This paper analyzes a queue mode] of the polling system with limited service (K=1) in discrete time. By the imbedded Markov chain theory and the probability generating function method, the mean values of queue length ...This paper analyzes a queue mode] of the polling system with limited service (K=1) in discrete time. By the imbedded Markov chain theory and the probability generating function method, the mean values of queue length and message waiting time are explicitly obtained. Also, we give the simulation results. The results obtained by H. Tagai (1985) are revised.展开更多
We present a discrete time single-server two-level mixed service polling systems with two queue types, one center queue and N normal queues. Two-level means the center queue will be successive served after each normal...We present a discrete time single-server two-level mixed service polling systems with two queue types, one center queue and N normal queues. Two-level means the center queue will be successive served after each normal queue. In the first level, server visits between the center queue and the normal queue. In the second level, normal queues are polled by a cyclic order. Mixed service means the service discipline are exhaustive for center queue, and parallel 1-limited for normal queues. We propose an imbedded Markov chain framework to drive the closed-form expressions for the mean cycle time, mean queue length, and mean waiting time. Numerical examples demonstrate that theoretical and simulation results are identical the new system efficiently differentiates priorities.展开更多
In Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),polling can obviously improve the throughput and decrease average access delay by allocating bandwidth efficiently and reasonably.In this paper,a Dynamic Polling Media Access Control ...In Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),polling can obviously improve the throughput and decrease average access delay by allocating bandwidth efficiently and reasonably.In this paper,a Dynamic Polling Media Access Control (DPMAC) scheme designed according to WSNs' features is proposed.DPMAC is a priority based access control protocol with the characteristics that its polling table is dynamically refreshed depending on whether the sensor node is active and that the bandwidth is dynamically allocated according to the traffic types.The access priorities are determined by the emergency levels of events and the scheduler proposed in our MAC is preemptive based on the deadline of the events.Simulation results show that DPMAC can efficiently utilize bandwidth and decrease average access delay and response time for emergency events with different access priorities in WSNs.展开更多
Wi-Fi devices have limited battery life because of which conserving battery life is imperative. The 802.11 Wi-Fi standard provides power management feature that allows stations(STAs) to enter into sleep state to prese...Wi-Fi devices have limited battery life because of which conserving battery life is imperative. The 802.11 Wi-Fi standard provides power management feature that allows stations(STAs) to enter into sleep state to preserve energy without any frame losses. After the STA wakes up, it sends a null data or PS-Poll frame to retrieve frame(s) buffered by the access point(AP), if any during its sleep period. An attacker can launch a power save denial of service(PS-DoS) attack on the sleeping STA(s) by transmitting a spoofed null data or PS-Poll frame(s) to retrieve the buffered frame(s) of the sleeping STA(s) from the AP causing frame losses for the targeted STA(s). Current approaches to prevent or detect the PS-DoS attack require encryption,change in protocol or installation of proprietary hardware. These solutions suffer from expensive setup, maintenance, scalability and deployment issues. The PS-DoS attack does not differ in semantics or statistics under normal and attack circumstances.So signature and anomaly based intrusion detection system(IDS) are unfit to detect the PS-DoS attack. In this paper we propose a timed IDS based on real time discrete event system(RTDES) for detecting PS-DoS attack. The proposed DES based IDS overcomes the drawbacks of existing systems and detects the PS-DoS attack with high accuracy and detection rate. The correctness of the RTDES based IDS is proved by experimenting all possible attack scenarios.展开更多
There has been a significant interest of researchers to combine different schemes focused on optimizing energy performance while developing aMAC protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs).In this paper,we propose to ...There has been a significant interest of researchers to combine different schemes focused on optimizing energy performance while developing aMAC protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs).In this paper,we propose to integrate two cross-layer schemes:dynamic channel polling and packet concatenation using a recent asynchronous MAC protocol“Adaptive&Dynamic Polling MAC”(ADPMAC).ADP-MAC dynamically selects the polling interval distribution based on characterization of incoming traffic patterns using Coefficient of variation(CV).Packet Concatenation(PC)refers to combining the individually generated data packets into a single super packet and sending it at the polling instant.Also,the Block Acknowledgement(BA)scheme has been developed for ADP-MAC to work in conjunction with the packet concatenation.The proposed schemes have been implemented in Tiny-OS for Mica2 platform and Avrora emulator has been used for conducting experiments.Simulation results have revealed that the performance both in terms of energy&packet loss improves when ADP-MAC is used in conjunction with the additional features of PC&BA.Furthermore,the proposed scheme has been compared with a stateof-art packet concatenation primitive PiP(Packet-in-Packet).It has been observed that ADP-MAC supersedes the performance of PiP in terms of PDR(Packet Delivery Ratio)due to better management of synchronization between source and sink.展开更多
A solution is imperatively expected to meet the efficient contention resolution schemes for managing simultaneous access requests to the communication resources on the Network on Chip (NoC). Based on the ideas of conf...A solution is imperatively expected to meet the efficient contention resolution schemes for managing simultaneous access requests to the communication resources on the Network on Chip (NoC). Based on the ideas of conflict-free transmission, priority-based service, and dynamic self-adaptation to loading, this paper presents a novel scheduling algorithm for Medium Access Control (MAC) in NoC with the researches of the communication structure features of 2D mesh. The algorithm gives priority to guarantee the Quality of Service (QoS) for local input port as well as dynamic adjustment of the performance of the other ports along with input load change. The theoretical model of this algorithm is established with Markov chain and probability generating function. Mathematical analysis is made on the mean queue length and the mean inquiry cyclic time of the system. Simulated experiments are conducted to test the accuracy of the model. It turns out that the findings from theoretical analysis correspond well with those from simulated experiments. Further more, the analytical findings of the system performance demonstrate that the algorithm enables effectively strengthen the fairness and stability of data transmissions in NoC.展开更多
A novel mixed polling system with multiple stations is considered. Each station produces two classes of messages served with different disciplines. The real time message served with exhaustive service discipline and t...A novel mixed polling system with multiple stations is considered. Each station produces two classes of messages served with different disciplines. The real time message served with exhaustive service discipline and the unreal time message served with gated service discipline. Using an iterative method, the exact mean waiting times for both message classes are derived. The influence of the gate location of the message class served by the gated service discipline on the mean waiting time is also analyzed. The analytical results are verified with simulation method and agree well with simulation results.展开更多
Recently, applications of real-time polling service (rtPS) in IEEE 802.16 wireless networks have gained considerable popularity. These applications generate large amounts of real time traffic in the network and thus m...Recently, applications of real-time polling service (rtPS) in IEEE 802.16 wireless networks have gained considerable popularity. These applications generate large amounts of real time traffic in the network and thus maintaining the quality of service (QoS) such as packet delay requirement in rtPS dominant networks is critical. Existing dimensioning methodology does not consider QoS parameters of rtPS in network dimensioning. Moreover, exhaustive and time-consuming simulations are required to evaluate the performance and QoS of rtPS. To overcome this problem, we propose an improved radio network dimensioning framework which considers QoS parameters of rtPS in network dimensioning. In this framework, an analytical model is developed to evaluate the capacity and performance of rtPS in IEEE 802.16 wireless networks. The proposed framework provides a fast and accurate means of finding the trade-off between system load and packet delay, thus providing network operators with an analytical tool that jointly considers coverage, capacity and QoS requirements for obtaining the minimum number of sites required. The accuracy of the proposed model is validated through simulations.展开更多
The cultivation of sweet sorghum （sorghum bicolor） is still one of the new promising energy crops for bioethanol production nowadays. An opinion poll for the establishment of a bioethanol plant utilizing local resou...The cultivation of sweet sorghum （sorghum bicolor） is still one of the new promising energy crops for bioethanol production nowadays. An opinion poll for the establishment of a bioethanol plant utilizing local resources such as the cultivation of sweet sorghum and the zeolite deposits was held. Data were collected by heads of selected households of the Municipality of Trigono （Evros, Greece）. The simple random sampling was applied and a face-to-face interviewing and filling in of the forms of a questionnaire was conducted. It was estimated that some 44,778-55,971 acres of land should be cultivated with sweet sorghum for a satisfactory production of bioethanol in a bioethanol plant in the order of 120,000-150,000 tons/year. Furthermore, in this paper an optimum solution was estimated by using of the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox of Matlab （Intelligent system） which is formulated as follows ＂the bioethanol plant absorbing the sweet sorghum＇s production of a cultivating area of 46,600 acres and operating 12 hours/day would produce 125,000 tons of bioethanol annually＂. Such a vast area of land would offer occupation to a significant number of young farmers for the cultivation of sweet sorghum.展开更多
Resilient network infrastructure is pivotal for business entities that are growing reliance on the Internet.Distributed Denial-of-Service(DDOS)is a common network threat that collectively overwhelms and exhausts netwo...Resilient network infrastructure is pivotal for business entities that are growing reliance on the Internet.Distributed Denial-of-Service(DDOS)is a common network threat that collectively overwhelms and exhausts network resources using coordinated botnets to interrupt access to network services,devices,and resources.IDS is typically deployed to detect DDOS based on Snort rules.Although being fairly accurate,IDS operates on a computeintensive packet inspection technique and lacks rapidDDOSdetection.Meanwhile,SNMP is a comparably lightweight countermeasure for fast detection.However,this SNMP trigger is often circumvented if the DDOS burst rate is coordinated to flood the network smaller than theSNMPpolling rate.Besides,SNMP does not scale well if the poll rate is set extremely fine for improved detection accuracy.In this paper,a lightweight 3D SNMP scaling method is proposed to optimize the SNMP poll rate forDDOSmitigation automatically.The 3D-SNMP uses horizontal scaling to dynamically adjust the optimal poll rate through random packet inspection that is selective.Suppose a sign of DDOS is detected,3D-SNMP scales down the poll rate for finer detection.As DDOS subsides,3D-SNMP scales the poll rate up for faster DDOS detection.The equilibrium between scalability and accuracy is determined on the fly depending on the types of DDOS variants.3D-SNMP also adds a vertical scaling to detect non-salient DDOS that falls below the detection threshold.The experimental results showed that 3D-SNMP achieved DDOS detection of 92%while remaining scalable to different DDOS variants and volumes.展开更多
文摘This paper analyzes a queue mode] of the polling system with limited service (K=1) in discrete time. By the imbedded Markov chain theory and the probability generating function method, the mean values of queue length and message waiting time are explicitly obtained. Also, we give the simulation results. The results obtained by H. Tagai (1985) are revised.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61072079)Science Foundation of Yunnan Provincial Department (No. 2011Y117)
文摘We present a discrete time single-server two-level mixed service polling systems with two queue types, one center queue and N normal queues. Two-level means the center queue will be successive served after each normal queue. In the first level, server visits between the center queue and the normal queue. In the second level, normal queues are polled by a cyclic order. Mixed service means the service discipline are exhaustive for center queue, and parallel 1-limited for normal queues. We propose an imbedded Markov chain framework to drive the closed-form expressions for the mean cycle time, mean queue length, and mean waiting time. Numerical examples demonstrate that theoretical and simulation results are identical the new system efficiently differentiates priorities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants No.61172068,61003300the Key Program of NSFC Guangdong Union Foundation under Grant No.U0835004+2 种基金the National Grand Fundamental Research 973 Program of China under Grant No.A001200907the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No.K50511010003Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University under Grant No.NCET-11-0691
文摘In Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),polling can obviously improve the throughput and decrease average access delay by allocating bandwidth efficiently and reasonably.In this paper,a Dynamic Polling Media Access Control (DPMAC) scheme designed according to WSNs' features is proposed.DPMAC is a priority based access control protocol with the characteristics that its polling table is dynamically refreshed depending on whether the sensor node is active and that the bandwidth is dynamically allocated according to the traffic types.The access priorities are determined by the emergency levels of events and the scheduler proposed in our MAC is preemptive based on the deadline of the events.Simulation results show that DPMAC can efficiently utilize bandwidth and decrease average access delay and response time for emergency events with different access priorities in WSNs.
基金supported by TATA Consultancy Servies(TCS)Research Fellowship Program,India
文摘Wi-Fi devices have limited battery life because of which conserving battery life is imperative. The 802.11 Wi-Fi standard provides power management feature that allows stations(STAs) to enter into sleep state to preserve energy without any frame losses. After the STA wakes up, it sends a null data or PS-Poll frame to retrieve frame(s) buffered by the access point(AP), if any during its sleep period. An attacker can launch a power save denial of service(PS-DoS) attack on the sleeping STA(s) by transmitting a spoofed null data or PS-Poll frame(s) to retrieve the buffered frame(s) of the sleeping STA(s) from the AP causing frame losses for the targeted STA(s). Current approaches to prevent or detect the PS-DoS attack require encryption,change in protocol or installation of proprietary hardware. These solutions suffer from expensive setup, maintenance, scalability and deployment issues. The PS-DoS attack does not differ in semantics or statistics under normal and attack circumstances.So signature and anomaly based intrusion detection system(IDS) are unfit to detect the PS-DoS attack. In this paper we propose a timed IDS based on real time discrete event system(RTDES) for detecting PS-DoS attack. The proposed DES based IDS overcomes the drawbacks of existing systems and detects the PS-DoS attack with high accuracy and detection rate. The correctness of the RTDES based IDS is proved by experimenting all possible attack scenarios.
文摘There has been a significant interest of researchers to combine different schemes focused on optimizing energy performance while developing aMAC protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs).In this paper,we propose to integrate two cross-layer schemes:dynamic channel polling and packet concatenation using a recent asynchronous MAC protocol“Adaptive&Dynamic Polling MAC”(ADPMAC).ADP-MAC dynamically selects the polling interval distribution based on characterization of incoming traffic patterns using Coefficient of variation(CV).Packet Concatenation(PC)refers to combining the individually generated data packets into a single super packet and sending it at the polling instant.Also,the Block Acknowledgement(BA)scheme has been developed for ADP-MAC to work in conjunction with the packet concatenation.The proposed schemes have been implemented in Tiny-OS for Mica2 platform and Avrora emulator has been used for conducting experiments.Simulation results have revealed that the performance both in terms of energy&packet loss improves when ADP-MAC is used in conjunction with the additional features of PC&BA.Furthermore,the proposed scheme has been compared with a stateof-art packet concatenation primitive PiP(Packet-in-Packet).It has been observed that ADP-MAC supersedes the performance of PiP in terms of PDR(Packet Delivery Ratio)due to better management of synchronization between source and sink.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61072079)
文摘A solution is imperatively expected to meet the efficient contention resolution schemes for managing simultaneous access requests to the communication resources on the Network on Chip (NoC). Based on the ideas of conflict-free transmission, priority-based service, and dynamic self-adaptation to loading, this paper presents a novel scheduling algorithm for Medium Access Control (MAC) in NoC with the researches of the communication structure features of 2D mesh. The algorithm gives priority to guarantee the Quality of Service (QoS) for local input port as well as dynamic adjustment of the performance of the other ports along with input load change. The theoretical model of this algorithm is established with Markov chain and probability generating function. Mathematical analysis is made on the mean queue length and the mean inquiry cyclic time of the system. Simulated experiments are conducted to test the accuracy of the model. It turns out that the findings from theoretical analysis correspond well with those from simulated experiments. Further more, the analytical findings of the system performance demonstrate that the algorithm enables effectively strengthen the fairness and stability of data transmissions in NoC.
基金Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No .60474031) the National"863"Program Project (2002AA412010-08)
文摘A novel mixed polling system with multiple stations is considered. Each station produces two classes of messages served with different disciplines. The real time message served with exhaustive service discipline and the unreal time message served with gated service discipline. Using an iterative method, the exact mean waiting times for both message classes are derived. The influence of the gate location of the message class served by the gated service discipline on the mean waiting time is also analyzed. The analytical results are verified with simulation method and agree well with simulation results.
文摘Recently, applications of real-time polling service (rtPS) in IEEE 802.16 wireless networks have gained considerable popularity. These applications generate large amounts of real time traffic in the network and thus maintaining the quality of service (QoS) such as packet delay requirement in rtPS dominant networks is critical. Existing dimensioning methodology does not consider QoS parameters of rtPS in network dimensioning. Moreover, exhaustive and time-consuming simulations are required to evaluate the performance and QoS of rtPS. To overcome this problem, we propose an improved radio network dimensioning framework which considers QoS parameters of rtPS in network dimensioning. In this framework, an analytical model is developed to evaluate the capacity and performance of rtPS in IEEE 802.16 wireless networks. The proposed framework provides a fast and accurate means of finding the trade-off between system load and packet delay, thus providing network operators with an analytical tool that jointly considers coverage, capacity and QoS requirements for obtaining the minimum number of sites required. The accuracy of the proposed model is validated through simulations.
文摘The cultivation of sweet sorghum （sorghum bicolor） is still one of the new promising energy crops for bioethanol production nowadays. An opinion poll for the establishment of a bioethanol plant utilizing local resources such as the cultivation of sweet sorghum and the zeolite deposits was held. Data were collected by heads of selected households of the Municipality of Trigono （Evros, Greece）. The simple random sampling was applied and a face-to-face interviewing and filling in of the forms of a questionnaire was conducted. It was estimated that some 44,778-55,971 acres of land should be cultivated with sweet sorghum for a satisfactory production of bioethanol in a bioethanol plant in the order of 120,000-150,000 tons/year. Furthermore, in this paper an optimum solution was estimated by using of the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox of Matlab （Intelligent system） which is formulated as follows ＂the bioethanol plant absorbing the sweet sorghum＇s production of a cultivating area of 46,600 acres and operating 12 hours/day would produce 125,000 tons of bioethanol annually＂. Such a vast area of land would offer occupation to a significant number of young farmers for the cultivation of sweet sorghum.
文摘Resilient network infrastructure is pivotal for business entities that are growing reliance on the Internet.Distributed Denial-of-Service(DDOS)is a common network threat that collectively overwhelms and exhausts network resources using coordinated botnets to interrupt access to network services,devices,and resources.IDS is typically deployed to detect DDOS based on Snort rules.Although being fairly accurate,IDS operates on a computeintensive packet inspection technique and lacks rapidDDOSdetection.Meanwhile,SNMP is a comparably lightweight countermeasure for fast detection.However,this SNMP trigger is often circumvented if the DDOS burst rate is coordinated to flood the network smaller than theSNMPpolling rate.Besides,SNMP does not scale well if the poll rate is set extremely fine for improved detection accuracy.In this paper,a lightweight 3D SNMP scaling method is proposed to optimize the SNMP poll rate forDDOSmitigation automatically.The 3D-SNMP uses horizontal scaling to dynamically adjust the optimal poll rate through random packet inspection that is selective.Suppose a sign of DDOS is detected,3D-SNMP scales down the poll rate for finer detection.As DDOS subsides,3D-SNMP scales the poll rate up for faster DDOS detection.The equilibrium between scalability and accuracy is determined on the fly depending on the types of DDOS variants.3D-SNMP also adds a vertical scaling to detect non-salient DDOS that falls below the detection threshold.The experimental results showed that 3D-SNMP achieved DDOS detection of 92%while remaining scalable to different DDOS variants and volumes.
