Validation of the “HY-2” altimeter wet tropospheric path delay correction based on radiosonde data

Wet tropospheric path delay （PD） is a highly variable term for the altimeter measurement of a sea surface height, caused by the refraction effect of atmospheric water vapor and cloud liquid water. In order to esti- mate PD values, the ＂HY-2＂ system includes a calibration microwave radiometer （CMR） operating at 18.7, 23.8 and 37 GHz. The PD data of the CMR were compared and validated by coincident radiosonde profiles from ten globally distributed radiosonde stations during October 2011 to August 2012. The temporal interval was 1 h. In order to avoid land contamination, different spatial intervals between these two data sets were tested. The empirical fit function of PD uncertainty and spatial interval was found and extrapolated to the ideal situation that the data of CMR and radiosonde were totally coincident. The stability of the brightness temperature of the CMR and its impact on the PD correction was also studied. Consequently, the uncertainty of the PD algorithm of the CMR was estimated to be 2.1 cm.

Exploiting Deterministic TPG for Path Delay Testing

Detection of path delay faults requires two-pattern tests. BIST technique provides a low-cost test solution. This paper proposes an approach to designing a cost-effective deterministic test pattern generator (TPG) for path delay testing. Given a set of pre-generated test-pairs with pre-determined fault coverage, a deterministic TPG is synthesized to apply the given test-pair set in a limited test time. To achieve this objective, configurable linear feedback shift register (LFSR) structures are used. Techniques are developed to synthesize such a TPG, which is used to generate an unordered deterministic test-pair set. The resulting TPG is very efficient in terms of hardware size and speed performance. Simulation of academic benchmark circuits has given good results when compared to alternative solutions.

Improved sample filtering method for measuring end-to-end path capacity

By analyzing the effect of cross traffic (CT) enforced on packet delay, an improved path capacity measurement method, pcapminp algorithm, was proposed. With this method, path capacity was measured by filtering probe samples based on measured minimum packet-pair delay. The measurability of minimum packet-pair delay was also analyzed by simulation. The results show that, when comparing with pathrate, if the CT load is light, both pcapminp and pathrate have similar accuracy; but in the case of heavy CT load, pcapminp is more accurate than Pathrate. When CT load reaches 90%, pcapminp algorithm has only 5% measurement error, which is 10% lower than that of pathrate algorithm. At any CT load levels, the probe cost of pcapminp algorithm is two magnitudes smaller than that of pathrate, and the measurement duration is one magnitude shorter than that of pathrate algorithm.

“一带一路”倡议下中国深内陆城市全球化的基本路径

“一带一路”倡议极大提升了我国深内陆城市的全球化进程,建构了地方—全球的多层次联系,成为“突破”西方中心论,探索包容性、水平性的全球化认识框架的良好案例地。运用实地调研等方法,总结深内陆城市21世纪初全球化的基本路径。结果表明:1)全球化路径可归纳为两大类五小类:一是“垂直性”的“普化”路径,包括农业品全球化、制造业产品全球化两小类;二是具备“反梯度”性质的“跨越式”路径,包括对外直接投资、国际服务/文化交流平台建设、全球贸易流通枢纽三小类,具有“内陆根植性”;2)形成了贸易枢纽型、资源导向型、终端产品型、对外投资型、文化旅游型五大城市全球化类型,但全球化进程迄今尚未成为城市社会经济发展的主导进程,亟待系统性创新和国家政策支持。

Analysis of Altimeter Wet Troposphere Range Correction

Wet path delay caused by tropospheric water vapor must be considered before altimeter data are used in oceanic application. This paper analyzed several methods of atmosphere water range correction (AWRC) using Seasat, Geosat, TOPEX and ERS-1 data, especially the calculated delay path using brightness temperature of TMR on TOPEX and EMR on ERS-1; and discussed some other problems of AWRC.

A New Independent GPS-Free System for Geo-Referencing from Space

A new system’s geo-referencing from space is entirely free from any GNSS (GPS or equivalent) systems. The system addresses to various strategic and economic applications such as in remote clock synchronism, aircraft and balloon navigation, missile and smart bombs tracking, satellite orbital determination and remote target geo-positioning. The new geometry concept corresponds to an “inverted GPS” configuration, utilizing four ground-based reference stations, synchronized in time, installed at well known geodesic coordinates and a repeater in space, carried by an aircraft, balloon, satellite, etc. Signal transmitted by one of the reference bases is retransmitted by the transponder, received back by the four bases, producing four ranging measurements which are corrected for the time delays undergone in every retransmission. A minimization function was derived to compare the repeater’s positions referred to at least two groups of three reference bases, to correct for the signal transit time at the repeater and propagation delays, and consequently to provide the accurate repeater position for each time interaction. Once the repeater’s coordinates are known, the other determinations and applications become straightforward. The system solving algorithm and process performance has been demonstrated by simulations adopting a practical example with the transponder carried by an aircraft moving over bases and a target on the ground. Effects produced by reference clock synchronism uncertainties at the four bases on the measurements are reviewed.

GSTAR:an innovative software platform for processing space geodetic data at the observation level

To meet the demands for the data combination with multiple space geodetic techniques at the observation level,we developed a new software platform with high extensibility and computation efficiency,named space Geodetic SpatioTemporal data Analysis and Research software(GSTAR).Most of the modules in the GSTAR are coded in C++with object-oriented programming.The layered modular theory is adopted for the design of the software,and the antenna-based data architecture is proposed for users to construct personalized geodetic application scenarios easily.The initial performance of the GSTAR software is evaluated by processing the Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS)data collected from 315 globally distributed stations over two and a half years.The accuracy of GNSS-based geodetic products is evaluated by comparing them with those released by International GNSS Service(IGS)Analysis Centers(AC).Taking the products released by European Space Agency(ESA)as reference,the Three-Dimension(3D)Root-Mean-Squares(RMS)of the orbit differences are 2.7/6.7/3.3/7.7/21.0 cm and the STandard Deviations(STD)of the clock differences are 19/48/16/32/25 ps for Global Positioning System(GPS),GLObal NAvigation Satellite System(GLONASS),Galileo navigation satellite system(Galileo),BeiDou Navigation Satellite System(BDS),Medium Earth Orbit(MEO),and BDS Inclined Geo-Synchronous Orbit(IGSO)satellites,respectively.The mean values of the X and Y components of the polar coordinate and the Length of Day(LOD)with respect to the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service(IERS)14 C04 products are-17.6 microarc-second(μas),9.2μas,and 14.0μs/d.Compared to the IGS daily solution,the RMSs of the site position differences in the north/east/up direction are 1.6/1.5/3.9,3.8/2.4/7.6,2.5/2.4/7.9 and 2.7/2.3/7.4 mm for GPS-only,GLONASS-only,Galileo-only,and BDS-only solution,respectively.The RMSs of the differences of the tropospheric Zenith Path Delay(ZPD),the north gradients,and the east gradients are 5.8,0.9,and 0.9 mm with respect to the IGS products.The X and Y components of the geocenter motion estimated from GPS-only,Galileo-only,and BDS-only observations well agree with IGS products,while the Z component values are much nosier where anomalous harmonics in GNSS draconitic year can be found.The accuracies of the above products calculated by the GSTAR are comparable with those from different IGS ACs.Compared to the precise scientific orbit products,the 3D RMS of the orbit differences for the two Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment Follow-on(GRACE-FO)satellites is below 1.5 cm by conducting Precise Point Positioning with Ambiguity Resolution(PPP-AR).In addition,a series of rapid data processing algorithms are developed,and the operation speed of the GSTAR software is 5.6 times faster than that of the Positioning and Navigation Data Analyst(PANDA)software for the quad-system precise orbit determination procedure.

Broadband channel measurement and analysis

An outdoor propagation measurement campaign for beyond 3G （B3G） as well as a wide-band indoor measurement campaign have been performed recently in Beijing, China, in which the sounding signals are transmitted by an one-antenna base station and received by a two-antenna mobile receiver operated at 3.49～3.51 GHz bandwidth. Different scenarios： stationary line-of-sight （LoS）, stationary non-LoS （NLoS） scenarios, and dynamic NLoS are deliberately chosen in a classic urban environment and office environment. The initial results are presented in this article. Parameters including vector channel impulse response, path loss, rays number, excess delay spread etc. are extracted, analyzed, and briefly reported here.

A bootstrapped switch employing a new clock feed-through compensation technique

Nonlinearity caused by the clock feed-through of a bootstrapped switch and its compensation techniques are analyzed. All kinds of clock feed-through compensation configurations and their drawbacks are also investigated. It is pointed out that the delay path match of the clock boosting circuit is the critical factor that affects the effectiveness of clock feed-through compensation. Based on that, a new clock feed-through compensation configuration and corresponding bootstrapped switch are presented and designed optimally with the UMC mixed-mode/RF 0.18 μm 1P6M P-sub twin-well CMOS process by orientating and elaborately designing the switch MOSFETs that influence the delay path match of the clock boosting circuit. HSPICE simulation results show that the proposed clock feedthrough compensation configuration can not only enhance the sampling accuracy under variations of process, power supply voltage, temperature and capacitors but also decrease the even harmonic, high-order odd harmonic and THD on the whole effectively.