Real-time Rescue Target Detection Based on UAV Imagery for Flood Emergency Response

Timely acquisition of rescue target information is critical for emergency response after a flood disaster.Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)equipped with remote sensing capabilities offer distinct advantages,including high-resolution imagery and exceptional mobility,making them well suited for monitoring flood extent and identifying rescue targets during floods.However,there are some challenges in interpreting rescue information in real time from flood images captured by UAVs,such as the complexity of the scenarios of UAV images,the lack of flood rescue target detection datasets and the limited real-time processing capabilities of the airborne on-board platform.Thus,we propose a real-time rescue target detection method for UAVs that is capable of efficiently delineating flood extent and identifying rescue targets(i.e.,pedestrians and vehicles trapped by floods).The proposed method achieves real-time rescue information extraction for UAV platforms by lightweight processing and fusion of flood extent extraction model and target detection model.The flood inundation range is extracted by the proposed method in real time and detects targets such as people and vehicles to be rescued based on this layer.Our experimental results demonstrate that the Intersection over Union(IoU)for flood water extraction reaches an impressive 80%,and the IoU for real-time flood water extraction stands at a commendable 76.4%.The information on flood stricken targets extracted by this method in real time can be used for flood emergency rescue.

A STUDY ON THE ENSEMBLE FORECAST REAL-TIME CORRECTION METHOD

Using real-time correction technology for typhoons, this paper discusses real-time correction for forecasting the track of four typhoons during 2009 and 2010 in Japan, Beijing, Guangzhou, and Shanghai. It was determined that the short-time forecast effect was better than the original objective mode. By selecting four types of integration schemes after multiple mode path integration for those four objective modes, the forecast effect of the multi-mode path integration is better, on average, than any single model. Moreover, multi-mode ensemble forecasting has obvious advantages during the initial 36 h.

Real-time PCR及预测微生物学在白酒酿造中的应用构想

利用实时荧光定量PCR技术及预测微生物学建立可培养酿酒微生物资源数据库和预测微生物学数学模型,可探究在白酒酿造过程中可培养酿酒微生物的变化规律及不同环境因素对可培养酿酒微生物菌群变化的影响,为白酒酿造工艺优化提供重要参数。

Rainfall-runoff simulation and flood forecasting for Huaihe Basin

The main purpose of this study was to forecast the inflow to Hongze Lake using the Xin＇anjiang rainfall-runoff model. The upper area of Hongze Lake in the Huaihe Basin was divided into 23 sub-basins, including the surface of Hongze Lake. The influence of reservoirs and gates on flood forecasting was considered in a practical and simple way. With a one-day time step, the linear and non-linear Muskingum method was used for channel flood routing, and the least-square regression model was used for real-time correction in flood forecasting. Representative historical data were collected for the model calibration. The hydrological model parameters for each sub-basin were calibrated individually, so the parameters of the Xin＇anjiang model were different for different sub-basins. This flood forecasting system was used in the real-time simulation of the large flood in 2005 and the results are satisfactory when compared with measured data from the flood.

Real Time Data Analysis of West Rapti River Basin of Nepal

Floods are the most widespread climate-related hazards in the world, and they impact more people globally than any other type of natural disasters. It causes over one third of the total economic loss from natural catastrophes and is responsible for two thirds of people affected by natural disasters. On the other hand, studies and analysis have shown that damage reductions due to forecasts improvements can range from a few percentage points to as much as 35% of annual flood damages. About 300 people lose their lives each year due to floods and landslides in Nepal with property damage exceeding 626 million NPR on average. The West Rapti River basin is one of the most flood prone river basins in Nepal. The real-time flood early warning system together with the development of water management and flood protection schemes plays a crucial role in reducing the loss of lives and properties and in overall development of the basin. The non-structural mitigating measure places people away from flood. This method is designed to reduce the impact of flooding to society and economy. This paper presents an overview of flood problems in the West Rapti River basin, causes and consequences of recent floods and the applicability and effectiveness of the real time data to flood early warning in Nepal.

REAL-TIME FLOOD FORECASTING METHOD WITH 1-D UNSTEADY FLOW MODEL

A real-time forecasting method coupled with the I-D unsteady flow model with the recursive least-square method was developed. The 1-D unsteady flow model was modified by using the time-variant parameter and revising it dynamically through introducing a variable weighted forgetting factor, such that the output of the model could be adjusted for the real time forecasting of floods. The application of the new real time forecasting model in the reach from Yichang to Luoshan of the Yangtze River was demonstrated. Computational result shows that the forecasting accuracy of the new model is much higher than that of the original 1-D unsteady flow model. The method developed is effective for flood forecasting, and can be used for practical operation in the flood forecasting.

合流制溢流污染的影响及其控制技术发展

合流制溢流即未经处理的雨污废水直接流入受纳水体,是造成受纳水体污染和城市内涝的主要来源。首先,对合流制溢流的污染特征及其影响因素进行了总结,简要梳理了源头控制、处理设施、调蓄设施、雨天合流雨污水处理最新技术及其控制效果,以及合流制溢流控制实时控制、监测和预测的智能控制方法。合流制溢流灰色和绿色基础设施都是必要的,随着监测、降水预报、城市水文和水力模型及实时控制技术的成熟,合流制溢流系统向实时控制和模型优化预测策略发展。

Design of Intelligent Network Performance Analysis & Forecast Support System

A system designed for supporting the network performance analysis and forecast effort is presented, based on the combination of offline network analysis and online real-time performance forecast. The off-line analysis will perform analysis of specific network node performance, correlation analysis of relative network nodes performance and evolutionary mathematical modeling of long-term network performance measurements. The online real-time network performance forecast will be based on one so-called hybrid prediction modeling approach for short-term network, performance prediction and trend analysis. Based on the module design, the system proposed has good intelligence, scalability and self-adaptability, which will offer highly effective network performance analysis and forecast tools for network managers, and is one ideal support platform for network performance analysis and forecast effort.

多源多层土壤湿度实时同化及在实时洪水预报中的应用

准确获取流域土壤湿度(MS)的初始值及过程状态,对提高实时洪水预报精度具有重要意义和实用价值。从新安江模型参数的物理意义出发,基于站点墒情数据和CLDAS土壤湿度数据构建点面转换模型(WKNN),将点面转换后的实时面尺度MS作为观测数据,采用集合卡尔曼滤波法同化新安江模型预报的MS过程,在五强溪区间流域进行实时洪水预报应用。结果表明:WKNN作为点面转换工具,能够捕捉到不同土层MS的点面关系,具有较好的适用性;较不同化模式,多层MS同化后的平均径流深相对误差下降了12.67%,平均确定性系数提高了41.82%;MS的实时同化可以显著降低汛初期洪水的预报误差,提高洪水预报精度,且多层同化较单一层同化效果更优。

基于集合卡尔曼滤波的水文模型状态变量反馈校正方法

集合卡尔曼滤波已应用于水文模型初始状态误差校正。如何选择校正变量、是否同步校正模型参数、如何优选滤波超参数是其应用难点。为此,以綦江流域GR5J模型为原型,同化实测流量反馈校正模型状态,通过合成实验和滚动预报实验,分析状态变量选择、模型参数扰动、滤波超参数对预报精度的影响。结果表明:准确识别有偏初始状态,集合卡尔曼滤波能提高预报精度;若难以识别,建议同步校正产流汇流状态变量,减少过校正。模型参数有偏时,应先识别模型参数,再校正模型状态。增加集合数和预热时长能提高校正精度,模型和观测噪声的影响具有非单调性;滤波校正效果随预见期延长而衰减,但要优于模型预热技术。该发现可作为作业预报应用状态校正法的参考。

一种近实时全球电离层数据同化和预报系统的构建与实现

电离层天气变化正成为目前空间天气预报最重要的内容之一,建立一个可靠的、精确的电离层特征参量现报和预报系统对空间科学研究及军民用无线电信息系统保障均具有重要价值。基于国际GNSS服务组织(International GNSS Service,IGS)的地基GNSS和全球电离层无线电观测站(Global Ionospheric Radio Observatory,GIRO)数字测高仪的实时数据,以国际参考电离层(International Reference Ionosphere,IRI)模型为背景模型,采用高斯-马尔可夫-限带卡尔曼滤波同化技术,结合超大规模矩阵稀疏存储与处理方法,在云计算平台上构建完成了近实时全球电离层数据同化和预报系统(near-Real-Time Global Ionospheric Data AssiMilation and forecasting system,RT-GIDAM)。该系统具备了全球电离层TEC和电子密度的近实时(延时约5 min)、较高空间(5°×2.5°)和时间分辨率(15 min)的同化和预报功能,可为空间物理研究及相关无线电系统应用提供数据支撑。

基于VIC模型的三峡库区流域小时尺度实时洪水预报

VIC模型在流域面积大于3 000 km^(2)的大型流域日或月尺度洪水模拟中表现出良好的适用性,而在大型流域小时尺度实时洪水预报过程中的适用性尚未得到验证。以三峡库区大型流域为例,通过建立小时尺度VIC分布式洪水预报模型,构建三峡库区流域实时滚动洪水预报方案,将VIC分布式洪水预报模型实地化部署并应用于2022及2023年三峡库区实时洪水预报。结果表明:VIC模型应用于2014—2021年三峡库区各子流域历史洪水模拟,率定期和验证期的洪量、洪峰平均合格率均在80%以上,确定性系数均值在0.70以上,构建的VIC分布式洪水预报模型在三峡库区及其子流域洪水模拟中表现出良好的适用性;在2022及2023年三峡库区4场典型洪水的实时洪水预报中,径流深和洪峰的平均相对误差达到16.3%和5.0%,重点产流区产流量平均相对误差为7.8%,能够准确把握库区重点产流区的洪量及来水过程,因此VIC模型在大型流域小时尺度实时洪水预报中具有较大的应用潜力。

全球气象预报驱动流域水文预报研究进展与展望

全球气象模型及新兴人工智能模型为流域水文预报提供了日、次季节、季节等不同时间尺度的海量气象预报数据。与此同时,基于气象预报开展水文预报,涉及到数据获取、模型构建、评估检验等技术问题。本文以全球气象预报相关的研究计划为切入点,调研现有的1 d至2周小时尺度中短期天气预报、1~60 d次季节尺度气象预报、1~12个月季节尺度气象预报以及新兴的人工智能气象预报;梳理气象预报驱动下流域水文预报模型方法,阐述气象预报订正、水文模型设置和预报评估检验等技术环节。基于全球气象预报生成实时和回顾性流域水文预报,定量检验不同预见期下预报精度以评估相关模型方法的预报性能,为水利工程预报-调度实践应用打下坚实的基础。

湖泊型水库环库实时洪水预报方法研究

湖泊型水库的修建,改变了水库坝址控制流域的下垫面和河流水系结构,进而影响流域产汇流机制。针对湖泊型水库环库周边流域产汇流特点,构建了包含库面不透水产流区、环库破碎产流区的组合洪水预报模型,提出了不同分区的产汇流计算方法。以响洪甸水库为例,进行洪水模拟效果的对比分析,结果表明:组合洪水预报模型的精度显著高于整体新安江模型,确定性系数提升0.1,洪量相对误差降低5.3%,洪峰相对误差降低2.8%;组合预报模型的不透水面积,产流和汇流等相关模型参数,更为符合碎片化小流域产汇流的特性,并能较好地反映入库洪水的组成;水库水面的直接产流占有较大比重,是地表、壤中、地下径流之外的第4种径流组分。此方法可为湖泊型水库流域的实时洪水预报提供模型支撑,具备较好的应用前景。

基于流计算和大数据平台的实时交通流预测

目前交通流预测实时性差,很难满足在线分析和预测任务的需求,基于此提出一种Flink流计算框架和大数据平台结合的实时交通流预测方法。基于流计算框架实时捕捉和预处理数据,包括采用Flink的transform算子对数据进行校验和处理,将处理后的数据sink到大数据的HDFS文件系统,交由下一步的大数据并行框架进行分析建模与训练,实现基于流计算和大数据平台的实时交通流预测。实验结果表明,Flink能够实时捕捉和预处理交通流数据,把数据准时无误送入分布式文件系统中,在此基础上借助大数据框架下的并行分析和建模优势,在实时性数据分析与预测方面取得了较好的效果。

基于CNN-LSTM-Attention和自回归的混合水位预测模型

【目的】水位预测对交通运输、农业以及防洪措施具有重要影响。精确的水位值可用于提升水道运输的安全及效率、降低洪水风险,同时也是保障区域可持续发展的必要条件。【方法】提出一种CRANet的混合水位预测模型,以卷积神经网络(CNN)、长短期记忆网络(LSTM)、注意力机制以及自回归(AR)组件为基础,旨在应对时间序列数据中存在的线性与非线性问题,缓解自回归及ARIMA模型的缺陷。其应用不仅在于为航运调度提供决策支撑,加强导航安全效率,同样能提升防洪减灾的能力。其中,CNN和LSTM组件有效地针对数据集内的局部和全局关系进行捕捉,AR组件则能充分考虑数据的时间序列特性。同时,通过注意力机制,模型能够优先考虑相关特性,提高预测效果。【结果】研究成果所提出的模型已成功应用于中国西江梧州站的水位预测,在测试集上预测未来3 h级别水位的MAE、RMSE和R^(2)分别为0.086、0.114 5和0.950 8。【结论】结果表明所提出的CRANet模型在水位预测方面的高可用性、准确度与稳健性,相较于AR、SVR、CNN、LSTM等模型具有更优的MAE、RMSE和R^(2)。

基于静态—动态变量解耦的城市积淹水深快速分析方法

随着全球气候变化和我国城镇化快速发展,极端暴雨天气防范应对已成为城市防汛工作的重点之一。极端降雨条件下的实时滚动洪涝风险分析可以为预报预警提供参考,增强决策的科学性,是防范洪涝灾害的有效方法。尽管传统基于水文水动力专业模型的仿真可以在精细网格上计算出洪水演进及退水的全过程,但精细网格数值计算往往需要消耗大量的算力资源,滚动洪涝预测预报的时效性往往达不到要求。通过建立城市洪涝淹没深度与降雨量之间的函数映射关系,提出了基于静态—动态变量解耦的动态水深高效插值方法,结合分布式数据库和并行计算技术,可以在极短的时间内提供与水文水动力专业模型模拟相对一致的结果。本研究以期为城市洪涝实时风险分析提供有效支撑。

基于LSTM网络模型的光伏发电功率短期预测系统

光伏发电受天气因素影响,具有明显的间歇性和波动性特征。该文提出了一种基于LSTM网络模型的光伏发电功率短期预测方法,该方法以STM32单片机为控制核心,实时采集光照辐度、温度、相对湿度、风速等数据。利用相关系数法筛选相关度较高的因素,作为LSTM网络模型的输入变量,对未来光伏发电功率进行短期预测。MATLAB仿真实验结果表明,该文所提方法与其他预测模型相比具有较高的预测精度,在晴天与多云天气下预测的MAPE值分别为4.943%和4.997%,有利于我国电力系统的稳定运行和电网工作人员的调度。

基于未来降雨的水库实时优化调度研究

为了充分利用未来降雨信息指导水库调度,构建了以最大削峰为目标的水库实时调度模型,提出了一种考虑未来降雨信息的水库优化调度方法,基于水箱模型利用24 h降雨量预报信息预测入库流量并建立每个时段的泄洪指标求解模型。以山美水库防洪调度为例进行研究,与降雨启发信息优化调度方法进行比较,结果表明,此优化调度方法在目标函数上表现更好,与利用洪水预报的优化调度方法效果相近,能较好地解决来水不确定性的问题。

KALMAN FILTERING CORRECTION IN REAL-TIME FORECASTING WITH HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL

Accurate and reliable flood forecast is crucial for efficient real-time river management, including flood control, flood warning, reservoir operation and river regulation. In order to improve the estimate of the initial state of the forecasting system and to reduce the errors in the forecast period a data assimilation procedure was often need. The Kalman filter was proven to be an efficient method to adjust real-time flood series and improve the initial conditions before the forecast. A new model integrating the hydraulic model with the Kalman filter for real-time correction of flood forecast was developed and applied in the Three Gorges interzone of the Yangtze River. The method was calibrated and verified against the observed flood stage and discharge during Three Gorges Dam construction periods （2004）. The results demonstrate that the new model incorporates an accurate and fast updating technique can improve the reliability of the flood forecast.