Physiological Effects of Iron Deficiency on Pyrus pashia Buch-Ham

Pyrus pashia Buch-Ham, a wild specie was used to investigate the physiological effects of iron deficiency in culture solution. The result showed that Chla, Chlb, total chlorophyll content and photosynthesis rate(Pn) decreased sharply, and the decrease of Pn was prior to that of Chl content under the iron deficiency. The iron deficiency symptoms were visible when the iron concentration in culture medium was less than 25 μmol L-1. Peroxidase(POD) and catalase(CAT) activity in iron-deficient leaves declined significantly, and POD was more sensitive than CAT to Fe deficiency. However, the positive correlation between CAT activity and Chl content was more significant than that between POD activity and Chl content. The content of nutrient elements in Fe-deficient leaves, which changed irregularly, were higher than that in normal leaves. There were a most significant positive correlation between active Fe and Chl content, and between active Fe and Pn respectively. Therefore, active Fe could be useful physiological predicting index for diagnosis.

Physiological Effects of Rare Earths on Black Currant Plants

Various concentrations of ''Nongle'' rare earth were applied on 'Xinbin'' cultivar of black currant plants. The results indicated that leaf chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, photon flux density and leaf transpiration rate of black currant plants were influenced significantly by rare earth applied on leaves. Foliage application of 300 to 800 mg/L rare earth two times in the growing season was better than those applied once.

Effects of Microgravity on Human Physiology and Ground-Based Models for Space Physiological Studies

With the development of manned spaceflight, more and more researches are involved in the area of gravitation physiology. When astronauts are exposed to microgravity, a series of special physiological or pathological changes will occur, which will start self-regulation mechanisms to reduce abnormalities and help the organism to better adapt to microgravity. However, these adaptive changes may also induce degradation or damage to physiological functions. This paper summarizes the physiological effects of microgravity on the human body from the aspects of skeletal and mineral metabolism, muscle structure and function, vestibular functions, cardiovascular function and pulmonary function, as well as expounds some commonly used ground-based space analogies. The paper will provide a reference for further study on the physiological effects of microgravity.

Effect of Different Kinds of Growth-promoting Rhizobacteria on Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Medicago sative Linn. Seedlings under the Stress of Na_2CO_3

[Objective] The study aimed to explore the influences of Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria（PGPR）on salt tolerance and physiological effect of seedlings of Medicago sative L.[Method] Three different kinds of growth-promoting rhizobacteria solutions were used to spray on M.sative seedlings and the influences of different kinds of growth-promoting rhizobacteria on physiological and biochemical characteristics of M.sative seedlings under 75 mmol/L of Na2CO3 were studied.[Results] Compared with the control group,the chlorophyll,free proline,soluble sugar and soluble protein content of M.sative seedlings treated with different kinds of growth-promoting rhizobacteria were increased,while the effect of CS3 treatment was the best.[Conclusion] The growth-promoting rhizobacteria could promote growth and development of M.sative as well as increased its resistance.

Physiological characteristics and commercial application of edible mushroom dietary fiber

Edible mushrooms are considered as healthy food because they are low in calories and fat but rich in proteins minerals and dietary fiber(DF). Edible mushrooms are recognized as new potential resource of DF since the components of edible mushroom dietary fiber(EMDF) have shown special physiological and pharmacological effects on human and animals. In this article,the soluble and insoluble fractions of DF in different edible mushroom species have been evaluated. Biological effects of EMDF are related to promoting desired responses,for example,reducing blood cholesterol,protecting cells from free radicals attack by antioxidative effects,attenuating levels and fluctuations of blood glucose and selectively supporting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria. The EMDF plays an important role in reducing risk of cardiovascular diseases,diabetes mellitus and intestinal diseases. The non-starch polysaccharides(NSP),a kind of EMDF,is the best known and most potent mushroom-derived substances with antitumor and immunomodulatory properties. EMDF has also been reported to take part in the control of body weight,lipid homeostasis and insulin sensitivity due to its effect on specific chemical structures and physical properties. Many pharmaceutical substances with potent and unique health- enhancing properties were isolated recently from edible mushrooms and distributed worldwide. Mushroom-based dietary supplements(DSs) with potential therapeutic effects are produced from the mycelia or the fruiting bodies of mushrooms,and are consumed in the forms of capsules,tablets,or extracts. The EMDF, based on its special physiological functions on human health,shows a wide range of potential application prospects.

Physiological Effect of New FA Antitranspirant Application on Maize

The field trial was conducted to study physiological effect of new FA antitranspirant on maize. The new FA antitranspirant was sprayed at 10 d pre-tasseling, ear filling stage and 10 d pre-tasseling + ear filling stage, with the concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 ml L-1. The results indicated that the application of new FA antitranspirant increased nitrate reductase activity(NRA), free proline content, chlorophyll content and water content of leaf, thus drought stress can be mitigated. The new FA antitranspirant increased photosynthesis rate and reduced transpiration rate, stimulated growth and reduced water loss. 10 d pre-tasseling + ear filling stage application had a cumulative effect on the indices compared with 10 d pre-tasseling and ear filling stage, except for NRA. The new FA antitranspirant caused an increase of grain yield by 5.37 to 29. 58% with different treatments. The optimal concentration is 1. 5 ml L-1, i. e. 75 g new FA antitranspirant dissolved in 50 kg water, and the optimal apply period is 10 d pre-tasseling + ear filling stage.

Physiological Effect of New FA Antitranspirant Application on Winter Wheat at Ear Filling Stage

The physiological effect of new FA antitranspirant on winter wheat was studied by field trial. The new FA antitranspirant was sprayed at ear filling stage, using the following concentrations： 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mL L^-1. The results indicated that new FA antitranspirant increased nitrate reductase activity （NRA）, free proline content, chlorophyll content and water content of leaf, thus drought stress can be mitigated. The new FA antitranspirant increased photosynthesis, enlarged stomatal conductance and reduced transpiration rate, thus led to growth stimulation and water loss reduction. New FA antitranspirant caused an increase of grain yield by 7.2%, under the optimal concentration 1.5 mL L^-1.

Nutrients Deficiency and Excess Phenomena of Cut Rose and Their Physiological Significances

On the basis of a brief introduction of essential major dements and trace dements for cut rose, the physiological effect and deficiency and excess phenomena of major elements including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, sulfur and trace dements including zinc, molybdenum, boron, iron, manganese, copper were mainly described; the main factors influencing nutrients absorption of cut rose were summarized, in order to provide a reference for the reasonable fertilization of cut rese.

Physiological and pharmacological functions of G protein coupled receptor 124:A review

G protein-coupled receptors(GPCRs)are the largest protein superfamily in the body,expressed in various tissues and organs,and are currently one of the most important clinical drug targets.Recently,a class of GPCRs without endogenous ligands(orphan GPCRs)have been discovered.They exhibit different physiological functions in the body and act extensively on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems.Among them,G protein-coupled receptor 124(GPR124)is an orphaned member of the G protein coupled receptor adhesion family that has attracted much attention.It plays a key role in promoting cerebral angiogenesis and maintaining the stability of the blood-brain barrier.It also associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as cerebral ischemia and atherosclerosis.However,the role of GPR124 in these diseases,the associated signaling pathways,and possible drug intervention targets are still unclear.This article summarizes the physiological effects,pharmacological effects and related signal pathways of GPR124 published in the field of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases published in recent years,in order to provide a reference for the study of the role of GPR124 in the occurrence and development of diseases.

Research Progress of Selenium-enriched Agricultural Crops and Horticultural Crops in China

Selenium（Se） is one of the essential trace elements required by humans and animals. It will cause diseases for humans and animals when Se is excessive or lack in the environment.The research status of selenium-enriched agricultural crops and selenium-enriched horticultural crops, functional mechanism and application status of selenium, and the latest progress in the study of selenium enrichment were summarized in this paper.

Recent advances on N-acetylneuraminic acid:Physiological roles,applications,and biosynthesis

N-Acetylneuraminic acid(Neu5Ac),the most common type of Sia,generally acts as the terminal sugar in cell surface glycans,glycoconjugates,oligosaccharides,lipo-oligosaccharides,and polysaccharides,thus exerting numerous physiological functions.The extensive applications of Neu5Ac in the food,cosmetic,and pharmaceutical industries make large-scale production of this chemical desirable.Biosynthesis which is associated with important application potential and environmental friendliness has become an indispensable approach for large-scale synthesis of Neu5Ac.In this review,the physiological roles of Neu5Ac was first summarized in detail.Second,the safety evaluation,regulatory status,and applications of Neu5Ac were discussed.Third,enzyme-catalyzed preparation,whole-cell biocatalysis,and microbial de novo synthesis of Neu5Ac were comprehensively reviewed.In addition,we discussed the main challenges of Neu5Ac de novo biosynthesis,such as screening and engineering of key enzymes,identifying exporters of intermediates and Neu5Ac,and balancing cell growth and biosynthesis.The corresponding strategies and systematic strategies were proposed to overcome these challenges and facilitate Neu5Ac industrial-scale production.

The effect of dehydration on plant regeneration and some physiology characters in rice calli

The plant regeneration frequencies of ealli fromplant tissue and cell culture,especially that of thecalli from rice tissue culture and rice anther cul-ture,and that of the foreign-DNA-transfor-mation-derived rice calli is very low(usually 10-15%).It is therefor very important to improve theplant regeneration frequency of rice calli.A1-

Physiological Effect on Hylocereus undulatus and Hylocereus undatus under Simulated Karst Soil Water Deficiency

Dragon fruit （Hylocereus undulates） was planted in a large area of karst region in recent years. To understand whether karst drought may impact on its physiological process is important and useful for planning and management of this fruit. In this study, we contrasted with a relative species Hylocereus undatus, and set up experiment to study physiological and biochemical trait and its response to different karst soil water level deficiency, so as to understand the mechanism of H. undulates and H. undatus in adaptation to karst drought condition. The results showed that, trends of physiological and biochemical response to drought was similar between two species. With the intensive of soil water deficiency, such toxin substance as malonaldehyde （MDA） increased, but meanwhile, two protective enzymes superoxide dismutase （SOD） and peroxidases （POD） and osmotic adjustment Proline （Pro） increase as well. Under relative water content （RWC） 〉50% condition, the enzyme can effectively protect the cells from toxin MDA injure, and Pro can also maintain the water needs through osmotic adjustment. However, under RWC 〈 40% condition, protective enzymes were not enough for cleaning MDA. Biomass was largest under RWC=70%-80%, with low root shoot ratio and high aboveground biomass. Biomass significantly decreased under RWC 30%-40%, which decline by 73.28% and 73.56% in H. undulates and H. undatus respectively. Therefore, RWC=70%-80% would be an optimal soil moisture while developing dragon fruit in karst, which is favor to fruit production. Under moderate drought e.g. RWC=50%-60%, plants may regulate by metabolic process and balance unfavorable substance, but it allocated much more biomass to root, reduced the aboveground biomass, which is not advance for fruit production.

Eccentric training with a powered rowing machine

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of eccentric workloads generated by a powered rowing machine on the cardiorespiratory,cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems.It was hypothesized that beneficial physiological effects would result by training with high eccentric workloads.Conventional rowing machines are utilized for performance improvements through concentric workloads alone;however for this research,a conventional machine was modified with an electric motor and an advanced control system to allow the machine to also include eccentric capabilities.The ability to combine concentric and eccentric actions in any exercise has the potential to improve training effectiveness.The study followed an experimental design,exposing ten subjects(5 male,5 female)to multiple eccentric workloads generated by the powered rowing machine.Each subject participated in two 12-min exercise trials corresponding to full body row(FBR)and low body row(LBR).Each of these trials included four 3-min stages that gradually increased the eccentric workload.Increased eccentric muscle contractions and metabolic cost were confirmed in the experiments.The results on oxygen consumption reveal a significant increase between stages 1 and 2 for both exercises(FBR p=0.0001 and LBR p=0.004)with no significant increases between the remaining stages.Results on heart rate reveal a significantly increase with each stage for both exercises(p=<0.05).Results on muscle activation also reveal an overall increase for all muscle groups as eccentric workload is increased.