Intelligent Systems and Photovoltaic Cells Empowered Topologically by Sudoku Networks

A graph invariant is a number that can be easily and uniquely calculated through a graph.Recently,part of mathematical graph invariants has been portrayed and utilized for relationship examination.Nevertheless,no reliable appraisal has been embraced to pick,how much these invariants are associated with a network graph in interconnection networks of various fields of computer science,physics,and chemistry.In this paper,the study talks about sudoku networks will be networks of fractal nature having some applications in computer science like sudoku puzzle game,intelligent systems,Local area network(LAN)development and parallel processors interconnections,music composition creation,physics like power generation interconnections,Photovoltaic(PV)cells and chemistry,synthesis of chemical compounds.These networks are generally utilized in disorder,fractals,recursive groupings,and complex frameworks.Our outcomes are the normal speculations of currently accessible outcomes for specific classes of such kinds of networks of two unmistakable sorts with two invariants K-banhatti sombor(KBSO)invariants,Irregularity sombor(ISO)index,Contraharmonic-quadratic invariants(CQIs)and dharwad invariants with their reduced forms.The study solved the Sudoku network used in mentioned systems to improve the performance and find irregularities present in them.The calculated outcomes can be utilized for the modeling,scalability,introduction of new architectures of sudoku puzzle games,intelligent systems,PV cells,interconnection networks,chemical compounds,and extremely huge scope in very large-scale integrated circuits(VLSI)of processors.

Organic Photovoltaic Cells with Improved Performance Using Bathophenanthroline as a Buffer Layer

The role of bathophenanthroline （Bphen） as a buffer layer inserted between fullerene （C60） and Ag cathode in organic photovoltaic （OPV） cell was discussed. By introducing Bphen as a buffer layer with thicknes from 0 to 2.5 nm, the power conversion efficiency of the OPV cell based on copper phthalocyanine （CuPc） and C60 was increased from 0.87% to 2.25% under AM 1.5 solar illumination at an intensity of 100 mW/cm^2, which was higher than that of bathocuproine used as a buffer layer. The photocurrent-voltage characteristics showed that Bphen effectively improves electron transport through C60 layer into Ag electrode and leads to balance charge carrier transport capability. The influence of Bphen thickness on OPV cells was also investigated. Furthermore, the absorption spectrum shows that an additional Bphen layer enhances the light harvest capability of CuPc/C60.

Photovoltaic Cells and Modules towards Terawatt Era

Progresses in photovoltaic technologies over the past years are evident from the lower costs, the rising efficiency, to the great improvements in system reliability and yield. Cumulative installed power yearly growths were on an average more than 40% in the period from 2007 to 2016 and in 2016, the global cumulative photovoltaic power installed has reached 320 GWp. The level 0.5 TWp could be reached before 2020. The production processes in the solar industry still have great potential for optimization both wafer based and thin film technologies. Trends following from the present technology levels are discussed, also taking into account other parts of photovoltaic systems that influence the cost of electrical energy produced. Present developments in the three generations of photovoltaic modules are discussed along with the criteria for the selection of appropriate photovoltaic module manufacturing technologies. The wafer based crystalline silicon(csilicon) technologies have the role of workhorse of present photovoltaic power generation, representing more than 90% of total module production. Further technology improvements have to be implemented without significantly increasing costs per unit, despite the necessarily more complex manufacturing processes involved. The tandem of c-silicon and thin film cells is very promising. Durability may be a limiting factor of this technology due to the dependence of the produced electricity cost on the module service time.

Patterning of Poly（3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene）： Poly（Styrenesulfonate） Films via the Rubbing Method in Organic Photovoltaic Cells

OPV （Organic photovoltaic） cells represent a compelling candidate for renewable energy by solar energy conversion. In recent years, versatile light-trapping measures via structures have been intensively explored to optimize photovoltaic performance. In this work, a unique rubbing technique is demonstrated to create nanoscale grooves on the PEDOT：PSS [poly（3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene）： poly（styrenesulfonate）] surface and the grating-like features are 500 nm wide and 10 nm deep. The PEDOT：PSS film with grooved surface is used as buffer layers for OPV cell devices based on a P3HT：PCBM bulk heterojunction. The patterned surface has a profound effect on carrier mobility, light trapping, and hole collection efficiency, leading to an increase in the short circuit density, filling factor, and power conversion efficiency. These results indicate the feasibility of the rubbing method can be applicable to high-efficiency OPV cells.

The Effect of Energy Levels of the Electron Acceptor Materials on Organic Photovoltaic Cells

Organic photovoltaic cells have been fabricated using copper phthalocyanine CuPc as electron donor and C60 or PCBM as electron acceptor. We have investigated the I-V measurements of two different structures: ITO/PEDOT: PSS/(CuPc:C60 or CuPc:PCBM)/BCP/Al. We have observed that the substitution of PCBM by C60 scales up the photocurrent and the efficiency of the devices. As for the open-circuit voltage and the fill factor, we have seen that Voc and FF depend on the energy difference between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of CuPc and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO)of C60 or PCBM.

Enhancing The Efficiency of White Organic Light-emitting Diode Using Energy Recyclable Photovoltaic Cells

We demonstrate that power recycling is feasible by using a semi-transparent stripped Al electrode as interconnecting layer to merge a white organic light-emitting devices(WOLED) and an organic photovoltaic(OPV) cell.The device is called a PVOLED.It has a glass / ITO / CuPc / m-MTDATA ∶ V 2 O 5 / NPB / CBP ∶ FIrpic ∶ DCJTB / BPhen / LiF / Al / P3HT∶ PCBM / V 2 O 5 / Al structure.The power recycling efficiency of 10.133% is achieved under the WOLED of PVOLED operated at 9 V and at a brightness of 2 110 cd / m 2,when the conversion efficiency of OPV is 2.3%.We have found that the power recycling efficiency is decreased under high brightness and high applied voltage due to an increase input power of WOLED.High efficiency(18.3 cd / A) and high contrast ratio(9.3) were obtained at the device operated at 2 500 cd / m 2 under an ambient illumination of 24 000 lx.Reasonable white light emission with Commission Internationale De L'Eclairage(CIE) color coordinates of(0.32,0.44) at 20 mA / cm 2 and slight color shift occurred in spite of a high current density of 50 mA / cm 2.The proposed PVOLED is highly promising for use in outdoors display applications.

GeSn(0.524 eV)single-junction thermophotovoltaic cells based on the device transport model

Based on the transport equation of the semiconductor device model for 0.524 e V Ge Sn alloy and the experimental parameters of the material,the thermal-electricity conversion performance governed by a Ge Sn diode has been systematically studied in its normal and inverted structures.For the normal p^(+)/n(n^(+)/p)structure,it is demonstrated here that an optimal base doping N_(d(a))=3(7)×10^(18)cm^(-3) is observed,and the superior p^(+)/n structure can achieve a higher performance.To reduce material consumption,an economical active layer can comprise a 100 nm-300 nm emitter and a 3μm-6μm base to attain comparable performance to that for the optimal configuration.Our results offer many useful guidelines for the fabrication of economical Ge Sn thermophotovoltaic devices.

Organic photovoltaic cells with copper(Ⅱ) tetra-methyl substituted phthalocyanine

Efficient heterojunction organic photovoltaic （OPV） cells are fabricated based on copper tetra-methyl phthalocyanine （CuMePc） as donor and fullerene （C60） as acceptor. The power conversion efficiency of CuMePc/C60 OPV cell （2.52%） is increased by 88% compared with that of the non-peripheral substituted copper phthalocyanine （CuPc）/C60 OPV cell （1.34%）. The introduction of methyl substituent leads to stronger π–π interaction of CuMePc （～ 3.5 ？） than that of CuPc （～ 3.8 ？）. The efficiency improvement is attributed to the enhanced carrier mobility of CuMePc thin film （1.1×10-3 cm2/V·s） and better film morphology by introducing methyl groups into the periphery of CuPc molecule.

Organic Film Photovoltaic Cells with Gadolinium Complex as an Electron Acceptor

A series of organic photovoltaic (PV) cells in which the electron acceptor and donor are gadolinium (dibenzoylmethanato)_3(bathophenanthroline) [Gd(DBM)_3bath] and N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1′-diphenyl-4,4′-diamine [TPD], respectively, were fabricated. Although TPD acts as an active layer in the bilayered cells, insertion of a Gd-complex film between TPD and the alloy cathode is necessary for efficient carrier photogeneration. Open-circuit voltage of 3.2 V was obtained due to efficient exciton dissociation near the interface between Gd(DBM)_3bath and TPD. By incorporating an ultrathin mixed layer of Gd-complex and TPD, external quantum efficiency is improved significantly. Photovoltaic performance of the devices has a common origin, exciplex formation, which results in broadband emission during both photoluminescent and the electroluminescent processes.

Detailed analysis of ultrathin fluorescent red dye interlayer for organic photovoltaic cells

The influence of an ultrathin 4-（dicyanomethylene）-2-t-butyl-6-（1,1,7,7-tetramethyljulolidyl-9-enyl）-4H-pyran （DCJTB） fluorescent dye layer at donor/acceptor heterojunction on the performance of small-molecule organic photovoltaic （OPV） cell is studied. The structure of OPV cell is of indium-tin oxide （ITO）/copper phthalocyanine （CuPc）/DCJTB/fullerene （C60）/bathophenantbroline （Bphen）/Ag. The results show that open circuit voltage （Voc） increases to 0.57 V as the film thickness of DCJTB layer increases from 0.2 to 2.0 nm. By using an equivalent circuit model, the enhancement of VOC is found to be attributed to the reduced reverse saturation current density （Js） which is due to the lower highest occupied molecular orbital （HOMO） level in DCJTB than that in CuPc. Also, the short circuit current density （JSC） is affected when the DCJTB layer becomes thicker, resulting from the high series resistance RsA due to the low charge carrier mobility of fluorescent red dye.

Photocurrent analysis of organic photovoltaic cells based on CuPc/C_(60) with Alq_3 as a buffer layer

The performance of an organic photovoltaic （OPV） cell based on copper phthatocyanine CuPc/C60 with a tris- （8-hydroxyquinolinato） aluminum （Alq3） buffer layer has been investigated. It was found that the power conversion efficiency of the device was 1.51% under illumination with an intensity of 100 mW/cm^2, which was limited by a squareroot dependence of the photocurrent on voltage. The photocurrent optical power density characteristics showed that the OPV cell had a significant space-charge limited photocurrent with a varied saturation voltage and a three quarters power dependence on optical power density. Also, the absorption spectrum was measured by a spectrophotometer, and the results showed that the additional Alq3 layer has a minor effect on photocurrent generation.

Effect of Self-Assembled Monolayers on the Performance of Organic Photovoltaic Cells

The improvement of the performance of organic photovoltaic cells (OPVCs) and the photogeneration process in these devices may occur via multiple mechanisms depending on their structure and/or architecture. For this purpose we investigate how self-assembled monolayers of thiol molecules (C12H25SH and 3T(CH2)6SH) and benzoic acid molecules (ABA and NBA) affect the efficiency and the photogeneration of free carriers in a sexithiophene based photovoltaic cells. Firstly, we provide the results of absorption spectra for samples with SAM of thiol that show there effect on orientation of 6T molecules on these structures and the organization degree of the thiol molecules on ITO substrate. Afterward, we describe from current vs. applied voltage after illumination, the enhancement of the performance of these cells. In the second, we study the effect of SAM of benzoic acids molecules on the photovoltaic behavior. A theoretical model is used for quantitative description of the open circuit voltage as a function of carrier’s generation rates at the electrodes. The results of I-V characterization under illumination show that open circuit voltage as well as short circuit current is dramatically affected by the dipolar layer. The orientation and the magnitude of dipole moment of benzoic acid molecules are the crucial factors that affect the organic photovoltaic parameters.

Manipulating Film Formation Kinetics Enables Organic Photovoltaic Cells with 19.5%Efficiency

Organic photovoltaic(OPV)cells have demonstrated remarkable performance in small,spin-coated areas.Nevertheless significant challenges persist in the form of large efficiency losses due to the fact that the ideal morphology cannot be preserved in the transition of small-area cells to large-scale panels.Herein,the ternary strategy of incorporating the third component FTCC-Br into the active layer of PB2:BTP-eC9 is employed to improve absorption response,optimize morphology,and reduce charge recombination,leading to a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 19.5%(certified as 19.1%by the National Institute of Metrology,China).Moreover,the addition of FTCC-Br can control the aggregation kinetics of the active layer during the film formation process,transferring the optimal morphology to the blade-coated large-area films.Based on the highly efficient ternary bulk heterojunction,the 50 cm^(2) OPVmodules exhibited a PCE of 15.2%with respect to the active area.Importantly,the ternary OPV cells retain 80%of its initial PCE after 4000 h under continuous illumination.Our work demonstrates that the addition of a third component has the potential to improve the efficiency and stability of large-area organic solar cells.

Naphthalene diimide-based cathode interlayer material enables 20.2%efficiency in organic photovoltaic cells

Cathode interlayer(CIL)materials play an important role in improving the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of organic photovoltaic(OPV)cells.However,the current understanding of the structure-property relationship in CIL materials is limited,and systematic studies in this regard are scarce.Here,two new CIL materials,NDI-PhC4 and NDI-Ph C6 were synthesized by varying the alkylamine chain length on the NDI-Ph core.Our investigation reveals a systematic variation in the physical and chemical properties of these materials with increasing alkylamine chain length.Specifically,we observe a sequential decrease in melting point and self-doping effect,accompanied by an enhancement in crystallinity.Among these CIL materials,NDI-PhC4 has a notable balance across various performance metrics.It also exhibits excellent surface modification capabilities,leading to a low surface roughness.Consequently,OPV cells based on NDI-PhC4 achieve a PCE of 20.2%,which is one of the highest reported efficiencies for OPV cells.In addition,the appropriate melting point of NDI-PhC4 contributes to the excellent stability of OPV cells.

Optical engineering of infrared PbS CQD photovoltaic cells for wireless optical power transfer systems

Infrared photovoltaic cells(IRPCs)have attracted considerable attention for potential applications in wireless optical power transfer(WOPT)systems.As an efcient fber-integrated WOPT system typically uses a 1550 nm laser beam,it is essential to tune the peak conversion efciency of IRPCs to this wavelength.However,IRPCs based on lead sulfde(PbS)colloidal quantum dots(CQDs)with an excitonic peak of 1550 nm exhibit low short circuit current(Jsc)due to insufcient absorption under monochromatic light illumination.Here,we propose comprehensive optical engineering to optimize the device structure of IRPCs based on PbS CQDs,for 1550 nm WOPT systems.The absorption by the device is enhanced by improving the transmittance of tin-doped indium oxide(ITO)in the infrared region and by utilizing the optical resonance efect in the device.Therefore,the optimized device exhibited a high short circuit current density of 37.65 mA/cm^(2)under 1 sun(AM 1.5G)solar illumination and 11.91 mA/cm^(2)under 1550 nm illumination 17.3 mW/cm^(2).Furthermore,the champion device achieved a record high power conversion efciency(PCE)of 7.17%under 1 sun illumination and 10.29%under 1550 nm illumination.The PbS CQDs IRPCs under 1550 nm illumination can even light up a liquid crystal display(LCD),demonstrating application prospects in the future.

An Efficient YOLOX-Based Method for Photovoltaic Cell Defect Detection

Defect detection technology is crucial for the efficient operation and maintenance of photovoltaic systems.However,the diversity of defect types,scale inconsistencies,and background interference significantly complicate the detection task.Therefore,this paper employs the YOLOX model as the backbone network structure and optimizes various modules to address these issues.First,we adopt a transfer learning strategy to accelerate model convergence and avoid insufficient accuracy due to the limited number of defect samples.Second,we introduce the SENet module into the feature extraction process to enhance the contrast between defects and their background.Then,we incorporate the ASFF strategy at the end of the PAFPN network to adaptively learn and emphasize both high-and low-level semantic features of defects.Furthermore,model accuracy is enhanced by refining the loss functions for positioning,classification,and confidence.Finally,the proposed method achieved excellent results on the Photovoltaic Electroluminescence Anomaly Detection dataset(PVEL-AD),with a mAP of 96.7%and a detection speed of 71.47FPS.Specifically,the detection of small target defects showed significant improvement.

Efficiency enhancement in DIBSQ：PC71BM organic photovoltaic cells by using Liq-doped Bphen as a cathode buffer layer

We have improved the photovoltaic performance of 2,4-bis[4-（N,N- diisobutylamino）-2,6-dihydroxyphenyl] squaraine：[6,6]-phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester （DIBSQ：PC71BM） organic photovoltaic （OPV） cells via incorporating Liq-doped Bphen （Bphen-Liq） as a cathode buffer layer （CBL）. Based on the Bphen-Liq CBL, a DIBSQ：PC71BM OPV cell possessed an optimal power conversion efficiency of 4.90%, which was 13% and 60% higher than those of the devices with neat Bphen as CBL and without CBL, respectively. The enhancement of the device performance could be attributed to the enhanced electron mobility and improved electrode/active layer contact and thus the improved photocurrent extraction by incorporating the Bphen-Liq CBL. Light-intensity dependent device performance analysis indicates that the incorporating of the Bphen-Liq CBL can remarkably improve the charge transport of the DIBSQ：PC71BM OPV cell and thus decrease the recombination losses of the device, resulting in enhanced device performance. Our finding indicates that the doped Bphen-Liq CBL has great potential for high-performance solution-processed small-molecule OPVs.

100 cm^(2) Organic Photovoltaic Cells with 23%Efficiency under Indoor Illumination

The application of organic photovoltaic(OPV)cells to drive off-grid microelectronic devices under indoor light has attracted broad attention.As organic semiconductors intrinsically have less ordered intermolecular packing than inorganic materials,the relatively larger energetic disorder is one of the main results that limit the photovoltaic efficiency of the OPV cells at low carrier density.Here,we optimize the alkyl chains of non-fullerene acceptors to get suppressed energetic disorder.We find the optimal acceptor DTz-R1 with the shortest alkyl chain has the strongest crystalline property and lowest energetic disorder.As a result,over 26%efficiency is recorded for the 1 cm^(2) OPV cells under a light-emitting diode illumination of 500 lux.We also fabricate a 100 cm^(2) cell device and get a PCE of 23.0%,which is an outstanding value for large-area OPV cells.These results suggest that modulation of the energetic disorder is of great importance for further improving the efficiency of OPV cells,especially for indoor applications.

Interface energetics and engineering of organic heterostructures in organic photovoltaic cells

The reliable information about interface energetics of organic materials, especially the energy level alignment at organic heterostructures is of pronounced importance for unraveling the photon harvesting and charge separation process in organic photovoltaic(OPV) cells. This article provides an overview of interface energetics at typical planar and mixed donor-acceptor heterostructures, perovskite/organic hybrid interfaces, and their contact interfaces with charge collection layers. The substrate effect on energy level offsets at organic heterostructures and the processes that control and limit the OPV operation are presented. Recent efforts on interface engineering with electrical doping are also discussed.

Efficiency Improvement of Heterojunction Polymer Photovoltaic Cells through Controlling the Morphology of the Polymer Film

1 Results Polymer photovoltaic cells, which provide clean and renewable energy sources, have gained more and more attention. Polymer photovoltaic cells have the advantage of low fabrication cost and high mechanical flexibility. Polymers can be processed through a solution process, so that a homogeneous polymer film could be readily prepared in a large area. Recently, the light-to-electricity conversion efficiency of the polymer photovoltaic cells was improved significantly[1-2]. Polymer donor and organi...