Quantification of Total Phenols, Total Flavonoids, Total Anthocyanins and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antiradical Activities of Detarium Senegalense Extracts from Chad

The aim of the present work is to assess the value of Detarium Senegalense by determining the content of total phenols, total flavonoids and total anthocyanins, and by evaluating the free radical scavenging activity of Detarium Senegalense extracts. For this purpose, sequential extraction using solvents of increasing polarity was essential. The various extracts obtained underwent phytochemical and biochemical analyses. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, polyphenols, anthocyanins and steroids/terpenes. Quantitative analysis of total polyphenols, total flavonoids and total anthocyanins yielded the following results: total flavonoids (0.803 ± 0029 mg EQ/100g P for acetone extract of roots and 0.871 ± 0.401 mg EQ/100g P for methanol extract of leaves);total polyphenols (23.298 ± 12.68 mg EAG/100g P for acetone extract of roots and 24.69 ± 0.49 401 mg EAG/100g P for methanol extract of leaves);total monomeric anthocyanins (44.697 ± 0.939 mg EC3G/100g P and 16.699 ± 0.193 mg EC3G/100g P respectively for acetone and methanol extracts of stem bark). DPPH free radical scavenging activity was 1.674 ± 0.023 mg/mL for the acetone extract and 0.934 ± 0.24 mg/mL for the methanol extract of roots. .

Optimization of Extraction Process of Polyphenols from Chrysanthemum morifolium and the Development of Chrysanthemum Rice Wine

[Objectives]This study was conducted to provide a theoretical basis for the extraction and comprehensive utilization of functional active components of Chrysanthemum morifolium polyphenols.[Methods]With C.morifolium as a raw material,polyphenols were extracted by water extraction.The extraction process of polyphenols were optimized by single factor tests on solid-liquid ratio,extracting time and times.Old rice wine selected as the base wine was added with C.morifolium polyphenol extract,honey,citric acid and other auxiliary materials to prepare a kind of chrysanthemum old rice wine.Through sensory analysis combined with fuzzy mathematics comprehensive evaluation method,the optimal formula of chrysanthemum old rice wine was determined,and the corresponding physicochemical indicators of the obtained chrysanthemum old rice wine were tested.[Results]The optimal soaking process for C.morifolium was as follows:extraction time of 20 min,a solid-liquid ratio of C.morifolium to warm water at 1:40,extraction times of 3 times.The physical and chemical indicators of the chrysanthemum wine obtained from the above optimal formula were as follows:sugar content 5%,ethanol content 11%,and pH value 4.04.The chrysanthemum old rice wine obtained was clear and transparent,and the fragrance of chrysanthemum was coordinated with the mellow aroma of rice wine.The taste was refreshing and suitable for the vast majority of people to drink.[Conclusions]The new type of chrysanthemum old rice wine combines the polyphenolic active substances in C.morifolium with the low ethanol content of old rice wine,which not only improves the utilization rate of C.morifolium,but also strengthens the health function of old rice wine products,improves the quality of old rice wine,and promotes the healthy and rapid development of the old rice wine industry.

Polyphenols extracted from Aronia melanocarpa by combined enzymatic and ultrasonication and their antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity

The extraction of polyphenols from Aronia melanocarpa was carried out using a combination of enzymatic and ultrasound.After single-factor and orthogonal design and experiment,the optimized polyphenol extraction conditions were 1%enzyme,1:40 material-to-liquid ratio,55℃,60 min ultrasonication,70%ethanol,and the final extraction amount was 88.634 mg/g,which displayed a 25.15%and 34.08%improvement compared with the single ultrasonication and enzymatic extraction methods,respectively.Significant antibacterial effects of polyphenols were shown against Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.Further antioxidation effects were evaluated,and the superoxide anion radical scavenging rate,hydroxyl radical scavenging rate and DPPH free radical scavenging rate reached 45.2%,83.5%and 85.4%,respectively.This combined enzymatic and ultrasonic extraction method exhibited the advantages of high extraction rate,saving solvent consumption and extraction time,but also provided a new method for the development and utilization of natural antimicrobial and antioxidant health products.

Biochemical changes in phenols,flavonoids,tannins,vitamin E,β-carotene and antioxidant activity during soaking of three white sorghum varieties

Objective:To investigate the changes in total phenols,flavonoids,tannins,vitamin E, β-carotene and antioxidant activity during soaking of three white sorghum varieties.Methods: The changes in total phenols,total ilavonoids,tannins,phenolic acids compounds,flavonoid components,vitamin E,P-carotene and antioxidant activity during soaking of sorghum grains were determined.Results:Total phenols,total flavonoids,tannins,vitamin E,P-carotene and antioxidant activity in raw sorghum were ranged from 109.21 to 116.70,45.91 to 54.69,1.39 to 21.79 mg/100 g,1.74 to 5.25,0.54 to 1.19 mg/kg and 21.72%to 27.69%and 25.29%to 31.97%,respectively. The above measured compounds were significantly decreased after soaking.p-Hydroxybenzoic acid,vanillic acid,syringic acid and cinnamic acid represent the major phenolic acids in Dorado variety.While ferulic acid,p-coumaric acid,gallic acid and caffeic acid represent the major phenolic acids in Shandaweel-6.On the other hand,protocatechuic acid represents the major phenolic acids in Giza-15.Regarding flavonoids components,Dorado was the highest variety in kampferol and naringenin while Shandaweel-6 was the highest variety in luteolin, apigenin,hypersoid,quercelin and christen.Finally,Giza-15 was the highest variety in catechin. Phenolic acids,flavonoid compounds and antioxidant activities were decreased after soaking. Conclusions:Sorghum varieties have moderate quantities from total phenols,total flavonoids, tannins,phenolic acids compounds,flavonoid components,vitamin E,P-carotene and antioxidant activity which decreased after soaking.

The Effect of Vineyard Cover Crop on Main Monomeric Phenols of Grape Berry and Wine in Vitis viniferal L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon

This study was conducted to determine the effect of cover crop inter-row in vineyard on main mono-phenol content of grape berry and wine. Three such cover crops, two perennial legumes （white clover and alfalfa） and a perennial gramineous grass （tall fescue） were sown in vineyard. The main phenolic compounds of mature grape berry and wines vinified under the same conditions were extracted with ethyl acetate and diethyl ether and analyzed by high- performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） by comparing to soil tillage. A total of ten phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the different grape berry and wines, including nonflavonoids （hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids） and flavonoids （flavanols and flavonols）. The concentration of flavonoid compounds （409.43 to 538.63 mg kg^-1 and 56.16 to 81.30 mg L^-1） was higher than nonflavonoids （76.91 to 98.85 mg kg^-1 and 30.65 to 41.22 mg L^-1） for Cabernet Sauvignon grape and wine under different treatments, respectively. In the flavonoid phenolics, Catechin was the most abundant in the different grapes and wines, accounting for 74.94 to 79.70% and 48.60 to 50.62% of total nonanthocyanin phenolics quantified, respectively. Compared to soil tillage, the sward treatments showed a higher content of main mono-phenol and total nonanthocyanin phenolics in grapes and wines. There were significant differences between two cover crop treatments （tall fescue and white clover） and soil tillage for the content of benzoic acid, salicylic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, and total phenolics in the grape berry （P 〈 0.05 or P〈0.01）. The wine from tall fescue cover crop had the highest gallic acid, caffeic acid and catechin. Cover crop system increased the total nonanthocyanin phenolics of grapes and wines in order of the four treatments： tall fescue, white clover, alfalfa, and soil tillage （control）. Cover crop in vineyard increased total phenols of grape berry and wine, and thus improved the quality of wine evidently.

THE STEPWISE EXCHANGE ACTION AND STERIC HINDRANCE EFFECT OF ORGANIC PHENOLS ON CLAYS IN SEAWATER

The exchange action of six types of organic phenols on clay surfaces in seawater is systematically studied in this work. The following significant conclusions are drawn from the experiments. (1) The interaction of organic phenols with montmorillonite, illite and kaolinite in seawater is monovalent anion exchage.(2) Their isotherms of stepwise exchage on clay surfaces belong to the Langmuir type or stepwise type.(3) The discovery of the"steric hindrance effects of stepwise exchange of organic phenols on clays surfaces", and revelation of an exchange mechanisrn diffeient from that in references are the greatest achieverments in this work.

Source and composition of sedimentary organic matter in the head of Three Gorges Reservoir: a multiproxy approach using δ^(13)C,lignin phenols, and lipid biomarker analyses

A multiproxy approach including bulk organic carbon, δ^(13) C, lignin phenols, and lipid biomarker analyses were applied to characterize the source and composition of sedimentary organic matter in the head part of Three Gorges Reservoir. OM consisted of both natural(autochthonous and allochthonous) and anthropogenic inputs.The natural OM included input from vascular plants,especially non-woody angiosperms. The allochthonous input included plankton and microbial production, likely due to localized eutrophication. Anthropogenic inputs likely derived from petroleum input and/or urban activities.Other anthropogenic inputs were untreated sewage waste.These influences were concluded to be regionally specific point sources of pollution based on relative distributions and on the fact that molecular characteristics of sedimentary OM were not distributed smoothly along a gradient.

Zn(NO_3)_2·6H_2O/2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine(TCT) a mild and selective system for nitration of phenols

Certain phenols and naphthols were nitrated regioselectively with Zn(NO)·6HO/TCT in acetonitrile as solvent at room temperature and short reaction time in good yields.The reaction condition was mild.TCT is a cheap and commercially available reagent.It performed as an acid catalyst in this transformation.

Changes of Polyphenols in Tobacco Leaves During the Flue-Curing Process and Correlation Analysis on Some Chemical Components

The changes of polyphenols in tobacco leaves during the flue-curing process and correlation analysis on some chemical components were studied. Leaf samples were taken from different tobacco-producing regions in Henan Province, China. The results indicated that the content of total phenols increased during the first 24 h of curing, and then decreased. It reached the lowest value at 72 h of curing and increased rapidly after that. The content of chlorogenic acid also increased during 0-24 h of curing. But the lowest point occurred at 60 or 72 h of curing and then it increased till the end of the curing process. The content of mtin generally increased with curing, and showed little fluctuations. The changes of PPO and POD activity were the opposite. Rutin was found to have a highly significant positive correlation with total sugar （r=0.822^＊＊）, but a highly significant negative correlation with starch, nicotine, and protein.

Enhancement of Sensitivity for Determination of Phenols in Environmental Water Samples by Single-drop Liquid Phase Microextraction Using Ionic Liquid prior to HPLC

A single-drop liquid phase micro-extraction procedure using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate （[C4MIM][PF6]） was demonstrated for the sensitive determination of four phenols in water samples. Under the optimized conditions, the linear range of proposed method was excellent in the range of 0.5-100 μg·L^-1, the reproducibility （RSD, n=6） were in the range 5.4%-8.9% and detection limits （S/N=3） were 0.3, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.5 μg·L^-1 for 2, 4-dichlorophenol, 2-naphthol, 2-nitrophenol and 4-chlorophenol, respectively. The experimental results indicated that the effect of complex matrices natural water samples could be resolved with addition of sodium ethylene diamine tetracetate （EDTA） into the samples. Excellent spiked recoveries were achieved for these four phenols ranged from 86.2%-114.9 %. All these facts demonstrated that the proposed method with merits of low cost, simplicity and easy operating would be a competitive alternative procedure for the determination of such compounds at trace level.

V(HSO_4)_3 catalyzed chemoselectivity acetylation of alcohols and phenols in solution and under solvent-free conditions

A variety of alcohols and phenols are efficiently acetylated with acetic anhydride in the presence of a catalytic amount of V（HSO4）3 in solution and under solvent free conditions. Mild reaction conditions, high yields of the products, easy procedure and selective acetylation of alcohols and phenols in the presence of amines and thiols are the main advantages of this procedure.

Alkyl phenols from the wood of Averrhoa carambola

Two alkyl phenols,namely,2,5-dimethoxy-3-undecylphenol（1） and 5-methoxy-3-undecylphenol（2）,were isolated together with two known benzoquinones,5-O-methylembelin（3） and 2-dehydroxy-5-O-methylembelin（4） from the wood of Averrhoa carambola.Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods（1D and 2D NMR）.

Regulating the nanoscale intimacy of metal and acidic sites in Ru/γ-Al_(2)O_(3)for the selective conversions of lignin-derived phenols to jet fuels

Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation(HDO)of biomass-derived oxy-compounds to advanced hydrocarbon fuels usually requires bifunctional catalysts containing metals and acidic sites.The appropriate tuning of metal and/or acidic active sites at interfaces of bifunctional catalysts can significantly improve catalyst activity and product selectivity.Here,4-trifuoromethyl salicylic acid(TFMSA),as a hydrothermal stable organic acid,was employed to tailor the bifunctional interface of Ru/γ-Al_(2)O_(3)to enhance the catalytic performance on converting lignin-derived phenols to jet fuel range cycloalkanes.More than 80%phenol was converted into cyclohexane at 230°C for 1 h over Ru/γ-Al_(2)O_(3)modified by TFMSA,which was about three times higher than that over unmodified Ru/γ-Al_(2)O_(3).X-ray diffraction(XRD),Transmission electron microscope(TEM),H2 chemisorption,and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS)elemental mapping results indicated that Ru nanoparticles and TFMSA were well distributed onγ-Al_(2)O_(3),and a nanoscale intimacy between Ru and TFMSA was reached.Meanwhile,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy after pyridine adsorption(Py-FT-IR)analysis proved that Brønsted acidic sites on the catalytic interfaces of TFMSA modified Ru/γ-Al_(2)O_(3)had been improved.Moreover,the kinetic and density functional theory(DFT)results suggested that the synergistic effects of adjacent Ru nanoparticles and acidic sites were crutial for promoting the rate-limiting conversion step of phenol HDO to cyclohexane.

Cu_2O/SiC as efficient catalyst for Ullmann coupling of phenols with aryl halides

A Cu2O/SiC heterogeneous catalyst was prepared via a two‐step liquid‐phase method using diethyleneglycol as both the solvent and the reducing agent.The catalyst was characterized using X‐raydiffraction,X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmissionelectron microscopy(TEM),and H2temperature‐programmed reduction.All the results indicatethat Cu is present on the SiC support primarily as Cu2O.The SEM and TEM results show that cubicCu2O nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed on theβ‐SiC surface.The reaction conditions,namelythe temperature,reaction time,and amounts of base and catalyst used,for the Ullmann‐type C–Ocross‐coupling reaction were optimized.A model reaction was performed using iodobenzene(14.0mmol)and phenol(14.0mmol)with Cu2O/SiC(5wt%Cu)as the catalyst,Cs2CO3(1.0equiv.)as thebase,and tetrahydrofuran as the solvent at150°C for3h;a yield of97%was obtained and theturnover frequency(TOF)was1136h?1.The Cu2O/SiC catalyst has a broad substrate scope and canbe used in Ullmann‐type C–O cross‐coupling reactions of aryl halides and phenols bearing a varietyof different substituents.The catalyst also showed high activity in the Ullmann‐type C–Scross‐coupling of thiophenol with iodobenzene and substituted iodobenzenes;a TOF of1186h?1was achieved.The recyclability of the Cu2O/SiC catalyst in the O‐arylation of phenol with iodobenzenewas investigated under the optimum conditions.The yield decreased from97%to64%afterfive cycles.The main reason for the decrease in the catalyst activity is loss of the active component,i.e.,Cu2O.

Copper-catalyzed synthesis of phenols from aryl halides and 4-methoxylbenzyl alcohol

A catalytic method was developed to synthesize substituted phenols from the corresponding aryl bromides and chlorides under mild conditions （yields = 34-92%）. 4-Methoxylbenzyl alcohol was used as water surrogate and CuI/3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10- phenanthroline was used as catalyst to achieve the C-O cross-coupling.

Correlation Study of Toxicity of Substituted Phenols to River Bacteria and Their Biodegradability in River Water

To study the correlation of toxicity with biodegradability （BODT） in order to promote QSBR development and understand the degradation mechanism. Methods Toxicity of substituted phenols to river bacteria was determined by the turbidities that were measured using a spectrophotometer （UV-190） at 530 nm against a blank control. The biodegradability of substituted phenols was expressed as BODT and the DO concentrations were determined by the iodometric titration method. Results The BODT and toxicity（log 1/IC50） of 12 substituted phenols to bacteria from the Songhua River were determined respectively. The correlation of biodegradability with toxicity was developed： BODT=8.21 （±2.22） pKa -32.44 （±8.28） log 1/IC50 ＋89.04 （±38.20）, n=12, R^2=0.791, R^2（adj）=0.745, SE=9.134, F=17.066, P=0.001. Conclusion The BODT of substituted phenols was influenced by their toxicity and the ionization constant pKa. The stronger the toxicity, the less readily the compound was degraded by river bacteria.

Carbon isotopes and lignin phenols for tracing the floods during the past 70 years in the middle reach of the Changjiang River

The Lake Tian E Zhou(TEZ,an oxbow lake)was formed during the rerouting of the Changjiang River in 1972,with strong influences from the main river channel and flood events.Herein,a sediment core was collected from the Lake TEZ for the measurements of carbon isotopes and biomarkers,including stable carbon isotopes(δ13C),radiocarbon composition(?14C),and lignin phenols,as well as lead-210 to reconstruct recent heavy flood events over the past 70 years.At the 24–26 cm interval,the sediment contained the highest OC%,TN%,and lignin phenols content,as well as significantly depleted 13C but enriched 14C,corresponding to the extreme flood event in 1998.In addition,statistics from t-test showed that lignin phenols normalized to OC(Λ8),the concentration of 3,5-dihydroxy benzoic acid(3,5-BD),and the ratio of p-hydroxy benzophenone to total hydroxyl phenols(PHB/HP)were all significantly different between the layers containing flood deposits and the layers deposited under normal non-flood conditions(p<0.05).These results indicate that the later three parameters are highly related to flood events and can be used as compelling proxies,along with sediment chronology,for hydrological changes and storm/flood events in the river basin and coastal marine environments.

Synthesis of Bisphenols Carrying Long Hydrocarbon Side Chains

Bisphenols containing long aliphatic hydrocarbon side chains were synthesized by the condensation of phenol with aldehyde or ketone in the presence of heteropolyacid. Their structures were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and element analysis. The experiment results show that when heteropolyacid was used as a catalyst, these bisphenols were obtained in high selectivity and high yields.

A NEW METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF PHENOLS AND ITS DERIVATIVES

a-Oxo ketene dithioacetals 2 via 1,2-nucleophilie addition by methallyl magnesius chloride afforded corresponding alcohols (3). Treated with water or methanol and catalyzed by Lewis acid, the alcohols 3 were converted regiospecifical ly to substituted phenols 5' or related phenol methyl ethers 5 respectively. This reaction is a novel approach to the synthesis of phenols and their derivatives starting from non-aromatic precursors.

Quantitative structure retention relationship studies for predicting relative retention times of chlorinated phenols on gas chromatography

A new method of quantitative structure retention relationship(QSRR) studies was reported for predicting gas chromatography(GC) relative retention times(RRTs) of chlorinated phenols (CPs) using a DB 5 column. Chemical descriptors were calculated from the molecular structure of CPs and related to their gas chromatographic RRTs by using multiple linear regression analysis. The proposed model had a multiple square correlation coefficient R 2=0.970, standard error SE =0.0472, and significant level P =0.0000. The QSRR model also reveals that the gas chromatographic relative retention times of CPs are associated with physicochemical property interactions with the stationary phase,and influenced by the number of chlorine and oxygen in the CP melecules.