By setting the value of productive assets under different types of ownership of the means of production as the marginal criterion for measuring the relative position of each form of ownership, we estimate the scale of...By setting the value of productive assets under different types of ownership of the means of production as the marginal criterion for measuring the relative position of each form of ownership, we estimate the scale of public and non-public sector assets in primary industry in China and changes in their relative proportions. Further, on the basis of previous estimates, we provide an extended estimate of the scale of public and non-public sector assets in secondary and tertiary industry and changes in their relative proportions. We found that in 2012, total productive assets in primary, secondary and tertiary industry were 487.53 trillion RMB, of which the public sector accounted for 53 percent, or 258.39 trillion RMB. In secondary and tertiary industry, the non-public sector contributed 67.59 percent and 75.20 percent respectively in terms of value- added and employment. This indicates the vitality of China＇s basic socialist economic system, in which public sector assets retain a dominant position and the non-public sector makes the primary economic contribution, and thus provides a theoretical justification for ownership reform in the primary stage of socialism in China and the ＂two unswervinglies＂ policy.展开更多
This paper focuses on the bridge council and free ferry services as the private organizers of public infrastructure construction in the Qing Dynasty, uncovers the legal entity ownership system and governance model wit...This paper focuses on the bridge council and free ferry services as the private organizers of public infrastructure construction in the Qing Dynasty, uncovers the legal entity ownership system and governance model with China's native origin, and reveals the attributes and characteristics of ownership by legal entities in China's traditional era. Bridge councils and free ferry services are non-profit and non-government public-interest institutions, whose members were elected by local communities. These councils were responsible for the fundraising, construction, and long-term maintenance and operation of public facilities and infrastructure at the grassroots level. They adopted open and transparent management procedures and could coordinate cross-jurisdictional affairs and mediate disputes. They possessed independent assets such as lands and fund reserves, and such exclusive legal-entity ownership received protection from the government and under the laws. Such form of legal-entity ownership provided the institutional foundation for the development of clans, temples, charitable groups, academies of classical learning, and various associations and societies. These self-organizing groups demonstrate remarkable mobilization and organizational capabilities and institutional creativity of civil society in traditional China. They served as a link between the government and communities and played a unique and active role in maintaining social order at the grassroots level.展开更多
Throughout its century-long history,the Communist Party of China(CPC)has been striving to explore and implement an ownership system of the means of production.Upon its founding in 1921,the Party envisioned to create a...Throughout its century-long history,the Communist Party of China(CPC)has been striving to explore and implement an ownership system of the means of production.Upon its founding in 1921,the Party envisioned to create a sole ownership system after the victory of the National Revolution.In war times,land issues dominated the agenda of the Party’s work on the ownership structure since most of its bases and liberated areas were in the countryside.After the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949,China established a basic socialist economic system through“one industrialization and three transformations,”i.e.socialist industrialization and the transformations of agriculture,artisanal production,and capitalist industry and commerce.This nascent socialist economic system was characterized by the sole public ownership of the means of production and a highly centralized planned economy.Since the reform and opening up in 1978,the Party took bold steps to explore and reform the socialist ownership system under the principle to keep public ownership as the mainstay and allow diverse forms of ownership to develop side by side.In the new era,the Party has redefined China’s basic socialist economic system by creating a mixed ownership structure at two levels with public ownership as the mainstay.China’s increasing economic vitality and dynamism have witnessed the exploration and growth of this mixed ownership system.展开更多
基金the project"Research on the Basic Economic System in the Primary Stage of Socialism"(Grant No.11@ZH006)commissioned by the National Social Sciences Fund for 2011
文摘By setting the value of productive assets under different types of ownership of the means of production as the marginal criterion for measuring the relative position of each form of ownership, we estimate the scale of public and non-public sector assets in primary industry in China and changes in their relative proportions. Further, on the basis of previous estimates, we provide an extended estimate of the scale of public and non-public sector assets in secondary and tertiary industry and changes in their relative proportions. We found that in 2012, total productive assets in primary, secondary and tertiary industry were 487.53 trillion RMB, of which the public sector accounted for 53 percent, or 258.39 trillion RMB. In secondary and tertiary industry, the non-public sector contributed 67.59 percent and 75.20 percent respectively in terms of value- added and employment. This indicates the vitality of China＇s basic socialist economic system, in which public sector assets retain a dominant position and the non-public sector makes the primary economic contribution, and thus provides a theoretical justification for ownership reform in the primary stage of socialism in China and the ＂two unswervinglies＂ policy.
文摘This paper focuses on the bridge council and free ferry services as the private organizers of public infrastructure construction in the Qing Dynasty, uncovers the legal entity ownership system and governance model with China's native origin, and reveals the attributes and characteristics of ownership by legal entities in China's traditional era. Bridge councils and free ferry services are non-profit and non-government public-interest institutions, whose members were elected by local communities. These councils were responsible for the fundraising, construction, and long-term maintenance and operation of public facilities and infrastructure at the grassroots level. They adopted open and transparent management procedures and could coordinate cross-jurisdictional affairs and mediate disputes. They possessed independent assets such as lands and fund reserves, and such exclusive legal-entity ownership received protection from the government and under the laws. Such form of legal-entity ownership provided the institutional foundation for the development of clans, temples, charitable groups, academies of classical learning, and various associations and societies. These self-organizing groups demonstrate remarkable mobilization and organizational capabilities and institutional creativity of civil society in traditional China. They served as a link between the government and communities and played a unique and active role in maintaining social order at the grassroots level.
文摘Throughout its century-long history,the Communist Party of China(CPC)has been striving to explore and implement an ownership system of the means of production.Upon its founding in 1921,the Party envisioned to create a sole ownership system after the victory of the National Revolution.In war times,land issues dominated the agenda of the Party’s work on the ownership structure since most of its bases and liberated areas were in the countryside.After the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949,China established a basic socialist economic system through“one industrialization and three transformations,”i.e.socialist industrialization and the transformations of agriculture,artisanal production,and capitalist industry and commerce.This nascent socialist economic system was characterized by the sole public ownership of the means of production and a highly centralized planned economy.Since the reform and opening up in 1978,the Party took bold steps to explore and reform the socialist ownership system under the principle to keep public ownership as the mainstay and allow diverse forms of ownership to develop side by side.In the new era,the Party has redefined China’s basic socialist economic system by creating a mixed ownership structure at two levels with public ownership as the mainstay.China’s increasing economic vitality and dynamism have witnessed the exploration and growth of this mixed ownership system.
