Phenomenology of plume-surface interactions and preliminary results from the Tianwen-1 landing crater on Mars

The plume-surface interaction(PSI)is a common phenomenon that describes the environment surrounding the landers resulting from the impingement of hot rocket exhaust on the regolith of planetary bodies.The PSI will cause obscuration,erosion of the planetary surface,and high-speed spreading of dust or high-energy ejecta streams,which will induce risks to a safe landing and cause damage to payloads on the landers or to nearby assets.Safe landings and the subsequent scientific goals of deep-space exploration in China call for a comprehensive understanding of the PSI process,including the plume flow mechanics,erosion mechanism,and ejecta dynamics.In addition,the landing crater caused by the plume provides a unique and insightful perspective on the understanding of PSI.In particular,the PSI can be used directly to constrain the composition,structure,and mechanical properties of the surface and subsurface soil.In this study,we conducted a systematic review of the phenomenology and terrestrial tests of PSI:we analyzed the critical factors in the PSI process and compared the differences in PSI phenomena between lunar and Martian conditions;we also reviewed the main erosion mechanisms and the evolution and development of terrestrial tests on PSI.We discuss the problems with PSI,challenges of terrestrial tests,and prospects of PSI,and we show the preliminary results obtained from the landing crater caused by the PSI of Tianwen-1.From analysis of the camera images and digital elevation model reconstructions,we concluded that the landing of Tianwen-1 caused the deepest crater(depth>40 cm)on a planetary surface reported to date and revealed stratigraphic layers in the subsurface of Martian soil.We further constrained the lower bounds of the mechanical properties of Martian soil by a slope stability analysis of the Tianwen-1 landing crater.The PSI may offer promising opportunities to obtain greater insights into planetary science,including the subsurface structure,mineral composition,and properties of soil.

On ＂not knowing what to say＂ in the Tragic Face of Another： Radical Phenomenology as Abysmal Consolation

These reflections address the disturbing phenomenon of ＂not knowing what to say＂ to someone who has experienced the immediacy of a traumatic event and who, nevertheless, seeks a word of consolation from us to ease the suffering. The author addresses the inadequacy of consolation as mere verbiage, and then brings to mind an expanded understanding of discourse-as-comportment to offer the possibility of deep consolation for the suffering other in the groundlessness of the tragic situation, which the author calls ＂abysmal consolation＂. In the realization that discourse is also the embodied consolation of being-with the suffering other in a shattered lifeworld, both sufferer and carer of souling are freed up to meet each other in a place that was heretofore presumed to be an alienated and speechless place.

Analysis——Phenomenology——Morphology：Some Remarks on Ludwig Wittgenstein＇s Philosophical Method

The article discusses the problem of the unity of Ludwig Wittgenstein＇s philosophy. It is demonstrated that Wittgenstein applied two methods of study. Changes in his philosophy are correlated with modifications in his method of thinking and investigation. In his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, the only correct method is logical proposition analysis. In the early 1930s, he transformed his philosophy into a phenomenological description of experience, defining its aim as the development of phenomenological language. After 1933, Wittgenstein recognised the grammatical dimension of language and created tools of grammatical analysis. He introduced the notions of language-games and life forms. His philosophy turned into morphology and a description of human language practice.

A Review of G.G.Shpet’s Hermeneutic-Phenomenology

Based on the analysis of the philosophical source and the epistemological roots of G.G.Shpet’s hermeneutic-phenomenology,this article states that G.G.Shpet,as an important Russian representative of the turn“from ontology to epistemology”in the philosophy of language,not only inherited Husserlian phenomenology,but also combined phenomenology and hermeneutics together as to develop a unique form of hermeneutic-phenomenology,which is based on Husserl’s phenomenology,deeply influenced by Dilthey’s hermeneutics,and inherited Humboldt’s philosophy of language to some extend as well.Besides,the author points out that some of G.G.Shpet’s thoughts were also inherited from Slavophile and Moscow school of metaphysics.

Reflections on the Experience of Network Virtual Space FromPhenomenology of Technics

People create network virtual space that is completely different from the real space through network information technologies.The characteristics of network virtual space are that the subject can obtain a similar real space experience.From the perspective of phenomenology of technics,in order to analyze the virtual space of the network,it is necessary to clear the phenomenological concepts,such as space,space experience,and virtual space experience,so as to know the type of network virtual space experience,explore the essential characteristics,and find solutions to the ethical conflicts in the virtual space experience of the network.

Cogito, Phenomenology, and Christianity in Michel Henry

This article shows,in Michel Henry,the relationship that Descartes’cogito maintains with phenomenology and Christianity.Thus,this article first shows to see how the phenomenology of life is only possible through a reading of Descartes’cogito.For,in it is in the cogito that one discovers how the life of the ego relates the ego to itself by excluding from itself what is outside of itself in the reduction in which this ego is constituted.The article then observes that it is from the way in which the ego is constituted in its most radical immanence that Michel shows how Husserl confused the immanence of the ego with the transcendence which lies outside of the ego.The article finally explains how the ego which discovers itself in pure immanence is the institute of a phenomenology of life which remains the mode of being of the philosophy of Christianity.

Phenomenology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: Sample from a tertiary care center in Istanbul, Turkey

BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD)is a heterogeneous disease in many respects and exhibits this diversity in terms of phenomenology.It also displays several different characteristics in children compared to adults.AIM To describe the socio-demographic and phenomenological features of children with OCD and to investigate the impact of these features on response to pharmacotherapy.METHODS This retrospective study was carried out with 150 children and adolescents who had been diagnosed with OCD between 2014 and 2018.Data was collected by examining the files of the patients with diagnosis of OCD and similar disorders from the hospital database.Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale for Children was used for the assessment of obsession-compulsion subtypes.The Clinical Global Impression(CGI)scale was used to evaluate the severity of the disease(CGI-S)and global improvement(CGI-I).The predictors of treatment response were evaluated using linear regression analysis.The level of significance for all statistic tests was set as P<0.05.RESULTS The sample was divided into prepubertal(44%)and adolescent(56%)age groups.The most prevalent obsessions were contamination and aggression obsessions,and the most frequent compulsions were washing and checking.While contamination was observed more commonly in the prepubertal age group,the religious obsession was seen more frequently in adolescents.Patients with aggression obsession presented a higher frequency of comorbid anxiety(P=0.022)and mood subgroups(P>0.05).A lower CGI-I score was linked to a lower CGI-S score(95%confidence interval 0.21-0.39,P<0.001)and the prepubertal age of admission(95%confidence interval 0.03-0.87,P=0.020).CONCLUSION The phenomenology of OCD shows differences depending on the age group and the comorbid psychiatric disorders.Earlier identification and treatment of OCD may help to prevent the impairment of the mental health of children and adolescents.

Research on the Current Situation of Development of Phenomenology and the Influences on Language Cognition

In this paper, we conduct research on current situation of development of phenomenology and the influences on language cognition. Language is a part of human cognition, it not only by the group, including cultural types and communication mode, objective social constraints, as also shared with human cognitive subject and the innate cognitive ability is closely related. Thus, the perspective of the cognitive linguistics and the cognitive introduced for expanding and deepening the research on cognitive linguistics has an important value. From the cognitive perspective and reveals language internalization mechanism is an important path to deepen the study of second language acquisition. So, with multidimensional research value and cognition, can provide important theoretical reference for language internalization. At the same time, the body cognitive is not the purpose of people, but merely a device methods or strategies. That is to say, those who have an information, experience and knowledge module, just as the main body of language cognition of raw materials, they need by the consciousness of main body of the higher order language system to filter, restructuring, deformation and consolidation, and language simulation of this new product for the secondary and experience.

Bolzano and Phenomenology

Bolzano’s invention of“pure logic”in his Theory of Science laid the foundation for Husserl’s establishment of phenomenology,because Husserl also established a“guidance of pure logic”in Logical Investigations.However,in Husserl’s opinion,“pure logic”is only a necessary thing before the establishment of phenomenology;it is not the last thing in human thought,as well as it is not a core idea of“pure consciousness”.Therefore,Bolzano’s logical concept only promoted Husserl to a“primary phenomenology”,which was only the preparation and entrance of this phenomenological philosophy.

Ethics of Difference:Towards a Phenomenology of Inclusion

In this essay we propose notions of difference and equality as elements of a phenomenologically informed ethics.The proposed notions are tested on a diagnosis of inclusion,and,in particular,inclusive education,both of which are leading values in contemporary public moral discourse and in the formulation of related policies.The value of inclusive practices is commonly seen in the circumstance that they safeguard difference while granting equality and realize equality without curtailing difference,thus creating conditions in which human dignity is respected.We ask in what sense,that is,according to what understanding of equality and difference,this is true.Our conclusion is that“the value of inclusion”is at least compatible with a merely formal sense of equality,which,at the same time,effectively negates human difference.On the other hand,the proposed phenomenological notions of difference and equality seem to provide an avenue towards a renewed understanding of the humanity of man,as well as of(inclusive)education as a manner of fostering that humanity.The interpretive framework for our analysis is given by Heidegger’s diagnosis of nihilism.The latter implies a notion of“values”as conditions of a dynamic of empowerment which has the“drive to more”as its intrinsic,constitutive motive.

The use of concept mapping in data analysis:a phenomenology study of family members'experiences in taking care of people with cancer

Objective:To explain the use of concept mapping in a study about family members'experiences in taking care of people with cancer.Methods:This study used a phenomenological study design.In this study,we describe the analytical process of using concept mapping in our phenomenological studies about family members'experiences in taking care of people with cancer.Results:We developed several concept maps that aided us in analyzing our collected data from the interviews.Conclusions:The use of concept mapping is suggested to researchers who intend to analyze their data in any qualitative studies,including those using a phenomenological design,because it is a time-efficient way of dealing with large amounts of qualitative data during the analytical process.

A New Approach Based on“Sign-Phenomenology”and its Contributions to Western Aesthetic Study

In the traditional study of western aesthetics.dualism plays an important role.On the one hand,when we take a critical attitude to the study,we can see that it distinguishes“the beauty itself”from the beautiful thing,placing the idea(eidos)of beauty and the experiential thing which will be judged beautiful or not into two worlds(Plato).Its advantage is that it helps the latecomers to explore the nature of beauty thoroughly(Aristotle).lets the scholars understand beauty deeply.Its disadvantage,however,is very obvious;it puts the profound activity of sensing beauty into a dull and dry cognitive process,obscuring the richness and vividness of beauty.Especially,when some scholars who are influenced by cognition strongly take sensing beauty as judgment of beauty(Kant),they put aside the real situation of beauty.On the other hand,we need to explore the new approach to aesthetic study;a new theory based on Peirce and Husserl,which we call“sign-phenomenology”,can fulfill the task.It offers five principles and overcomes the disadvantages of the tradition,giving new insight and creation.Under its first principle“To the things themselves(zu den Sachen selbst)”,sensing beauty is taken as a generative activity,which deploys the skill of sensuous organs,reasoning,emotion,etc.Especially,the meaning of beauty is not added to or judged passively;instead,it emerges or originates actively.One of the most important contributions of the theory comes from the triadic relationship applied to substitute the old dualistic one.Generally speaking,the theory of“sign-phenomenology”,as a new approach,ought to broaden our horizons of western aesthetics study.

Supervised Deep Learning in High Energy Phenomenology: a Mini Review

Deep learning, a branch of machine learning, has been recently applied to high energy experimental and phenomenological studies.In this note we give a brief review on those applications using supervised deep learning.We first describe various learning models and then recapitulate their applications to high energy phenomenological studies.Some detailed applications are delineated in details, including the machine learning scan in the analysis of new physics parameter space, the graph neural networks in the search of top-squark production and in the CP measurement of the top-Higgs coupling at the LHC.

Wittgenstein, Phenomenology and Cognitive Linguistics

Although the literature devoted to the naturalization of mainstream phenomenology has been blooming recently, not so many efforts have been made to make the intellectual legacy from Wittgenstein, who could also be viewed as a ＂linguistic phenomenologist,＂ accessible to cognitive science. The reluctance of making Wittgenstein naturalized is sometimes backed by the worry that Wittgen- stein＇s criticism of the notion of ＂thinking＂ as some ＂internal process＂ is also potentially threatening the computational theory of cognition. But this worry itself is based on some serious misunderstandings of the internal/external dichotomies, the clarifications of which would greatly relieve the tension between Wittgenstein and cognitive science. Moreover, cognitive linguistics could also be viewed as the intermediate theory between Wittgenstein and cognitive science due to the affinities it bears with both Wittgenstein＇s later philosophy and cognitive science.

Dark matter and LHC phenomenology of a scale-invariant scotogenic model

We study the phenomenology of a model that addresses the neutrino mass, dark matter, and generation of the electroweak scale in a single framework. Electroweak symmetry breaking is realized via the Coleman-Weinberg mechanism in a classically scale invariant theory, while the neutrino mass is generated radiatively through interactions with dark matter in a typically scotogenic manner. The model introduces a scalar triplet and singlet and a vector-like fermion doublet that carry an odd parity of Z2, and an even parity scalar singlet that helps preserve classical scale invariance. We sample over the parameter space by taking into account various experimental constraints from the dark matter relic density and direct detection, direct scalar searches, neutrino mass, and charged lepton flavor violating decays. We then examine by detailed simulations possible signatures at the LHC to find some benchmark points of the free parameters. We find that the future high-luminosity LHC will have a significant potential in detecting new physics signals in the dilepton channel.

The Invisible and the Secret： Of a Phenomenology of the Inapparent

I consider in this article Heidegger＇s late characterization of phenomenology as a ＂phenomenology of the inapparent.＂ Phenomenology is traditionally considered to be a thought of presence, assigned to a phenomenon that is identified with the present being, or with an object for consciousness. The phenomenon would be synonymous with presence itself, with what manifests itself in a presence. However, I will suggest in the following pages that phenomenology is haunted by the presence of a certain unappearing dimension, a claim that was made by Heidegger in his last seminar in 1973, when he characterized the most proper sense of phenomenology as a ＂phenomenology of the inapparent.＂ I attempt to show in what sense for Heidegger the ＂inapparent＂ plays in phenomenality and in phenomenology, and to then consider （drawing from Levinas and Derrida） its ethical import.

Analytic Phenomenology(or"What It Is Like")vs.Husserlian Phenomenology

I begin this paper by outlining two senses of"phenomenology."First,the"what it is like"or"analytic tradition"sense:the verbalization of qualitative states of consciousness of which we are aware.Second,the"Continental"sense:the rigorous study of the structures of consciousness.I outline the ways in which these two senses diverge.First,Continental phenomenology involves a diversified account of consciousness,states of awareness,and the human person.The phenomenologist articulates this account not by introspection but via acts of phenomenological reflection concerning eidetic intuitions about essential structural features.Second,via the method of"sense explication,"the phenomenologist can articulate an account of passive and subconscious states which we are not strictly"aware"of.The conclusion shows these divergences of senses are sometimes overlooked,leading to equivocation.Zahavi and Gallagher must be employing the"what it is like"sense when they make certain"phenomenological"arguments concerning social cognition,yet Spaulding's ensuing critique of phenomenology is directed at Continental phenomenology.Also,it is only phenomenology in the"what it is like"sense which cannot contribute to subpersonal psychology.Genetic Continental phenomenology describes the lawful relations amongst the precursors and preconditions which give rise to conscious experience,constituting a type of(non-causal)subpersonal explanation.

Husserlian Phenomenology and Derridean Deconstruction: Their Fundamental Methodological Commitments

This paper reinterprets the relation between Derridian deconstruction and Husserlian phenomenology on the basis of their respective methodological commitments.According to the proposed view,epoche,reduction,and eidetic variation are the fundamental methodological principles of Husserlian phenomenology.This paper interprets Derrida's reading of Husserl as presenting a type of semiological reductionism,which is marked by the absorption of the fundamental phenomenological principles within a semiological framework.Conceiving of meaning as a sign that refers to other signs,Derrida contends that neither epoche,nor reduction,nor eidetic variation can be carried through successfully;their validity is thereby indefinitely deferred.This paper also addresses the relationship between indication and expression,the Principle of all Principles,the living present,and their alleged deconstruction in Derrida's writings.I conclude with some suggestions concerning how,apart from deconstructing phenomenology,one could also phenomenologize deconstruction.According to my suggestion,this would require problematizing evidence that underlies the central claims and commitments of deconstruction.

Max Scheler＇s Phenomenology of Pain

This paper offers a systematic account of Scheler＇s phenomenology of pain, addresses its place in the history of the phenomenology of pain and traces its significance for pain research. Against the popular view, which maintains that for Scheler pain is a feeling-state, this paper argues that Scheler conceives of pain as an irreducibly ambiguous phenomenon： as both a non-intentional feeling-state and an intentional feeling. This paper further shows how this ambiguity leads Scheler to qualify pain as a stratified phenomenon, composed of causal, sensory, emotive and cognitive dimensions. This paper demonstrates how such a stratified conception enables one to draw meaningful distinctions between pain and other emotive phenomena, such as suffering, illness, and despair. This paper concludes with some remarks concerning the significance of Scheler＇s phenomenology of pain for pain research.

Masses of heavy-light mesons in Regge phenomenology

The masses of some orbitally and radially excited heavy-light mesons are calculated in Regge phenomenol- ogy. The results are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data and those given in many other theoretical approaches. Based on the calculation, we suggest that the recently observed D（2550）, D（2600） and D（2760） can be assigned as the charmed members of the 21S0, 23S1 and 13D1 multiplets, respectively. D＇1（2700） may be assigned as the charm-strange member of the 23S1 state. The results may be helpful in understanding the nature of current and future experimentally observed heavy-light mesons.