and HIS without or with less cytotoxicity.Furthermore,the most potent inhibitor benzoylpaeoniflorin(5)was selected as the prioritized compound for the study of action of mechanism,and its anti-anaphylactic activity was medicated by dual-inhibiting HDC and MAPK signal pathway.Moreover,molecular docking simulation explained that benzoylpaeoniflorin(5)blocked the conversion of L-histidine to HIS by occupying the HDC active site.Finally,in vivo on PCA using BALB/c mice,benzoylpaeoniflorin(5)suppressed the IgE-mediated PCA reaction in antigen-challenged mice.These findings indicated that cage-like monoterpenoid glycosides,especially benzoylpaeoniflorin(5),mainly contribute to the anti-anaphylactic activity of P.lactiflora by dual-inhibiting HDC and MAPK signal pathway.Therefore,benzoylpaeoniflorin(5)may be considered as a novel drug candidate for the treatment of anaphylactic diseases.

Bioactive neolignans and lignans from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora

Two new neolignans and one new lignan(1-3)were obtained from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora.Their structures were unambiguously elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analysis,single-crystal X-ray crystallography,and the calculated and experimental electronic circular dichroism(ECD)spectra.Compound 1 was a racemic mixture and successfully resolved into the anticipated enantiomers via chiral-phase HPLC.Compound 3 demonstrated moderate inhibitory activity against human carboxylesterase 2A1(hCES2Al)with an IC_(50) value of 7.28±0.94 μmol·L^(-1).

基于Biomod2组合模型的中国野生芍药Paeonia lactiflora适宜生境分布

芍药Paeonia lactiflora是我国重要的药用资源,为了加强对芍药的野生资源保护和适宜性引种栽培,该研究基于野生芍药在中国的98个分布信息和20个当前环境因子数据,利用Biomod2平台和ArcGIS空间分析方法,分析了当前气候条件下野生芍药的潜在适宜生境分布区,依据环境因子相关性和重要性筛选出影响野生芍药潜在适宜生境的主要环境因子。继而基于BCC-CSM2-MR全球气候模型,预测在SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5、SSP3-7.0、SSP5-8.5气候情景下,未来2021—2100年野生芍药的潜在适宜生境分布范围及中心变化。结果表明:通过集成表现较好的GBM、GLM、MaxEnt、RF模型所形成的组合模型,其TSS和AUC分别为0.85、0.95,较单一模型都有显著提高,可有效提高模型精度。20个环境因子中,年均温、昼夜温差月均值、温度的季节性、最暖季平均温、最湿月降雨量、降雨的季节性、最干季降雨量和海拔是影响适宜区分布的主要因子。目前野生芍药潜在适宜区分布在内蒙古、黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、河北、北京、陕西、山西、山东、甘肃、新疆、西藏、宁夏等省份,集中于内蒙古东北部、黑龙江中部、吉林北部。在未来气候情景下,野生芍药高适宜区持续缩减,潜在适宜生境主要呈现不同程度的丧失情况,但在SSP5-8.5条件下,到2061—2100年阶段,野生芍药低适宜区在中国西部的新疆、西藏、青海等省份的高原和山地地区出现部分新增。野生芍药分布中心呈现先向东北后向西南迁移的趋势,总适宜区分布范围相对稳定,保持在高纬度地带。该研究确定了野生芍药的潜在适宜生境分布变化,对未来加强生境保护与规范种植生产具有重要意义。

Characterization of molecular signature of the roots of Paeonia lactiflora during growth

The roots of Paeoniae lactiflora Pall.are widely consumed as crude drugs in Asian countries due to their remarkable beneficial health effects.The present research was undertaken to illuminate the dynamic changes in metabolites and enzymes and facilitate selection of the harvesting time when the herb can provide optimum health benefits.P.lactiflora roots were analyzed at 12 stages of growth for monoterpenoid glycosides,phenols,nucleosides,nucleobases,amino acids,and polysaccharides by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector,ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry,and UV spectrophotometry.The enzyme activities of plant β-glucosidases and esterases were determined by UV methods.The total content of monoterpenoid glycosides and phenols peaked in December.For nucleosides and nucleobases,the highest content appeared in April.The maximum phasic accumulation of the total amino acids took place in March,and the content of total polysaccharides reached a peak value in September.December,April,and March were selected as the appropriate harvesting times for producing natural medicinal or health food products.Plant β-glucosidases and esterases showed the highest activity in December and May,respectively.When the activity of β-glucosidase increased,esterase activity decreased,while the contents of oxypaeoniflora and paeoniflorin increased.When esterase activity increased,the contents of benzoylpaeoniflorin,paeoniflorin,and gallic acid decreased.In conclusion,the results from the present study would be useful in determination of the suitable time for harvesting P.lactiflora roots for medicinal purposes.

芍药花芽分化及花期调控研究进展

芍药(Paeonia lactiflora Pall.)是芍药科芍药属多年生草本花卉,具有重要的观赏和药用价值,但芍药的花期短而集中,易枯萎导致花的质量降低。适宜的温度、光照、水分、营养和植物激素有助于促进芍药花芽分化和打破休眠。在促成和抑制栽培中,选用早、晚花品种,温度调控和外源物质也可控制芍药的花期。为有效延长芍药的供花时间,通过对近年来国内外相关文献的梳理归纳,阐述了芍药花芽分化发育和休眠的生理学机制、促成和抑制栽培等方面的研究进展,以期为芍药花期调控研究提供理论依据。

射洪市双溪乡乡村文化振兴战略——芍药花科普插画设计及应用研究

本研究以芍药花为突破口,首先从射洪市双溪乡的历史和文化特点切入,深入挖掘其文化价值,通过将插画作品设计融入文创设计、乡村旅游、农业展览等活动中,期望激发当地居民对芍药花及乡村文化的兴趣,提高文化传承的参与度。为射洪市双溪乡的乡村文化振兴提供一种创新的途径,以芍药花为媒介,借助插画设计与科普手段,推动传统文化的传承和创新发展,为乡村振兴注入新的活力。

基于网络药理学及分子对接策略挖掘柴胡-芍药用于术后疼痛作用机制研究

本研究利用网络药理学结合分子对接,探究柴胡-芍药治疗术后疼痛(Postoperative pain,PP)的活性成分、关键作用靶点及潜在的分子机制。从数据库中检索并收集柴胡及芍药的有效活性成分和对应靶点以及术后疼痛靶点。采用术后疼痛综合征(Postoperative pain syndrome,PPS)及神经性病理性疼痛(Neuropathic pain,NP)相关的靶点,通过网络药理学分析出柴胡-芍药治疗术后疼痛的活性成分、成分一疾病的交集靶点以及可能的信号通路。通过分子对接预测活性成分与靶点蛋白的结合能力,经过一系列的分析,在满足筛选条件的18个成分中共筛选鉴定出5个生物活性成分豆甾醇、山柰酚、beta-sitosterol、Areapilin、isorhamnetin及36个柴胡芍药治疗术后疼痛的作用靶点,其中MAPK8、HMOX1、RELA、NOS2、JUN、PTGS2、PPARG、TNF、IL-6是柴胡-芍药治疗术后疼痛的关键靶点。基因本体论(GO)与京都基因和基因组百科全书(KEGG)分析结果显示,TNF signaling pathway、IL-17 signaling pathway和C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway通路可能在柴胡-芍药治疗术后疼痛中发挥重要作用。分子对接的结果显示,两个生物活性成分均可较好结合,其中谷甾醇与TNF的结合能负值最大,可能是柴胡-芍药治疗术后疼痛有效活性成分。本研究通过成分-靶点-疾病的角度初步预测和验证了“柴胡-芍药”对治疗PP的药理和分子机制,为后续研究提供参考。

白芍不同极性部位的抗氧化活性及其与总萜含量的相关性研究

为比较白芍不同极性部位的抗氧化活性,考察了其与总萜质量分数之间的相关性。将白芍提取物分为石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇、95%乙醇、65%乙醇和水6个不同极性部位,采用总还原力和DPPH、ABTS自由基清除能力3个指标评估其抗氧化性,并用显色法测定各部位的总萜质量分数。最后用SPSS 19.0软件分析白芍提取物抗氧化活性与总萜质量分数之间的相关性。实验结果表明,白芍95%乙醇提取部位的抗氧化性最强,其次是65%乙醇提取部位、正丁醇提取部位、乙酸乙酯提取部位、水提取部位、石油醚提取部位;此外,各部位总萜质量分数与抗氧化性强弱之间呈正相关,且与清除ABTS、DPPH自由基相关性达到显著。

芍药雌配子发育和2n雌配子诱导

为探究芍药2n雌配子人工诱导体系以获得四倍体后代,以芍药二倍体品种‘朱砂判’(Paeonia lactiflora‘Zhushapan’)为研究材料,通过石蜡切片法探索芍药大孢子及胚囊发生过程,建立芍药花蕾形态与大孢子及胚囊发生过程的关系。在此基础上,通过控制变量法探究秋水仙素质量浓度和注射次数对芍药2n雌配子诱导效率的影响。结果表明:芍药雌配子发育类型为蓼型,倒生胚珠,双珠被。芍药花蕾直径在26 mm≤d<29 mm范围,胚珠发育至二核胚囊主导期,质量浓度为3 g/L的秋水仙素注射花蕾3次,获得2个四倍体后代,2n雌配子诱导率最高,为3.33%。

白芍根腐病病株与健株根际土壤微生物群落及酶活性变化

【目的】研究白芍根腐病病株和健株土壤根际微生物群落结构变化以及土壤环境因子、微生物群落与白芍根腐病之间的关系,为白芍根腐病的防治提供理论依据。【方法】采用野外调查研究方法,利用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对白芍健株和病株的根际土壤微生物多样性进行测序,并对土壤养分及酶活性进行分析。【结果】与白芍健株相比,病株根际土壤有机质含量显著增加,速效钾含量显著降低,土壤碱性磷酸酶、过氧化物酶显著增加。病株根际土壤细菌丰富度和多样性减少,真菌丰富度和多样性增加。病株根际土壤细菌群落中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、Sumerlaeota的相对丰度显著高于健株,绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)、Ethylomirabilota、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)相对丰度显著下降。鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphin⁃gomonas)、Chthoniobacter、Subgroup7、Saccharimonadales在病株根际土壤中的相对丰度高于健康植株。病株根际土壤真菌群落中子囊菌门(Ascomycota)相对丰度增加,担子菌门(Basidiomycota)相对丰度减少,接合菌门(Zygomycota)相对丰度显著高于健株。土壤pH、有机质、有效磷、速效钾、水溶性盐、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化物酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶是影响白芍根际土壤微生物群落变化的重要因子,主要与细菌优势菌门Chloroflexi、Methylomirabilota、Actinobacteriota,真菌优势菌门Chytridiomycota、Basidiomycota、Ascomycota的变化密切相关。【结论】芍药根际土壤中土赤壳属(Ilyonectria)、白粉属(Erysiphe)、镰刀菌属(Fusarium)等有害真菌相对丰度显著增加,养分失衡、酶活性变化是导致白芍根腐病发病的重要原因。

基于网络药理学与分子对接预测川芎-赤芍药对治疗动脉粥样硬化的作用机制

心血管疾病是全球范围内死亡率最高的一种疾病,其主要病理基础是动脉粥样硬化。为了探讨川芎-赤芍药对治疗动脉粥样硬化的潜在作用机制,利用网络药理学平台,挖掘了川芎-赤芍的有效成分及靶点并筛选核心成分;查找了动脉粥样硬化的靶点,然后与药物靶点取交集筛选候选靶点;构建候选靶点的蛋白互作网络得到核心靶点;对候选靶点进行GO功能富集分析与KEGG信号通路富集分析。最后将核心成分和核心靶点进行分子对接。结果从川芎-赤芍药对中筛选到包括核心成分β-谷甾醇、黄芩素、豆甾醇和杨梅酮在内的35个活性成分,获得川芎-赤芍药对治疗动脉粥样硬化的包括核心靶点AKT1、TNF、VEGFA、TP53在内的候选靶点58个,核心成分和核心靶点间均具有较好的结合能力,候选靶点主要参与了对氧水平下降的反应、对细菌来源分子的反应、对激素的反应等生物学过程,富集在癌症信号通路、脂质和动脉粥样硬化信号通路、化学致癌-受体激活通路、流体剪切力与动脉粥样硬化通路等相关通路上,以协同的形式通过调节细胞生长发育、降低血脂水平和控制促炎介质的分泌等对动脉粥样硬化发挥治疗作用,为川芎-赤芍药对的临床应用提供理论基础。

北方切花芍药促成栽培技术

芍药在切花市场中占据重要地位,但芍药花期短且集中,为满足市场需求,该文以切花芍药为试材,结合北方设施栽培及促成栽培管理经验,通过品种选择、定植、设施栽培管理等相关技术,综合调控以保障芍药早春开花,以期为北方地区切花芍药促成栽培提供参考。

东北地区芍药引种可行性分析

芍药是我国传统名花,虽然在东北地区进行了系统的适应性研究,但由于气候、降水量的差异导致芍药没有在北方大范围种植,无法发挥其观赏价值及药用价值。对山东省菏泽市定陶区进行了引种可行性分析,长期观察从中原地区引种的芍药品种在东北区域生长环境下的表现与适应性,并且对其观赏性及药用成分进行了综合评价,进而筛选既有观赏价值又有药用价值的芍药品种,为东北地区的芍药行业发展提供参考。结果表明:在满足气温条件与降水需求的情况下,将原产地为山东省的芍药引种到吉林省在理论上是可行的。引种植株可以在辉南县正常生长开花,并且其药用成分也可不受影响。