Social Equity： View from Pension System Unification

With the aging process, people been looked after properly in the old age has already become an important index to the national happiness index. Nowadays, government has a increasingly clear roadmap in promoting the development of pension system. Pension system unification refers to the same pension system for workers in public institutions and enterprises. It is a relative concept to the dual pension system. It has positive effect on social equity. But it also has many problems. In this article, author explained the relation between pension system unification and social equity on the basic of analyzing viewpoints of several scholars. And make comments by extending it and analyzing it.

Sweden pension system reform and the enlightenment to China

This paper analyzes and summarizes the excellent experiences and measures which are worth learning from the analysis of the reform and perfection process of Sweden pension system. Combined with the current problems in China, put forward the corresponding policy recommendations.

Comparison of the Pension System Reform in East Asia and Southeast Asia

This paper introduces the development of the pension system in East Asian and Southeast Asian countries in the backdrop of population aging all over the world.Based on the historical development and comparison of the present pension systems of different countries in East Asia and Southeastern Asia,this paper proposes the key components and the functions of each component of the pension system.Moreover shortcomings of low coverage and benefit and suggestions for the future are also covered in this paper.

Reference of retirement system in developed country from the Chinese pension system constitutes

The Chinese government attaches great importance to the social security system, and makes it as an important pillar of socialist market economic system. Especially in the last decade, we seize the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the favorable opportunity of the construction of social security system; we have made unremitting efforts and achieved important progress. After years of exploration and practice, we have a clear basic principles of the social security system and the overall objectives and major tasks, we also established social pooling and individual accounts of the basic old-age insurance, basic medical insurance system, covering pension, medical, unemployment, work injury and maternity insurance, the urban minimum living security system and the framework of the social security system basically forms. The coverage of social insurance continuously expands social security funds which are through nmltiple channels to raise the initial formation mechanism forms, the level of protection continuously improves, and management and service system also gradually improves. The social security system＇ s reform and development plays a very important role in ensuring the basic livelihood of the people, the state-owned enterprise reform, and the smooth progress of economic restructuring.

Design of Intelligent Pension Online Monitoring System Under the Environment of Internet of Things

With the improvement of the degree of aging,the traditional pension model can no longer meet the growing needs of the elderly.Therefore,it is necessary to use the intelligent means of information technology to improve the level of pension services.This paper will integrate multi-sensor fusion technology,NB-IoT communication technology and cloud platform technology to develop and design a smart pension online monitoring system to realize real-time collection of human health and motion status information and realize monitoring platform management.In this system,STM32 microcontroller will be used as the main control module,and MAX30102,ADXL345 and DS18B20 sensors will be used to collect the heart rate,blood oxygen,displacement and body temperature of the human body in real time.On the one hand,the communication part is completed by the BC20 Internet of Things module.The data transmission between the terminal detection device and the cloud platform,on the other hand,the HC-42 Bluetooth module is used to complete the data communication with the mobile phone.The test results show that the system can collect and process data accurately in real time and maintain good communication with the cloud platform and mobile phone.The designed system has strong pertinence,easy operation,high reliability and broad development prospects.

China’s pension system and reform:an OECD perspective

Population ageing is a worldwide phenomenon,but the speed and scale of ageing are much greater in China than in most other countries.This paper discusses the key demographic indicators of the population in China and provides a comparison with Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)countries.The evolution of the Chinese pension system is summarised before concentrating on the current structure for both public-and private-sector workers as well as rural and urban residents.The level of future pension promises for full career workers is calculated and compared with those of selected OECD countries.Possible future challenges are highlighted as China seeks to achieve an adequate and sustainable pension system.The paper highlights the issue of high level of pensioner poverty in comparison to many OECD countries as well as the low retirement age,particularly for women,despite China’s relatively high employment rates for older workers.

Reform of China’s Pension System

This paper mainly analyzes development and reform of China’s pension system. It introducesthe evolution of China’s pension system reform and discusses its strengths and problems.The paper then proposes some suggestions on the direction of China’s pension reform. Thelast section is devoted to a discussion of China’s corporate occupational pension, which isa fast-developing area of the pension system.

China’s pension system:achievements,challenges and future developments

This study focuses on the framework and achievements of China’s pension system,and analyses the long-term risk and institutional dilemmas.Because the existing pension system does not clearly define the responsibilities among the government,the market and the individuals,the main challenge facing China’s current pension system is the huge future fund gap and the difficulty in coping with the risk of an ageing population.The proposal for China’s pension scheme reformation is to establish a three-pillar pension system:transfer the social pooling account into a public pension as the first pillar;merge the refilled personal account by transferring the state-owned assets and the enterprise annuity into the occupational pension as the second pillar;and promote the tax deferral individual pension plan as the third pillar.The roles and functions of the government in the three-pillar pension system are different:for the first pillar,it is fully responsible for the system construction,management and funding security;for the second and the third pillar,it is responsible for system construction and operational supervision.

Study on Improving Development Strategies of New Rural Social Pension Insurance System in Heilongjiang Province

Since 2009, the new rural pension insurance in Heilongjiang Province has obtained certain achievements, but the effects are not obvious. Reflection on the development process, we find that there are a lot of problems. Therefore, in order to guarantee the smooth implementation of new rural social pension insurance work in Heilongjiang Province, this paper combined with the reality to provide several suggestions for improving the new rural social pension insurance system in Heilongjiang Province.

THE RATE OF RETURN ON CAPITAL FOR PENSION SYSTEM IN CHINA

The rate of return on capital is a key parameter in pension reform policy making. While evaluating pension reform, the method Feldstein proposed to measure the rate of return on capital is widely adopted. Here we calculate the rate of return on capital in China by this method. The calculation demonstrates that the rate of retum on all the industrial enterprises is around 6.5 percent from 1996 to 2000, and the average rate of return on state-owned industrial enterprises is lower than the above figure by 1.5 percent during the same period. Finally, we draw a conclusion that the rate of return ranging from 5 to 7 percent is appropriate for the pension reform in China.

The Pay-as-You-Go System of Pension Insurance

The most recent trends in population dynamics have provoked a rigorous debate whether the private or the public pension insurance system should be predominant. The pay-as-you-go system is dominated by the state that guarantees its stability. Private pension insurance provides personal retirement accounts and proper ownership of the accumulated funds, but its sustainability during prolonged market crises and inadequate risk sharing are often questioned. In order to address this issue, this paper makes both an assessment and analysis of the arguments put forward in favor of the preservation of the pay-as-you-go system and a comparison of this system with some of the main characteristics of the private accounts system. This is the basis for seeking the objectively defined role of the pay-as-you-go system in the conditions of the market economy. A couple of conclusions that have been formulated might be of interest for the future improvement of the organization and management of pension insurance.

From“selective two-child policy”to universal two-child policy:Will the payment crisis of China’s pension system be solved?

With the rapid population aging,the payment crisis of China’s pension insurance fund is increasing yearly.The government adjusts fertility policy to alleviate population aging and improve the solvency of pension insurance fund.On January1,2016,China’s fertility policy was adjusted from“selective two-child policy”to universal two-child policy.This paper establishes actuarial models to analyze how fertility policy adjustment influences the pension insurance fund and concludes as follows:(1)if the“one-child policy”were still employed,the accumulated deficit of pension insurance fund would appear in the year of 2076;(2)if all couples that satisfy the rules of“selective two-child policy”bear the second child,the time of accumulated deficit of pension insurance fund would be postponed by about 9 years;(3)after implementing universal two-child policy,the time of accumulated deficit of pension insurance fund would delay under different situations of fertility intentions,if more than 54% of the qualified couples bear a second child,the accumulated deficit of pension insurance fund would not appear before 2090.The above conclusions have passed the sensitivity tests.Therefore,“two-child policy”can alleviate the payment pressure of pension insurance fund.If the government wants to solve the payment crisis of pension insurance fund,fertility intentions should be improved.

The impact of demographic changes on the unbalanced development of the national public pension system in China’s provinces

China’s public pension system is managed at the provincial level.In recent years,the development of public pension system in the provinces has become more unbalanced.The increase in the gap between the developed and less developed regions of China has become increasingly evident.Based on an analysis of changes to population structure in each province during the 20 year period 1995-2015,combined with research focused on public pension policy,this paper finds that there are great differences in the structure of population in each province with respect to age,type(the ratio of local residents to migrants),and quality(the proportion of the population with higher education).All of these are important factors that help to explain the unbalanced development of the public pension system.China’s developed regions have cumulative advantages in these three areas,and this study found that the gap between developed and less developed regions was growing.Among the three factors,the influences of population age and quality structure were a reflection of normal social phenomenon,while variations of population type structure in the provinces were largely a result of the way in which China’s public pension transfer policy is designed.In this paper,the author argues that if barriers to migration were removed,greater population mobility would help realize national management of the public pension system.

The thinking about Shanghai Development “medical pension combined” type of long-term care insurance system

The aging development in Shanghai shows speed, high degree of aging, the number of elderly people living alone increased and other trends, the contradiction between degree of aging and care become more prominent. However, the prevalence of current pension model has a pension without medical care, health care and pension separate and other issues, so the development of ＂medical support combined with pension＂ long-term care insurance system is imperative. Based on the study to explore parts of the country which operate basic pension model of＂medical pension combination＂, we analyze the necessity and feasibility of the implementation of Shanghai ＂medical support combined with pension ＂ long-term care insurance system, by summing up experiences and lessons, put forward some of the recommendations for the development in Shanghai ＂medical support combined with pension＂ type of long-term care system.

Research on the Impact of the Pension Insurance System on the Optimization of the Consumption Structure of Rural Families

Presently,the growth of residents’consumption is slowing,which necessitates the expansion of domestic demand.Against this backdrop,research on the impact of pension insurance on the optimization of the consumption structure in rural areas not only facilitates the welfare of rural residents and improves their consumption structure but also boosts the sustainable and healthy development of the Chinese economy.This paper applies China Family Panel Studies(CFPS)micro-data in 2018 and adopts Propensity Score Matching(PSM)to research the impact of China’s pension insurance system on the consumption structure in rural areas and its heterogeneity.This paper draws a conclusion at four levels.First,pension insurance effectively optimizes the consumption structure in rural areas,increases the current overall consumption level by 0.0024 percent,and objectively releases the consumption potential in rural areas.Second,participation in pension insurance enhances the overall consumption level of rural families in eastern China,central China,and northeastern China by 0.08 percent,0.146 percent,and 0.0446 percent respectively,yet,that inhibits the overall consumption level of rural families in rural areas in western China by 0.1057 percent.Third,from eastern China to western China,with regard to pension insurance,as its impact on consumption shifts from a higher level to a lower level,its impact on the optimization of consumption structures sinks to a lower level.Fourth,in terms of major factors,age(older),matrimonial res(married),years of education(longer),health(poor),and the number of family members(small)contribute to the stronger willingness to participate in pension insurance.

Research on improving the system of account rate in occupational pension

In the reform of government organizations and institutions of China, we put forward the establishment of personal account system in occupational pension, and the introduction of the ＂account＂ management model of the non real account accumulation. This paper analyzes the current situation of personal accounts in our country, and puts forward that the account rate of bank deposit can not resist inflation, and can not reflect the real return rate of China＇s pension funds, which is not conducive to the preservation and appreciation of personal account funds. On the basis of the above, the paper puts forward that the account rate should not only consider the level of economic development and inflation, but also to adapt to the financial payment ability, and establish the personal account risk reserve fund system and other improvement measures, and strive to achieve the sustainable development of the personal account system.

Research on Pension Insurance System under the Background of Aging

With the rapid development of economy in our country, the level of science and technology innovation, all of these prolong the life span of our life. Thus an aging population are increasingly highlight, which are deeply and widely influenced our society, economy, life and other aspects. As the basic insurance which maintain the elderly＇s life quality after they retired, Pension insurance will promove social stability and development. How to reform Pension insurance under the background of the aging of the population will get more and more attention from people. This article starts with the concept of the aging of the population and its development trend. Next, the article analyses the problems of Pension Insurance under the background of the aging of the population. Last, the article summarizes countermeasures according to solve these matters.

The Potential of Commercial Pension Insurance to Develop into One of the Pillars of Rural Pension Insurance:A Study from the Demand Perspective

The development of a multi-pillar pension insurance system is an effective solution for an aging society.Commercial pension insurance,as the third pillar of pension insurance,is an integral part of this system in China and can play a critical and complementary role in rural areas where support for the elderly is a more pressing concern and a second pillar of pension insurance remains absent.To this end,we first elaborate on the theoretical logic that commercial pension insurance can develop into one of the pillars of rural pension insurance.We then empirically test rural residents’willingness to participate in a commercial pension insurance plan(CPIP)in a probit model with household research data from rural areas in major labor-exporting provinces,such as Sichuan and Henan so as to explore whether commercial pension insurance has the potential to become one of the pillars of rural pension insurance.Our research findings can be synthesized in three points.First,rural residents out of agricultural production for five consecutive years are more willing to participate in a CPIP than other rural residents,indicating that progress in industrialization and urbanization can significantly boost such willingness.Second,the younger rural residents are more inclined to participate in a CPIP than the older generation.Third,income increases can significantly boost rural residents’willingness to participate in a CPIP.Thus,with progress in industrialization and urbanization and an increase in rural disposable income,commercial pension insurance has a promising potential in rural areas and can hopefully develop into one of the pillars of rural pension insurance.

个人养老金税收优惠政策何以可为?——来自美国、德国和澳大利亚的经验与启示

发展个人养老金是健全养老保险体系和积极应对人口老龄化挑战的重要举措,而灵活高效的税收优惠政策则是推动个人养老金制度高质量发展的关键要素。虽然近年来我国制定了个人养老金税收优惠政策,但是仍存在诸多问题,严重掣肘个人养老金制度的高质量发展。基于文献研究法、比较分析法对美国、德国和澳大利亚等典型国家个人养老金税收优惠政策的主要实践、基本特征、实施效果以及对中国的启示等重要问题进行深入探讨。研究发现,经过数十年的积极探索,美国、德国和澳大利亚逐步建立了灵活高效的个人养老金税收优惠政策,主要体现在激励方式灵活多样、政策制定立法先行、政策调整循序渐进、关注低收入群体的需求以及鼓励以家庭为参保对象等五个方面,有效推动了其个人养老金制度的发展与成熟。不过,这些典型国家个人养老金税收优惠政策在取得瞩目成就的同时,仍然面临对低收入群体的吸引力不足等现实困境。结合典型国家的有益经验和深刻教训,对我国个人养老金税收优惠政策存在的主要问题进行剖析,并提出更具针对性的见解,认为我国个人养老金税收优惠政策应当从四个方面作出改进:一是引入多种税收优惠模式,增强政策的吸引力;二是凸显税收优惠政策的精准性,助推优惠资源向低收入群体倾斜;三是提升税收优惠政策的灵活性,鼓励个人合理配置税收优惠额度;四是税收优惠政策应支持以家庭形式参保。