A survey of real-time rendering on Web3D application

Background In recent years, with the rapid development of mobile Internet and Web3D technologies, a large number of web-based online 3D visualization applications have emerged. Web3D applications, including Web3D online tourism, Web3D online architecture, Web3D online education environment, Web3D online medical care, and Web3D online shopping are examples of these applications that leverage 3D rendering on the web. These applications have pushed the boundaries of traditional web applications that use text, sound, image, video, and 2D animation as their main communication media, and resorted to 3D virtual scenes as the main interaction object, enabling a user experience that delivers a strong sense of immersion. This paper approached the emerging Web3D applications that generate stronger impacts on people's lives through “real-time rendering technology”, which is the core technology of Web3D. This paper discusses all the major 3D graphics APIs of Web3D and the well-known Web3D engines at home and abroad and classify the real-time rendering frameworks of Web3D applications into different categories. Results Finally, this study analyzed the specific demand posed by different fields to Web3D applications by referring to the representative Web3D applications in each particular field. Conclusions Our survey results show that Web3D applications based on real-time rendering have in-depth sectors of society and even family, which is a trend that has influence on every line of industry.

Performance Evaluation of Three-Dimensional UWB Real-Time Locating Auto-Positioning System for Fire Rescue

Fire rescue challenges and solutions have evolved from straightfor-ward plane rescue to encompass 3D space due to the rise of high-rise city buildings.Hence,this study facilitates a system with quick and simplified on-site launching and generates real-time location data,enabling fire rescuers to arrive at the intended spot faster and correctly for effective and precise rescue.Auto-positioning with step-by-step instructions is proposed when launching the locating system,while no extra measuring instrument like Total Station(TS)is needed.Real-time location tracking is provided via a 3D space real-time locating system(RTLS)constructed using Ultra-wide Bandwidth technology(UWB),which requires electromagnetic waves to pass through concrete walls.A hybrid weighted least squares with a time difference of arrival(WLS/TDOA)positioning method is proposed to address real path-tracking issues in 3D space and to meet RTLS requirements for quick computing in real-world applications.The 3D WLS/TDOA algorithm is theoretically constructed with the Cramer-Rao lower bound(CRLB).The computing complexity is reduced to the lower bound for embedded hardware to directly compute the time differential of the arriving signals using the time-to-digital converter(TDC).The results of the experiments show that the errors are controlled when the positioning algorithm is applied in various complicated situations to fulfill the requirements of engineering applications.The statistical analysis of the data reveals that the proposed UWB RTLS auto-positioning system can track target tags with an accuracy of 0.20 m.

Real-time 3-D space numerical shake prediction for earthquake early warning

In earthquake early warning systems, real-time shake prediction through wave propagation simulation is a promising approach. Compared with traditional methods, it does not suffer from the inaccurate estimation of source parameters. For computation efficiency, wave direction is assumed to propagate on the 2-D surface of the earth in these methods. In fact, since the seismic wave propagates in the 3-D sphere of the earth, the 2-D space modeling of wave direction results in inaccurate wave estimation. In this paper, we propose a 3-D space numerical shake pre- diction method, which simulates the wave propagation in 3-D space using radiative transfer theory, and incorporate data assimilation technique to estimate the distribution of wave energy. 2011 Tohoku earthquake is studied as an example to show the validity of the proposed model. 2-D space model and 3-D space model are compared in this article, and the prediction results show that numerical shake prediction based on 3-D space model can estimate the real-time ground motion precisely, and overprediction is alleviated when using 3-D space model.

用Real-time 3D技术制作VR小品

三维技术以前给人们的印象就是三维动画和CG作品，特别是三维动画，最深入人心，不过三维动画不具有交互性，不能指望依靠它实现什么互动功能。实时三维技术虽然在很早以前就有了，但主要用于游戏开发、军事科研、大型仿真等领域。

Application of real-time 3d echocardiography in mitral valve repair for replacement of chordae tendineae

Objective To investigate the surgical technique and outcomes of replacement of chordae tendineae in mitral valve repair,and evaluate the value of real-time three-di-mensional transesophageal echocardiography in the perioperative period. Methods Thirty-one patients with mitral valve prolapse underwent mitral valve repair using chordae tendineae replacement concomitant with implantation

Radiation dose detection using a high-power portable optically stimulated luminescence real-time reading system

Optically stimulated luminescence(OSL) reading systems are becoming smaller and capable of real-time detection. To improve real-time and multipurpose radiation dosimetry readings, we built a real-time continuous-wave(RCW) OSL reading system. This system is both small and lightweight, and it employs powerful laser excitation(478 mW/cm^2) at the dosimetry probe location. We investigate the possibility of using the RCW mode to read the radiation luminescence(RL) or OSL by using a singlecrystal Al_2O_3:C dosimeter in a low-dose-rate137 Cs y field.Our results indicate that the RL/OSL follows a stable and uniform distribution. The minimum detected doses associated with the RL, OSL, and RL + OSL signals are2.1 9 10^(-2), 3.17 9 10^(-1), and 5.7 9 10^(-2) l Gy, respectively. This device provides a framework for the future development of applications for practical radiation dose measurements.

Web-based GIS System for Real-time Field Data Collection Using Personal Mobile Phone

Recently, use of mobile communicational devices in field data collection is increasing such as smart phones and cellular phones due to emergence of embedded Global Position System GPS and Wi-Fi Internet access. Accurate timely and handy field data collection is required for disaster management and emergency quick responses. In this article, we introduce web-based GIS system to collect the field data by personal mobile phone through Post Office Protocol POP3 mail server. The main objective of this work is to demonstrate real-time field data collection method to the students using their mobile phone to collect field data by timely and handy manners, either individual or group survey in local or global scale research.

Real-time Simulation of Gas Based on Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics

This paper extends the SPH method to gas simulation. The SPH （Smoothed Particles Hydrodynamics） method is the most popular method of flow simulation, which is widely used in large-scale liquid simulation. However, it is not found to apply to gas simulation, since those methods based on SPH can＇t be used in real-time simulation due to their enormous particles and huge computation. This paper proposes a method for gas simulation based on SPH with a small number of particles. Firstly, the method computes the position and density of each particle in each point-in-time, and outlines the shape of the simulated gas based on those particles. Secondly the method uses the grid technique to refine the shape with the diffusion of particle＇s density under the control of grid, and get more lifelike simulation result. Each grid will be assigned density according to the particles in it. The density determines the final appearance of the grid. For ensuring the natural transition of the color between adjacent grids, we give a diffuse process of density between these grids and assign appropriate values to vertexes of these grids. The experimental results show that the proposed method can give better gas simulation and meet the request of real-time.

Optimized Method for Real-time Texture Reconstruction with RGB-D Camera

With the appearance of RGB-D camera, the field of three-dimensional(3D) reconstruction receives more and more attention. In this paper, we present an optimization approach to produce high-quality textured 3D models based on the real-time 3D reconstruction system.The resulting models of real-time texture reconstruction often suffer from blurring, ghosting, and other artifacts.Our approach addresses this texture quality problem using blur detection and an optimized weight function. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach can improve the quality of textured 3D models by reducing the blur and ghosts on the model surface.

Real-Time Monitoring Method for Cow Rumination Behavior Based on Edge Computing and Improved MobileNet v3

[Objective]Real-time monitoring of cow ruminant behavior is of paramount importance for promptly obtaining relevant information about cow health and predicting cow diseases.Currently,various strategies have been proposed for monitoring cow ruminant behavior,including video surveillance,sound recognition,and sensor monitoring methods.How‐ever,the application of edge device gives rise to the issue of inadequate real-time performance.To reduce the volume of data transmission and cloud computing workload while achieving real-time monitoring of dairy cow rumination behavior,a real-time monitoring method was proposed for cow ruminant behavior based on edge computing.[Methods]Autono‐mously designed edge devices were utilized to collect and process six-axis acceleration signals from cows in real-time.Based on these six-axis data,two distinct strategies,federated edge intelligence and split edge intelligence,were investigat‐ed for the real-time recognition of cow ruminant behavior.Focused on the real-time recognition method for cow ruminant behavior leveraging federated edge intelligence,the CA-MobileNet v3 network was proposed by enhancing the MobileNet v3 network with a collaborative attention mechanism.Additionally,a federated edge intelligence model was designed uti‐lizing the CA-MobileNet v3 network and the FedAvg federated aggregation algorithm.In the study on split edge intelli‐gence,a split edge intelligence model named MobileNet-LSTM was designed by integrating the MobileNet v3 network with a fusion collaborative attention mechanism and the Bi-LSTM network.[Results and Discussions]Through compara‐tive experiments with MobileNet v3 and MobileNet-LSTM,the federated edge intelligence model based on CA-Mo‐bileNet v3 achieved an average Precision rate,Recall rate,F1-Score,Specificity,and Accuracy of 97.1%,97.9%,97.5%,98.3%,and 98.2%,respectively,yielding the best recognition performance.[Conclusions]It is provided a real-time and effective method for monitoring cow ruminant behavior,and the proposed federated edge intelligence model can be ap‐plied in practical settings.

湖羊肌肉UCP3基因序列特征分析及其在肌肉中的表达

为了获得湖羊UCP3基因编码区全序列并分析其序列特征,同时研究其在湖羊不同部位肌肉中的表达变化,选取初生与1、2、3、4、5和6月龄湖羊公羔各5只,提取屠宰后背最长肌、腰大肌、前腿肱二头肌和后腿股二头肌RNA,用TA克隆技术获得湖羊UCP3基因编码区序列,用DNAMAN软件分析UCP3基因在哺乳动物间的保守性,同时基于UCP3蛋白质序列用MEGA5.1软件构建系统发育树,用Real-time PCR检测湖羊不同肌肉部位UCP3基因的表达水平并分析其在不同发育时期的变化。结果显示:湖羊UCP3基因编码区全长936 bp,编码311个氨基酸残基,在哺乳动物中相对保守。根据UCP3蛋白质氨基酸序列构建的系统发育树显示湖羊与牛的亲缘关系最近。Real-time PCR结果显示,初生至6月龄的湖羊不同部位肌肉UCP3基因的表达模式基本相似,即在出生时有较低的水平,然后上升,随着月龄的增加又下降,但UCP3基因在后腿股二头肌中的表达量整体偏低,在腰大肌中表达水平变化较大,3月龄的表达水平显著高于初生和5月龄。

Slc26a6敲除对小鼠胰腺导管上皮细胞Slc26a3和CFTR表达水平的影响

目的通过检测Slc26a6敲除型和野生型小鼠离体胰腺导管CFTR和Slc26a3表达的差异,进一步探讨胰腺导管上皮细胞腔面膜上CFTR和Slc26s的相关性。方法从野生型和Slc26a6敲除小鼠提取胰腺组织并剥离出离体胰腺导管,提取RNA,逆转录生成cDNA,进行相对定量Real-Time PCR实验,以-βactin作为内参基因,野生型小鼠肾脏目的基因含量作为对照组,目的基因的相对定量按公式得出:目的基因=2-(△△Ct)。结果野生型小鼠Slc26a3的相对表达量为7.84±0.22,Slc26a6敲除小鼠Slc26a3的相对表达量为7.37±0.36,二者差异无显著性(P>0.05)。野生型小鼠CFTR的相对表达量为0.08±0.003,Slc26a6敲除小鼠CFTR的相对表达量为0.05±0.003,二者差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论 Slc26a6敲除对胰腺导管上皮细胞Slc26a3和CFTR的表达水平无显著影响,故腔面膜上Slc26a6对CFTR的增强作用可能并不是通过增加其表达水平实现的;另外,Slc26a3可能参与了小鼠胰腺导管上皮细胞HCO3-的分泌,但与Slc26a6在功能上的相关性有待进一步研究。

基于改进YOLOv3的街道行人检测与跟踪方法

针对室外街道的行人检测与跟踪,提出一种改进YOLOv3与简单在线实时跟踪(simple online and real-time tracking,SORT)算法相结合的检测及跟踪方法。首先,引入距离和比例交并比(distance and proportional-IOU,DPIOU)损失,将原有的损失函数中的均方误差(mean square error,MSE)部分进行变化,从而得到更精确的检测框;其次,将网络结构中的RestNet进行优化,改变下采样区域,增加池化层,进而减少特征信息的丢失;最后将检测结果输入SORT算法进行建模和匹配。实验结果表明,在室外街道的场景下,改进的算法与YOLOv3相比较,损失值收敛更快,平均准确率高出4.85%,跟踪准确率上升3.4%,同时,模型的速度有所提高,最快可达14.39 FPS。

P2X3受体在糖尿病神经病理性疼痛模型中的作用

目的观察P2X3受体在糖尿病神经病理性疼痛大鼠模型中的作用和意义。方法将40只SD大鼠随机分为造模组(n=30)和对照组(n=10)。按照60 mg/kg一次性腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)建立糖尿病大鼠模型。于STZ注射前和注射后第7、14、28天分别测定大鼠血糖、体重以及机械性痛阈的变化。造模组又均分为造模1周组、造模2周组、造模4周组三个亚组。在造模前及造模后1、2、4周利用von Frey hairs法测定大鼠机械痛阈,并通过Real-time法测定每个时间点大鼠脊髓背根神经节(DRG)P2X3受体的表达水平。结果肉眼观察糖尿病大鼠毛色暗淡,尾静脉采血点愈合缓慢,每日饮水,饮食,尿量显著增加,表现符合糖尿病大鼠的临床特征。各模型组血糖浓度均>16.7 mmol/L,各模型组与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。糖尿病大鼠体重较对照组同期大鼠增长缓慢,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。造模组机械痛阈在造模1周后明显下降(P<0.01),并持续至4周(P<0.01);在造模1周后脊髓DRG内P2X3受体表达水平出现显著上调(P<0.01)。大鼠P2X3受体表达水平变化与机械痛阈的下降存在相关性。结论糖尿病早期大鼠脊髓DRG P2X3受体表达即出现上调,并与疼痛相关,说明P2X3受体可能在糖尿病大鼠周围神经疼痛的发生及痛敏的维持阶段起重要作用。

结肠癌患者血清中microRNA-31的表达和临床意义

目的 探讨miR-31在结肠癌患者血清中的表达及临床意义.方法 采用荧光定量PCR（SYBR Green）法检测结肠癌患者（60例）和正常对照组（60例）血清中miR-31的表达.结果 miR-31在结肠癌血清中的相对表达量为（4.83±0.46）,与正常对照组血清中miR-31的表达量（1.010±0.12）比较,其差异有显著性（P＜0.01）;受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析显示,以miR-31相对表达量4.62为临界点时,血清miR-31诊断结肠癌的敏感性为83.4％,特异性为85.6％.血清miR-31在淋巴结有转移组的相对表达量为（5.22±0.42）,在淋巴结无转移组中为（3.96±0.13）,差异有显著性（P＜0.01）;血清miR-31在高分化、中分化、低分化结肠癌血清中的表达水平差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,随着分化程度的降低血清miR-31的表达增高.结论 miR-31能作为一种新的生物标志物用于结肠癌病情的辅助诊断.

针刺内关、水沟对脑缺血再灌注大鼠大脑皮层Caspase-3、PARP-1表达的影响

目的探讨针刺内关、水沟抑制脑缺血再灌注大鼠大脑皮层Caspase-3、PARP-1 mRNA和蛋白表达的影响。方法 40只雄性SD大鼠,随机分为正常组、假手术组、模型组、针刺组。采用改进的Longa线栓法制备大脑中动脉梗塞模型。参考Bederson6级5分法进行神经功能评分,运用Real-time PCR、Western Blot检测脑缺血后24 h大鼠大脑皮层Caspase-3、PARP-1的mRNA及蛋白表达量变化。结果与模型组相比,针刺组可改善缺血再灌注大鼠神经功能缺损症状(P<0.01);针刺可下调Caspase-3、PARP-1的mRNA及蛋白表达,与模型组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01;P<0.05,P<0.05)。结论针刺内关、水沟可下调脑缺血再灌注大鼠大脑皮层Caspase-3、PARP-1的mRNA及蛋白表达。

Values of circulating GPC-3 mRNA and alpha-fetoprotein in detecting patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND: The prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is poor and its early diagnosis is of the utmost importance. This study aimed to investigate the values of glypican-3 (GPC-3) expression in the liver and sera and its gene transcription for diagnosis and monitoring of metastasis of HCC. METHODS: Liver GPC-3 was analyzed in HCC tissues from 36 patients by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. GPC-3 mRNA from circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 123 HCC patients or 246 patients with other diseases or 36 HCC tissues was amplified by RT-PCR, quantitative realtime PCR, and confirmed by DNA sequencing. Circulating GPC-3 level was detected by ELISA. RESULTS: The increasing expression of GPC-3 was observed from non-cancerous to cancerous tissues, with brown granule-like staining localized in tumor parts of atypical hyperplasia and HCC formation. The positive rate of GPC-3 was 80.6% in HCC, 41.7% in their paracancerous tissues, and none in distal cancerous tissues (P【0.001), with no significant difference in differentiation grade and tumor number except for size (Z=2.941, P=0.003). Serum GPC-3 was detected only in HCC (52.8%) and significant difference was found between GPC-3 and tumor size (χ2 =6.318, P=0.012) or HBV infection (χ2 =23.362, P【0.001). Circulating GPC-3 mRNA was detected in 70.7% of HCC tissues, with relation to TNM stage, periportal cancerous embolus, and extra-hepatic metastasis (P【0.001). The combination ofcirculating GPC-3, GPC-3 mRNA and alpha-fetoprotein is of complementary value for HCC diagnosis (94.3%). CONCLUSION: Both GPC-3 overexpression and GPC-3 mRNA abnormality could be used as markers for the diagnosis of HCC and monitoring its metastasis.

Scn3b在遗传性糖尿病长爪沙鼠多种组织中的表达情况

目的比较正常血糖长爪沙鼠和自发遗传性糖尿病长爪沙鼠肝脏、肾脏、骨骼肌和脑组织中钠通道β亚基(sodium channel beta subunit 3 gene,Scn3b)的表达差异。方法选取正常血糖长爪沙鼠和自发遗传性糖尿病长爪沙鼠各6只,分别采集动物的肝脏、肾脏、骨骼肌和脑组织,利用Real-time PCR和Western blotting检测Scn3b在各组织中的mRNA和蛋白表达水平。结果与正常血糖动物相比,在糖尿病长爪沙鼠肝脏和脑组织中,Scn3b mRNA和蛋白水平表达均下降,其中在肝脏具显著性差异。结论 Scn3b在糖尿病长爪沙鼠肝脏和脑组织中表达减少,提示在肝脏和脑组织中Scn3b的异常表达可能参与长爪沙鼠糖尿病的发生。

Dynamic Hand Gesture Recognition Using 3D-CNN and LSTM Networks

Recognition of dynamic hand gestures in real-time is a difficult task because the system can never know when or from where the gesture starts and ends in a video stream.Many researchers have been working on visionbased gesture recognition due to its various applications.This paper proposes a deep learning architecture based on the combination of a 3D Convolutional Neural Network(3D-CNN)and a Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)network.The proposed architecture extracts spatial-temporal information from video sequences input while avoiding extensive computation.The 3D-CNN is used for the extraction of spectral and spatial features which are then given to the LSTM network through which classification is carried out.The proposed model is a light-weight architecture with only 3.7 million training parameters.The model has been evaluated on 15 classes from the 20BN-jester dataset available publicly.The model was trained on 2000 video-clips per class which were separated into 80%training and 20%validation sets.An accuracy of 99%and 97%was achieved on training and testing data,respectively.We further show that the combination of 3D-CNN with LSTM gives superior results as compared to MobileNetv2+LSTM.

中脑源性神经干细胞培养过程中pitx3以及凋亡基因的表达

目的探讨胚胎大鼠腹侧中脑源性神经干细胞培养过程中pitx3、TH以及凋亡基因的表达。方法分离E14.5d胚胎大鼠腹侧中脑组织,用机械吹打方法形成细胞悬液培养,传代7 d、14 d、28 d后,用real-time PCR检测pitx3、Bax、Bcl-2的表达情况。结果在培养的神经干细胞克隆中,pitx3、Bax基因7～21 d表达逐渐增加,而Bcl-2基因表达逐渐下降。结论胚胎大鼠腹侧中脑源性神经干细胞具有分化为中脑多巴胺能神经的潜能,但是随着培养时间的延长,调亡的细胞也在不断增加。