The U.S.Defense "Iron Triangle" in Policy-Making Process

Over the years the defense industry has become a de facto participant in the policy-making process. As in other areas dominated by big business interests, a policy sub-government of "iron triangle" has emerged. In the view of some American scholars, such an "iron triangle" as a political relationship that brings together .

SOME PROBLEMS CONCERNING THE CURRENT S&T POLICY-MAKING

Ⅰ. RELEVANT CONCEPTS TO BE CLARIFIED When we talk about S&T policies, there are two concepts involved in the policy-making: one is S&T expenditure and the other is R&D input. The implications of the two are quite different. The former refers to all funds spent on S&T activities and the latter means the total expense used for a given project of systematic innovation. According

China's Macro Policy-Making in the 1980's and 1990's:An Attempt to Understand China's Special Macro-Institutional Structures in Familiar IS/LM Terms

I. IntroductionBeginning in the early 1980’s short-run macro policy in China moved away from direct government control of household and enterprise spending via largely administrative decree to more indirect control of spending using conventional western monetary and fiscal policy instruments operating in an increasingly, although never completely, free and well-developed market setting. The initial theoretical basis for macro policy-making is best described as naive Monetarism, placing almost exclusive emphasis on monetary as opposed to

Expatiation on Small Towns : A Solid Foundation for the Research and Policy-Making of Small Towns in China

Expatiation on Small TownsAuthors:Zhao Hui et al.Year:2017Publisher:China Architecture and Building Press ISBN:9787112211036(285 pages,in Chinese)Expatiation on Small Towns concentrates on the four parts of smalltowns:people,life,economy,and space,the most crucial elementsthat can directly reflect the development of small towns in China.Itcan be said that this is an innovative research outcome on small townsin China over the years.

公共治理视野中的中国听证制度改革

文章从公共治理的理论视角分析公共决策过程中的听证制度在中国公共治理结构改革中的意义与地位。文章首先对于听证制度的功能定位与公共治理原则之间的关系进行了初步的理论探讨,而后对2002年1月中国国家铁路票价听证会的功能状况进行了实证评估,最后对于中国听证制度的问题及其原因进行了总体分析,并就如何完善听证制度,充分发挥其治理效应,提出了一些政策建议。

Current Status and Enhancement of Collaborative Research in the World:A Case Study of Osaka University

Purpose:The purpose of this research is to provide evidence for decision-makers to realize the potentials of collaborations between countries/regions via the scientometric analysis of co-authoring in academic publications.Design/methodology/approach:The approach is that Osaka University,which has set a strategy to become a global campus,is positioned to have a leading role to enhance such collaborations.This research measures co-authoring relations between Osaka University and other countries/regions to identify networks for fostering strong research collaborations.Findings:Five countries are identified as candidates for the future global campuses of Osaka University based on three factors,co-authoring relations,GDP growth,and population growth.Research limitations:The main limitation of this study is not being able to use the relations by the former positions of authors in Osaka University,because the data retrieved is limited by the query of the organization name at the first step.Practical implications:The significance of this work is to provide evidence for the university strategy to expand abroad based on the quantity and visualization of trends.Originality/value:With wider practical implementations,the approach of this research is useful in making a strategic roadmap for scientific organizations that intend to collaborate internationally.

Internationalization of Higher Education:A Critical Literature Review of the UK Outward Student Mobility

The outward student mobility has been recognized as an instrument for the internationalization of higher education(IHE)world-widely and in the UK.This paper intends to critically review the existing literature in order to identify the current trend and issues of the UK outward student mobility under the IHE.It points out that the focus of current international educational activities is attracting foreign/inward students out of the economic impetus in the UK.Consequently,the outward student mobility is given the less recognition than the inward one in the UK policy-making and researches,which could lead the imbalanced gains for UK-domiciled students.Thus,it suggests that both the UK government education sectors and institutions should more develop the outward student mobility;moreover,future researches could investigate more about outward students’personal development.

The Import Trade Forecasting Model Based on PCA: Evidence from Rwanda

A developing country like Rwanda heavily is keen on international trade for several essential goods in the development of an economy. This study investigated the influence of various factors affecting import trade, and use principal component analysis to determine an empirical model for a comprehensive analysis of the influencing factors of import trade of Rwanda using secondary data over the period from 1980-2017. The PCA model showed that Rwanda’s import trade is principally littered with investment fundamental factors, income consumption factors, price factors, inflation factors, and savings factors and the empirical results showed that Rwanda’s import trade is negatively correlated with the investment fundamental and savings factors, the income consumption factors, price factor, and the inflation are positively correlated and therefore the forecast for the period 2018-2025 revealed that the import trade of Rwanda may experience an increase. The implication is that unstable price and currency depreciation cause high income consumption and increased import trade volume. The study advises policy makers on international trade first to pay attention to the accumulation of investment and savings checking if providing support for import trade control and enhance economic security. Second, stabilize the price and manage to keep inflation low and stable. Third, better focus on improving domestic production by not permitting Rwandan currency (Frw) to lose the worth, thus directly forming the necessity for foreign merchandise for investment purposes to increase the level of production exportation, which might have a giant positive impact on saving culture linked to economic growth.

An overview of proven Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment tools for forests and forest-dependent communities across the globe：a literature analysis

Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment（VA） tools for forest ecosystems and forest-dependent communities are important for making decisions and understanding the impact of climate change on both social and natural systems.However,the tools are poorly coordinated,making it difficult for policymakers to carry out VAs properly.The aim of this study was to analyze VA literature worldwide to find representative case studies in terms of methods and tools applied and which have been successful in performing VAs on forests and forest-dependent communities.All successful VA studies analyzed had common characteristics such as significant funding,data availability and technical capacity.An additional characteristic was the development of an integrated approach that considered the vulnerability of both ecosystems and communities by combining qualitative and quantitative methods.Community members and relevant stakeholders were significantly involved in a participatory process that concluded with the identification of adaptation measures.The case studies also revealed how policymakers need to choose suitable methods and tools to undertake efficient assessment of vulnerabilities.They need to consider several aspects of the VA process such as subject matter,availability of resources,time and scale.

A Review of Tidal and Wave Energy in Southern Waters of Iran

This paper discussed the historical review and current status of tidal current energy,problems,and challenges in this energy commercialization.Fossil fuels are nonreplicable and also have negative greenhouse effects on the environment,so the world needs new and sustainable energy resources such as the ocean,wind,solar,biofuels,etc.This review paper focused on the initiative tidal current energy technology and efforts in the development of such energy to extract power from.Iran’s southern waters have been selected in this review.Some former projects and studies,current status,and impact of the tidal current and wave energy on the environment and aquatic life are discussed.Also,the limitations,challenges,and problems in the way of using this energy and infrastructure to transfer the generated power such as grid connections are proposed.It is decided that Chabahar,Bushehr,and Khowr-Moussa are the best locations for harnessing tides and wave energy.This study is among the first review of works done in the aspect of the tidal current energy in Iran and the results will help the investors,policymakers,companies,and researchers to have access to a comprehensive list of up-to-date studies and statistics to better understand the current situation to secure the projects in this field.