Optimizing Average Electric Power During the Charging of Lithium-Ion Batteries Through the Taguchi Method

In recent times, lithium-ion batteries have been widely used owing to their high energy density, extended cycle lifespan, and minimal self-discharge rate. The design of high-speed rechargeable lithium-ion batteries faces a significant challenge owing to the need to increase average electric power during charging. This challenge results from the direct influence of the power level on the rate of chemical reactions occurring in the battery electrodes. In this study, the Taguchi optimization method was used to enhance the average electric power during the charging process of lithium-ion batteries. The Taguchi technique is a statistical strategy that facilitates the systematic and efficient evaluation of numerous experimental variables. The proposed method involved varying seven input factors, including positive electrode thickness, positive electrode material, positive electrode active material volume fraction, negative electrode active material volume fraction, separator thickness, positive current collector thickness, and negative current collector thickness. Three levels were assigned to each control factor to identify the optimal conditions and maximize the average electric power during charging. Moreover, a variance assessment analysis was conducted to validate the results obtained from the Taguchi analysis. The results revealed that the Taguchi method was an eff ective approach for optimizing the average electric power during the charging of lithium-ion batteries. This indicates that the positive electrode material, followed by the separator thickness and the negative electrode active material volume fraction, was key factors significantly infl uencing the average electric power during the charging of lithium-ion batteries response. The identification of optimal conditions resulted in the improved performance of lithium-ion batteries, extending their potential in various applications. Particularly, lithium-ion batteries with average electric power of 16 W and 17 W during charging were designed and simulated in the range of 0-12000 s using COMSOL Multiphysics software. This study efficiently employs the Taguchi optimization technique to develop lithium-ion batteries capable of storing a predetermined average electric power during the charging phase. Therefore, this method enables the battery to achieve complete charging within a specific timeframe tailored to a specificapplication. The implementation of this method can save costs, time, and materials compared with other alternative methods, such as the trial-and-error approach.

PSO-DBNet for Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction Using Deep Belief Network

Data transmission through a wireless network has faced various signal problems in the past decades.The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)technique is widely accepted in multiple data transfer patterns at various frequency bands.A recent wireless communication network uses OFDM in longterm evolution(LTE)and 5G,among others.The main problem faced by 5G wireless OFDM is distortion of transmission signals in the network.This transmission loss is called peak-to-average power ratio(PAPR).This wireless signal distortion can be reduced using various techniques.This study uses machine learning-based algorithm to solve the problem of PAPR in 5G wireless communication.Partial transmit sequence(PTS)helps in the fast transfer of data in wireless LTE.PTS is merged with deep belief neural network(DBNet)for the efficient processing of signals in wireless 5G networks.Result indicates that the proposed system outperforms other existing techniques.Therefore,PAPR reduction in OFDM by DBNet is optimized with the help of an evolutionary algorithm called particle swarm optimization.Hence,the specified design supports in improving the proposed PAPR reduction architecture.

A correlation OPTS algorithm for reducing peak to average power ratio of FBMC-OQAM systems

A correlation overlapping partial transmit sequence(C-OPTS) algorithm is proposed to solve the issue of high complexity of overlapping partial transmit sequence(OPTS) algorithm in suppressing the peak to average power ratio(PAPR) of filter bank multicarrier-offset quadrature amplitude modulation(FBMC-OQAM) signals.The V subblocks in partial transmit sequence(PTS) are regrouped into U combinations according to the correlation coefficient p,and overlapping subblocks are allowed between adjacent groups.The search starts from the first group and sets the phase factors of the subsequent groups to 1.When the phase factors of the non-overlapping subblocks in the first group are determined,the subsequent groups are searched in turn to determine their respective phase factors.Starting from the second data block,the data overlapped with it should be taken into account when determining its optimal phase factor vector.Theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that compared with the OPTS algorithm,the proposed algorithm can significantly reduce the computational complexity at the cost of slight deterioration of PAPR performance.Meanwhile,compared with the even-odd iterative double-layers OPTS(ID-OPTS) algorithm,it can further reduce the complexity and obtain a better PAPR suppression effect.

The Average Power of a System under Random Excitation

The Taylor series expansion method is used to derive an approximation for theaverage total power of a non-linear system subjected to wide-band random excitation with zeromean value. The average dissipating power for non-linear systems subjected to randomexcitation is also discussed. The results of the derivation show that the average total power andthe average dissipating Power of a Systems are independent, of the dissipating force of the systemwhen excited by white noise. On the other hand, the average total energy is show,l to be inverselyproportional to damping,. The total power is dependent on both, the input and dissipating powerof the system.

A Method for Improving Power Distribution Characteristics of Space Time Block Codes

Improving power distribution characteristics of space time block codes(STBCs),namely peak to average power ratio(PAPR),average to minimum power ratio(Ave/min),and probability of transmitting"zero"by antenna,makes easier their practical implementation.To this end,this study proposes to multiply full diversity STB C with a non-singular matrix in multiple input multiple output(MIMO)or multiple input single output(MISO)systems with linear or maximum likelihood(ML)receivers.It is proved that the obtained code achieves full diversity and the order of detection complexity does not change.The proposed method is applied to different types of STBCs.The bit error rate(BER)and power distribution characteristics of the new codes demonstrate the superiority of the introduced method.Further,lower and upper bounds on the BER of the obtained STBCs are derived for all receivers.The proposed method provides trade-off among PAPR,spectral efficiency,energy efficiency,and BER.

Thulium-doped all-PM fiber chirped pulse amplifier delivering 314 W average power

A high-power all polarization-maintaining(PM) chirped pulse amplification(CPA) system operating in the 2.0 μm range is experimentally demonstrated.Large mode area(LMA) thulium-doped fiber(TDF) with a core/cladding diameter of25/400 μm is employed to construct the main amplifier.Through dedicated coiling and cooling of the LMA-TDF to manage the loss of the higher order mode and thermal effect,a maximum average power of 314 W with a slope efficiency of 52% and polarization extinction ratio of 20 dB is realized.The pulse duration is compressed to 283 fs with a grating pair,corresponding to a calculated peak power of 10.8 MW,considering the compression efficiency of 88% and the estimated Strehl ratio of 89%.Moreover,through characterizing the noise properties of the laser,an integrated relative intensity noise of 0.11% at 100 Hz-1 MHz is obtained at the maximum output power,whereas the laser timing jitter is degraded by the final amplifier from 318 to 410 fs at an integration frequency of 5 kHz to 1 MHz,owing to the self-phase modulation effect-induced spectrum broadening.The root-mean-square of long-term power fluctuation is tested to be0.6%,verifying the good stability of the laser operation.To the best of our knowledge,this is the highest average power of an ultrafast laser realized from an all-PM-fiber TDF-CPA system ever reported.

An Efcient Genetic Hybrid PAPR Technique for 5G Waveforms

Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)is a strong contender multicarrier waveform technique for the fth generation(5G)communication system.The high peak-to-average power ratio(PAPR)is a serious concern in designing the NOMA waveform.However,the arrangement of NOMA is different from the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing.Thus,traditional reduction methods cannot be applied to NOMA.A partial transmission sequence(PTS)is commonly utilized to minimize the PAPR of the transmitting NOMA symbol.The choice phase aspect in the PTS is the only non-linear optimization obstacle that creates a huge computational complication due to the respective non-carrying sub-blocks in the unitary NOMA symbol.In this study,an efcient phase factor is proposed by presenting a novel bacterial foraging optimization algorithm(BFOA)for PTS(BFOA-PTS).The PAPR minimization is accomplished in a two-stage process.In the initial stage,PTS is applied to the NOMA signal,resulting in the partition of the NOMA signal into an act of sub-blocks.In the second stage,the best phase factor is generated using BFOA.The performance of the proposed BFOA-PTS is thoroughly investigated and compared to the traditional PTS.The simulation outcomes reveal that the BFOA-PTS efciently optimizes the PAPR performance with inconsequential complexity.The proposed method can signicantly offer a gain of 4.1 dB and low complexity compared with the traditional OFDM.

Mainlobe jamming suppression via improved BSS method for rotated array radar

This study deals with the problem of mainlobe jamming suppression for rotated array radar.The interference becomes spatially nonstationary while the radar array rotates,which causes the mismatch between the weight and the snapshots and thus the loss of target signal to noise ratio(SNR)of pulse compression.In this paper,we explore the spatial divergence of interference sources and consider the rotated array radar anti-mainlobe jamming problem as a generalized rotated array mixed signal(RAMS)model firstly.Then the corresponding algorithm improved blind source separation(BSS)using the frequency domain of robust principal component analysis(FDRPCA-BSS)is proposed based on the established rotating model.It can eliminate the influence of the rotating parts and address the problem of loss of SNR.Finally,the measured peakto-average power ratio(PAPR)of each separated channel is performed to identify the target echo channel among the separated channels.Simulation results show that the proposed method is practically feasible and can suppress the mainlobe jamming with lower loss of SNR.

Identification of groundwater potential in hard rock aquifer systems using Remote Sensing, GIS and Magnetic Survey in Veppanthattai, Perambalur, Tamilnadu

Water is an essential natural resource without which life wouldn’t exist.The study aims to identify groundwater potential areas in Vepapanthattai taluk of Perambalur district,Tamil Nadu,India,using analytic hierarchy process(AHP)model.Remote sensing and magnetic parameters have been used to determine the evaluation indicators for groundwater occurrence under the ArcGIS environment.Groundwater occurrence is linked to structural porosity and permeability over the predominantly hard rock terrain,making magnetic data more relevant for locating groundwater potential zones in the research area.NE-SW and NW-SE trending magnetic breaks derived from reduction to pole map are found to be more significant for groundwater exploration.The lineaments rose diagram indicates the general trend of the fracture to be in the NE-SW direction.Assigned normalised criteria weights acquired using the AHP model was used to reclassify the thematic layers.As a result,the taluk’s low,moderate,and high potential zones cover 25.08%,25.68%and 49.24%of the study area,respectively.The high potential zones exhibit characteristics favourable for groundwater infiltration and storage,with factors as gentle slope of<3°,high lineament densities,magnetic breaks,magnetic low zones as indicative of dykes and cracks,lithology as colluvial deposits and land surface with dense vegetation.The depth of the fracture zones was estimated using power spectrum and Euler Deconvolution method.The groundwater potential mapping results were validated using groundwater level data measured from the wells,which indicated that the groundwater potential zoning results are consistent with the data derived from the real world.

Diode-Pumped Passive Q-Switched 946 nm Nd：YAG Laser with a GaAs Saturable Absorber

We report, for the first time to our knowledge, a diode-pumped passive Q-switched 946nm Nd：YAG laser by using a GaAs as saturable absorber. The maximum average output power is 1.24 W at an incident pump power of 15 W, corresponding to a slope efficiency of 10%. Laser pulses with pulse duration of 70ns and repetition rate of 330 kHz are generated.

Numerical investigation of the nonlinear spectral broadening aiming at a few-cycle regime for 10 ps level Nd-doped lasers

We present a cascaded nonlinear spectral broadening scheme for Nd-doped lasers,featuring with long pulse duration and high average power.This scheme is based on two multi-pass cells(MPCs)and one multiple-plate supercontinuum generation(MPSG),and the numerical investigation is driven by a home-made Nd-doped fiber laser with 12 ps pulse duration,50 kHz repetition rate and 100 W average power.The MPC-based first two stages allow us to broaden the pulse spectrum to 4 nm and 43 nm respectively,and subsequently,the MPSG-based third stage allows us to reach 235 nm spectral bandwidth.This broadened spectrum can support a Fourier-transfer-limited pulse duration of 9.8 fs,which is shorter than three optical cycles.To the best of our knowledge,it is the first time to demonstrate the possibility of few-cycle pulses generation based on the 10 ps level Nd-doped lasers.Such few-cycle and high average power laser sources should be attractive and prospective,benefiting from the characteristics of structure compact,low-cost and flexibility.

Locomotion of Bioinspired Underwater Snake Robots Using Metaheuristic Algorithm

Snake Robots(SR)have been successfully deployed and proved to attain bio-inspired solutions owing to its capability to move in harsh environments,a characteristic not found in other kinds of robots(like wheeled or legged robots).Underwater Snake Robots(USR)establish a bioinspired solution in the domain of underwater robotics.It is a key challenge to increase the motion efficiency in underwater robots,with respect to forwarding speed,by enhancing the locomotion method.At the same time,energy efficiency is also considered as a crucial issue for long-term automation of the systems.In this aspect,the current research paper concentrates on the design of effectual Locomotion of Bioinspired Underwater Snake Robots using Metaheuristic Algorithm(LBIUSR-MA).The proposed LBIUSR-MA technique derives a bi-objective optimization problem to maximize the ForwardVelocity(FV)and minimize the Average Power Consumption(APC).LBIUSR-MA technique involves the design ofManta Ray Foraging Optimization(MRFO)technique and derives two objective functions to resolve the optimization issue.In addition to these,effective weighted sum technique is also used for the integration of two objective functions.Moreover,the objective functions are required to be assessed for varying gait variables so as to inspect the performance of locomotion.A detailed set of simulation analyses was conducted and the experimental results demonstrate that the developed LBIUSR-MA method achieved a low Average Power Consumption(APC)value of 80.52W underδvalue of 50.The proposed model accomplished the minimum PAC and maximum FV of USR in an effective manner.

Generation of 100 nJ pulse,1 W average power at 2μm from an intermode beating mode-locked all-fiber laser

We report on the investigation of intermode beating mode-locked(IBML)pulse generation in a simple all-fiber Tm^3+-doped double clad fiber laser(TDFL).This IBML TDFL is implemented by matching longitudinal-mode frequency between 793 nm laser and TDFL without extra mode locker.The central wavelength of 1983 nm,the fundamental pulse frequency of 9.6 MHz and the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of>50 dB are achieved in this IBML TDFL.With laser cavity optimization,the IBML TDFL can finally generate an average output power of 1.03 W with corresponding pulse energy of 107 nJ.These results can provide an easily accessible way to develop compact large-energy,highpower TDFLs.

A KIND OF PAPR REDUCTION METHOD BASED ON PRUNING WPM AND PTS TECHNOLOGY

Wavelet packet multicarrier system gains widespread concern because of its better resistance performance to Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) and Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI), as well as the higher spectrum efficiency. However, multicarrier system has a high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), which will lead to many problems such as lower system performance. In order to solve the problem, a kind of PAPR reduction method based on pruning Wavelet Packet Modulation (WPM) and Partial Transmit Sequences (PTS) technology is proposed in this paper, through proper pruning of the full-tree structure of wavelet packet modulation in the PTS technology to reduce the number of nodes in the system, and finally improve the reduction effect of PAPR. Simulation results show that when Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF) is 10 -3 , PTS based on pruning WPM compared with PTS technique and pruning technique has improved about 1 dB and 1.5 dB, which will not affect the system's Bit Error Rate (BER) performance in the wavelet packet multicarrier system.

NEW METHOD FOR PAPR REDUCTION BASED ON UNION STRATEGY IN OFDM SYSTEM

Because of the high Peak to Average Power Ratio(PAPR) in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM) system, a union algorithm for PAPR reduction, combined with modified Active Constellation Extension Smart Gradient-Project(ACE-SGP) algorithm and adaptive clipping algorithm, is proposed in this paper. First of all, an adaptive strategy is used to control the size of clipping level A. Secondly, a novel step factor m is adopted to complete iterative computations in order to increase the convergence speed greatly. Simulation results show that the modified algorithm has reduced the PAPR and improved the convergence speed significantly without side information and any processing at the receiver end.

Passive sonar identification (Ⅲ): Feature extraction and pattern plates of double-frequency spectrum as well as average power spectrum

This series of papers deal with vessel recognition. The project is conducted by using fuzzy neural networks and basing on the spectra of vessel radiated-noise. Based on the studies of a large amount of ship radiated-noise data, which has been collected from actual ships on the sea, effectively recognizable features are extracted. Such features include line-spectrum features, stationary and nonstationary spectrum features as well as rhythm features. Finally the categorization are tested by unknown samples on the sea, including 33 surface vessels, 8 underwater vessels in 30 operating conditions. Methods for memorization and classilication are also explored in the project. Paper (Ⅲ) is the thirird in the series. It deals with the extraction method of modulation information in double-frequency power spectrum and the establishment of pattern plate of double-frequency spectrum as well as average power spectrum. To extract features from double-frequency spectrum, the tendency of wave is subtracted from the wave of each channel and the modulation of high frequency is compensated. The modulation degree of lines is shown by relative Value and converted to fuzzy value by fuzzy function. The pattern-plate of double-frequency spectrum memorises stable line and its respective modulation strength. The pattern-plate of average power spectrum memorizes the spectra mean of typical samples and the standard variance

Effect of additional cylinders on power-extraction performance of a Savonius vertical-axis wind turbine

To improve the power-extraction performance of the Savonius vertical-axis wind turbine(S-VAWT),additional cylinders,which are used to control the fluid flow around the wind turbine blade,were introduced into the blade design.In contrast to the traditional numerical method,a mathematical model in the form of a dynamical system was used in this study.A numerical calculation program that could effectively solve the equations of wind-induced rotation of S-VAWT was developed,and combined with the Taguchi experimental method to investigate the influence of additional cylinders on the power-extraction characteristics of the S-VAWT.The results showed that the additional cylinders have a significant impact on the power-extraction performance of the S-VAWT.At 4-m/s wind speed,the average power coefficient of the S-VAWT with additional cylinders is 15%higher than that of the conventional S-VAWT.After construction of the wind turbine prototype and power-extraction tests,the results showed that compared with a conventional S-VAWT,the output power was 29%higher for the S-VAWT with additional cylinders under the same particular conditions.

The Parametric Identification of a System with Unclear Input information

This paper develops an average power and energy method for the parametric identification of a system. The new method makes it possible to identify the parameters of a system depending only on its output information, and can be used in both linear and non-linear systems.

A Low Complexity VCS Method for PAPR Reduction in Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access

This paper investigates a peak to average power ratio （PAPR） reduction method in multicarrier code division multiple access （MC-CDMA） system. Variable code sets （VCS）, a spreading codes selection scheme, can improve the PAPR property of the MC-CDMA signals, but this technique requires an exhaustive search over the combinations of spreading code sets. It is observed that when the number of active users increases, the search complexity will increase exponentially. Based on this fact, we propose a low complexity VCS （LC-VCS） method to reduce the computational complexity. The basic idea of LC-VCS is to derive new signals using the relationship between candidature signals. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can reduce PAPR with lower comtational pucomplexity. In addition, it can be blindly received without any side information.

Recent advances in high-performance triboelectric nanogenerators

The development of the Internet of Things(IoT)and artificial intelligence has accompanied the evolution of energy demand and structure in the new era,and the power sources for billions of distributed electronics and sensors have aroused worldwide interest.As an alternative energy harvesting technology,triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)have received remarkable attention and have shown attractive potential applications for use in micro/nano power sources,self-powered sensors,highvoltage power sources,and blue energy due to their advantages of small size,light weight,flexibility,low cost,and high efficiency at low frequency.In this review,we discuss high-performance TENGs from the perspectives of triboelectric charge density,output voltage,energy density,and corresponding quantification methods.Among these topics,the limitations,optimization methods and techniques,and potential directions to challenge these limits are comprehensively discussed and reviewed.Finally,we discuss the emerging challenges,strategies,and opportunities for research and development of highperformance TENGs.