Patterns of local recurrence in rectal cancer after a multidisciplinary approach

Improvements in surgery and the application of combined approaches to fight rectal cancer have succeeded in reducing the local recurrence (LR) rate and when there is LR it tends to appear later and less often in isolation. Moreover, a subtle change in the distribution of LRs with respect to the pelvis has been observed. In general terms, prior to total mesorectal excision the most common LRs were central types (perianastomotic and anterior) while lateral and posterior forms (presa-cral) have become more common since the growth in the use of combined treatments. No differences have been reported in the current pattern of LRs as a function of the type of approach used, that is, neo-adjuvant therapies (short-term or long-course radiotherapy, orchemoradiotherapy versus extended lymphadenectomy, though there is a trend towards posterior or presacral LR in patients in the Western world and lateral LR in Asia. Nevertheless, both may arise from the same mechanism. Moreover, as well as the mode of treatment, the type of LR is related to the height of the initial tumor. Nowadays most LRs are related to the advanced nature of the disease. Involvement of the circumferential radial margin and spillage of residual tumor cells from lymphatic leakage in the pelvic side wall are two plausible mechanisms for the genesis of LR. The patterns of pelvic recurrence itself (pelvic subsites) also have important implications for prognosis and are related to the potential success of salvage curative approach. The re-operability for cure and prognosis are generally better for anastomotic and anterior types than for presacral and lateral recurrences. Overall survival after LR diagnosis is lower with radio or chemoradiotherapy plus optimal surgery approaches, compared to optimal surgery alone.

The 10-Year Local Recurrence and Partial Breast Radiotherapy for Early Breast Cancer Treated by Conservative Surgery

To study the local recurrence and the role of whole breast radiotherapy for early breast cancer treated by conservative surgery. METHODS From April 1990 to December 2000, 49 patients with early primary breast cancer were treated by conservative surgery in our hospital. The cases were comprised of Stage 0, 1; Stage Ⅰ, 31; and Stage Ⅱa, 17. Forty cases underwent quadrantectomy plus axillary lymph node dissection, and the other 9 cases had lumpectomy alone. Irradiation, which was received by 39 patients, was administered by using low tangential half fields with 6 MV X-ray to decrease the pulmonary irradiative volume. The dose to the whole breast was 45 Gy/22 ～23f/4.5W, then a 15 Gy boost dose was delivered to the tumor bed by an electron beam. The other patients underwent an irradiated regional field according to postoperative pathology. RESULTS All patients were followed-up for 10 years or more. The 10- year local recurrence rates, distant metastasis rates and survival rates were 6.1%, 4.1% and 98.0% respectively. All of the 3 patients who had a local recurrence had infiltrative carcinomas and negative lymph nodes. The 10-year local recurrence rate was higher （2.6% vs. 20.0%） with nonpostoperative whole breast radootherapy, but the statistical difference was not marked because of the low number of cases. All of the recurrent lesions localized within 3 cm of the primary lesion. CONCLUSION Original recurrence of the tumor was the main type of local recurrence. Radiotherapy after conservative surgery is very essential. After conservative surgery it is feasible that irradiation can be delivered alone to the neighboring region of the tumor bed. Partial breast radiotherapy can substitute for whole breast radiotherapy.

Update on the prevention of local recurrence and peritoneal metastases in patients with colorectal cancer

The prevention of a disease process has always been superior to the treatment of the same disease throughout the history of medicine and surgery. Local recurrence and peritoneal metastases occur in approximately 8% of colon cancer patients and 25% of rectal cancer patients and should be prevented. Strategies to prevent colon or rectal cancer local recurrence and peritoneal metastases include cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic perioperative chemotherapy (HIPEC). These strategies can be used at the time of primary colon or rectal cancer resection if the HIPEC is available. At institutions where HIPEC is not available with the treatment of primary malignancy, a proactive second-look surgery is recommended. Several phase II studies strongly support the proactive approach. If peritoneal metastases were treated along with the primary colon resection, 5-year survival was seen and these results were superior to the results of treatment after peritoneal metastases had developed as recurrence. Also, prophylactic HIPEC improved survival with T3/T4 mucinous or signet ring colon cancers. A second-look has been shown to be effective in two published manuscripts. Unpublished data from MedStar Washington Cancer Institute also produced favorable date. Rectal cancer with peritoneal metastases may not be so effectively treated. There are both credits and debits of this proactive approach. Selection factors should be reviewed by the multidisciplinary team for individualized management of patients with or at high risk for peritoneal metastases.

Risk factors for local recurrence and appropriate surveillance interval after endoscopic resection

BACKGROUND Risk factors for local recurrence after polypectomy, endoscopic mucosal resection(EMR), and endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) have not been identified.Additionally, the appropriate interval for endoscopic surveillance of colorectal tumors at high-risk of local recurrence has not been established.AIM To clarify the clinicopathological characteristics of recurrent lesions after endoscopic colorectal tumor resection and determine the appropriate interval.METHODS Three hundred and sixty patients(1412 colorectal tumors) who underwent polypectomy, EMR, or ESD and received endoscopic surveillance subsequently for more than one year to detect local recurrence were enrolled in this study. The clinicopathological factors associated with local recurrence were determined via univariate and multivariate analyses.RESULTS Local recurrence was observed in 31 of 360(8.6%) patients [31 of 1412(2.2%)lesions] after colorectal tumor resection. Piecemeal resection, tumor size of more than 2 cm, and the presence of villous components were associated with colorectal tumor recurrence after endoscopic resection. Of these three factors, the piecemeal resection procedure was identified as an independent risk factor for recurrence. Colorectal tumors resected into more than five pieces were associated with a high risk of recurrence since the average period from resection torecurrence in these cases was approximately 3 mo. The period to recurrence in cases resected into more than 5 pieces was much shorter than that in those resected into less than 4 pieces(3.8 ± 1.9 mo vs 7.9 ± 5.0 mo, P < 0.05).CONCLUSION Local recurrence of endoscopically treated colorectal tumors depends upon the outcome of first endoscopic procedure. Piecemeal resection was the only significant risk factor associated with local recurrence after endoscopic resection.

Risk factors for local recurrence following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancers

Local recurrence(LR)has an adverse impact on rectal cancer treatment.Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy(nCRT)is increasingly administered to patients with progressive cancers to improve the prognosis.However,LR still remains a problem and its pattern can alter.Correspondingly,new risk factors have emerged in the context of nCRT in addition to the traditional risk factors in patients receiving non-neoadjuvant therapies.These risk factors are decisive when reviewing treatment options.This review aims to elucidate the distinctive risk factors related to LR of rectal cancers in patients receiving nCRT and to clarify their clinical significance.A search was conducted on PubMed to identify original studies investigating patients with rectal cancer receiving nCRT.Outcomes of interest,especially potential risk factors for LR in patients with nCRT,were then analyzed.The clinical importance of these risk factors is discussed.Remnant cancer cells,lymph-nodes and tumor response were found to be major risk factors.Remnant cancer cells decide the status of resection margins.Local excision following nCRT is promising in ypT0-1N0M0 cases.Dissection of lateral lymph nodes should be considered in advanced lowlying cancers.Although better tumor response resulted in a relatively lower recurrence rate,the evidence available is insufficient to justify a non-operative approach in clinical complete responders to nCRT.LR cannot be totally avoided by current multidisciplinary approaches.The related risk factors resulting from nCRT should be considered when making decisions regarding treatment selection.

Local recurrence is an important prognostic factor of hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM： To clarify the importance of complete treatment by PELT. METHODS： A total of 140 previously untreated cases of HCC were enrolled in this study from 1988 to 2002. The inclusion criteria were： a solitary tumor less than 4 cm in diameter or multiple tumors, fewer than four in number and less than 3 cm in diameter, without extrahepatic metastasis or vessel invasion. As general principles for the treatment of HCC, the patients underwent transcatheter arterial chemoembolization （TACE） prior to PEIT. After the initial treatment of the patients, ultrasonography and computed tomography were performed, and measurement of serum levels of α- fetoprotein （AFP） was determined. When tumor recurrences were detected, PEIT and/or TACE were repeated whenever the hepatic functional reserve of the patient permitted. We then analyzed the variables that could influence prognosis, including tumor size and number, the serum levels of AFP, the parameters of hepatic function （albumin, bilirubin, ALT, hepaplastin test, platelet number, and indocyanine green retention at 15 rain [ICG-R15]）, combined therapy with TACE, distant recurrence, and local recurrence. RESULTS： Univariate analysis identified the ICG test, serum levels of AFP and albumin, tumor size and number, and local recurrence, but not distant recurrence, as significant prognostic variables. In multivariate analysis using those five parameters, the ICG test, tumor size, tumor number, and local recurrence were identified as significant prognostic factors. In both univariate and multivariate analyses, the relative risk for the ICG test was the highest, followed by local recurrence. CONCLUSION： We found that local recurrence is an independent prognostic factor of HCC, indicating that achieving complete treatment for HCC on first treatment is important for improving the prognosis of patients with HCC. 2005 The WJG Press and Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Adenomyoepithelioma of the breast with malignant transformation and repeated local recurrence:A case report

BACKGROUND Adenomyoepithelioma(AME)of the breast is a rare type of benign breast tumor.Many AMEs show benign behavior,but reports of the malignant type are rare.We present the case of a patient with AME with repeated local recurrences and further malignant transformation.CASE SUMMARY A 53-year-old woman visited our hospital with a 16-mm palpable mass in the right breast.A core needle biopsy was performed.The pathological diagnosis was AME.Lumpectomy with a safety margin was performed without axillary lymph node dissection(ALND).Two years later,local recurrence developed,and the patient again underwent lumpectomy with a safety margin.The pathology showed malignant AME,and the margin was negative.Eight months later,local recurrence developed again in the same location,and a total mastectomy was performed without ALND.The pathological diagnosis was malignant AME.The patient was disease-free for three years posttreatment.CONCLUSION The treatment of AME requires caution,as it may exhibit repeated recurrences after local excision as well as malignant transformation.

Real-world local recurrence rate after cold polypectomy in colorectal polyps less than 10 mm using propensity score matching

BACKGROUND Cold polypectomy(CP)is a simple and safe procedure for polyps less than 10 mm in size;however,there is concern about local recurrence following CP because of unidentified margins of excised specimens and the lack of tumor suppression effect by coagulation.Some clinical trials have evaluated local persistent recurrence;their results suggest that a higher rate of local recurrence has not been documented so far.There were few reports that observed the course over long periods of time after CP in clinical practice.AIM To evaluate the presence of local recurrence following CP and hot polypectomy(HP)using propensity score matching.METHODS We analyzed 275 patients who underwent polypectomy for non-pedunculated colorectal polyps less than 10 mm(959 Lesions)between October 2016 and 2017 and underwent follow-up endoscopy subsequently.We divided them into the CP group(706 Lesions),wherein CP was performed,and the HP group(253 Lesions),wherein HP was performed.Using propensity score matching,we extracted 215 Lesions in each group and evaluated the local recurrence and content of CP in the real clinic and adverse events using medical records.RESULTS After propensity score matching,there were no significant differences in the patients’and their endoscopic background(age,use of antithrombotics,indications,size,morphology,location of polyps,and polypectomy device)between the groups.The mean duration between colorectal polypectomy and the next follow-up colonoscopy was 17.5±7.1(range,6-39)mo in the CP group and 15.7±6.0(range,6-35)mo in the HP group,which was significantly longer in the CP group(P=0.005).The local recurrence rate was 0.93%in the CP group and 0.93%in the HP group,without a significant difference(P=0.688).Additionally,no differences were observed in the macroscopic en bloc resection rate,histopathological complete resection rate,and pathological results between the groups.Adverse events did not occur in either group.CONCLUSION Local recurrence after CP was equivalent to that following HP in clinical practice.CP is useful and safe in the treatment of non-pedunculated polyps of less than 10 mm.

Risk factors for local recurrence of middle and lower rectal carcinoma after curative resection

AIM： To explore the risk factors for local recurrence of middle and lower rectal carcinoma after curative resection. METHODS： Specimens of middle and lower rectal carcinoma from 56 patients who received curative resection at the Department of General Surgery of Guangdong Provincial People＇s Hospital were studied. A large slice technique was used to detect mesorectal metastasis and evaluate circumferential resection margin status. The relations between clinicopathologic characteristics, mesorectal metastasis and circumferential resection margin status were identified in patients with local recurrence of middle and lower rectal carcinoma. RESULTS： Local recurrence of middle and lower rectal carcinoma after curative resection occurred in 7 of the 56 patients （12.5%）, and was significantly associated with family history （Х^2= 3.929, P = 0.047）, high CEA level （Х^2 = 4.964, P = 0.026）, cancerous perforation （Х^2 = 8.503, P = 0.004）, tumor differentiation （Х^2 = 9.315, P = 0.009） and vessel cancerous emboli （Х^2 = 11.879, P = 0.001）. In contrast, no significant correlation was found between local recurrence of rectal carcinoma and other variables such as age （Х^2 = 0.506, P = 0.477）, gender （Х^2 = 0.102, Z2 = 0.749）, tumor diameter （Х^2 = 0.421, P = 0.516）,tumor infiltration （Х^2 = 5.052, P = 0.168）, depth of tumor invasion （Х^2 = 4.588, P = 0.101）, lymph node metastases （Х^2 = 3.688, P = 0.055） and TNM staging system （Х^2 = 3.765, P = 0.152）. The local recurrence rate of middle and lower rectal carcinoma was 33.3% （4/12） in patients with positive circumferential resection margin and 6.8% （3/44） in those with negative circumferential resection margin. There was a significant difference between the two groups （Х^2 = 6.061, P = 0.014）. Local recurrence of rectal carcinoma occurred in 6 of 36 patients （16.7%） with mesorectal metastasis, and in 1 of 20 patients （5.0%） without mesorectal metastasis. However, there was no significant difference between the two groups （Х^2 = 1.600, P = 0.206）. CONCLUSION： Family history, high CEA level, cancerous perforation, tumor differentiation, vessel cancerous emboli and circumferential resection margin status are the significant risk factors for local recurrence of middle and lower rectal carcinoma after curative resection. Local recurrence may be more frequent in patients with mesorectal metastasis than in patients without mesorectal metastasis.

Localization and recurrence of a quantum walk in a periodic potential on a line

We present a numerical study of a model of quantum walk in a periodic potential on a line. We take the simple view that different potentials have different affects on the way in which the coin state of the walker is changed. For simplicity and definiteness, we assume that the walker＇s coin state is unaffected at sites without the potential, and rotated in an unbiased way according to the Hadamard matrix at sites with the potential. This is the simplest and most natural model of a quantum walk in a periodic potential with two coins. Six generic cases of such quantum walks are studied numerically. It is found that, of the six cases, four cases display significant localization effect where the walker is confined in the neighborhood of the origin for a sufficiently long time. Associated with such a localization effect is the recurrence of the probability of the walker returning to the neighborhood of the origin.

Proximal and distal rectal cancers differ in curative resectability and local recurrence

AIM: To evaluate patients with proximal rectal cancer (PRC) (> 6 cm up to 12 cm) and distal rectal cancer (DRC) (0 to 6 cm from the anal verge). METHODS: Two hundred and eighteen patients (120 male, 98 female, median age 58 years, range 19-88 years) comprised 100 with PRC and 118 with DRC. The proportion of T1, T2 vs T3, T4 stage cancers was similar in both groups (PRC: T1+T2 = 29%; T3+T4 = 71% and DRC: T1+T2 = -31%; T3+T4 = 69%). All patients had cancer confined to the rectum -those with synchronous distant metastasis were excluded. Surgical resection was with curative intent with or without pre-operative chemoradiation (c-RT). Follow-up was for a median of 35 mo (range: 12 to 126 mo). End points were: 30 d mortality, complications of operation, microscopic tumour-free margins, resection with a tumour-free circumferential margin (CRM) of 1 to 2 mm and > 2 mm, local recurrence, survival and the permanent stoma rate. RESULTS: Overall 30-d mortality was 6% (12): PRC 7 % and DRC 4%. Postoperative complications occurred in 14% with PRC compared with 21.5% with DRC, urinary retention was the complication most frequently reported (PRC 2% vs DRC 9%, P = 0.04). Twelve percent with PRC compared with 37% with DRC were subjected to preoperative c-RT (P = 0.03). A tumour-free CRM of 1 to 2 mm and > 2 mm was reported in 93% and 82% with PRC and 88% and 75% with DRC respectively (PRC vs DRC, P > 0.05). However, local recurrence was 5% for PRC vs 11% for DRC (P < 0.001). Three and five years survival was 65.6% and 60.2% for PRC vs 67% and 64.3% for DRC respectively. No patient with PRC and 23 (20%) with DRC received an abdomino-perineal resection. CONCLUSION: PRC and DRC differ in the rate of abdomino-perineal resection, post-operative urinary retention and local recurrence. Survival in both groups was similar.

Retrospective analysis of prognostic factors for sixty osteosarcoma patients with local recurrence

Objective:The aim of this study was to identify prognostic factors and imply the appropriate management for local recurrent osteosarcoma.Methods:The clinical records of 60 patients with local recurrence osteosarcoma were reviewed between January 2002 and December 2010.The mean followed-up time for these patients was 49.1 months(range 13 to 143 months).The factors of age,gender,tumor site,tumor size,surgical procedure,neoadjuvant chemotherapy,frequency of primary postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy,lung metastasis,metastasis of other sites(except for lung) and treatment after local recurrence were selected as the measurements for this analysis.Kaplan-Meier method was used to measure the overall survival and post-recurrence survival.The univariate analysis was used to determine the prognostic factors related with survival by Log-rank test.The COX proportional-hazard regression model was used to analyze the correlation between the prognostic factor and the survival.Results:The median post-recurrence survival and overall survival of 60 patients were 32 months(95% confidence interval:16.2-47.8) and 55 months(95% confidence interval:39.3-70.7) respectively.The 2and 3-year cumulative survival rates were 81.7% and 55.4%,respectively.The Log-rank univariate analysis showed that age,gender,tumor size,metastasis of other sites(except for lung) and treatment after local recurrence were associated with the prognosis of osteosarcoma with local recurrence(P < 0.05).The Cox regression analysis revealed that gender(P = 0.016),metastasis of other sites(except for lung,P = 0.017) and treatment after local recurrence(P = 0.028) were the independent prognostic factors of osteosarcoma with local recurrence.On the other hand,the prognosis of local recurrent osteosarcoma was not associated with tumor site,surgical procedure,frequency of primary postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy,neoadjuvant chemotherapy and lung metastasis(P > 0.05).Conclusion:The independent prognostic factors for local recurrent osteosarcoma were the metastasis of other site(except for lung) and the treatment after local recurrence.The aggressive surgical treatment for local recurrence and distant metastasis could effectively improve the survival of local recurrent osteosarcoma.

Current strategies to diagnose and manage positive surgical margins and local recurrence after partial nephrectomy

Objective:No standard strategy for diagnosis and management of positive surgical margin(PSM)and local recurrence after partial nephrectomy(PN)are reported in literature.This review aims to provide an overview of the current strategies and further perspectives on this patient setting.Methods:A non-systematic review of the literature was completed.The research included the most updated articles(about the last 10 years).Results:Techniques for diagnosing PSMs during PN include intraoperative frozen section,imprinting cytology,and other specific tools.No clear evidence is reported about these methods.Regarding PSM management,active surveillance with a combination of imaging and laboratory evaluation is the first option line followed by surgery.Regarding local recurrence management,surgery is the primary curative approach when possible but it may be technically difficult due to anatomy resultant from previous PN.In this scenario,thermal ablation(TA)may have the potential to circumvent these limitations representing a less invasive alternative.Salvage surgery represents a valid option;six studies analyzed the outcomes of nephrectomy on local recurrence after PN with three of these focused on robotic approach.Overall,complication rates of salvage surgery are higher compared to TA but ablation presents a higher recurrence rate up to 25%of cases that can often be managed with repeat ablation.Conclusion:Controversy still exists surrounding the best strategy for management and diagnosis of patients with PSMs or local recurrence after PN.Active surveillance is likely to be the optimal first-line management option for most patients with PSMs.Ablation and salvage surgery both represent valid options in patients with local recurrence after PN.Conversely,salvage PN and radical nephrectomy have fewer recurrences but are associated with a higher complication rate compared to TA.In this scenario,robotic surgery plays an important role in improving salvage PN and radical nephrectomy outcomes.

TREATMENT OF LOCAL RECURRENCE OF NASOPHARYN-GEAL CARCINOMA WITH REIRRADIATION

From 1975 to 1987, 112 patients with loco-regional recurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (N P C) were treated again with radiation at our hospital. All cases were proven histologically by biopsy. Of these patients, 92 had their recurrence in the nasopharynx only, 13 had additional involvement of the base of the skull, and 7 had tumor recurrences simultaneously in the nasopharynx as well as the cervical lymph nodes. Radiotherapy adopted in this series was 60Co external irradiation (X R Te) and/ or betatron in 96 patients, X R Te plus intracavitary 60Co irradiation (X R Ti) in 12 patients and X R Ti alone in the other 4 patients. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 86.3%, 45.8% and 30.2% respectively after the start of recurrence retreatment. The 63 patients who survived for 5 years or more were analyzed. The prognosis of the patient was related to the histological type, clinical stage, modality of treatment, and disease interval to recurrence and site of recurrence. No serious complications occurred. It is suggested that re-irradiation is appropriate in the treatment of loco-regional recurrent N P C.

Local Recurrence of Low-Grade Myofibroblastic Sarcoma of the Chest Wall:Report of a Case and Literatures Review

Myofibroblastic sarcoma, composed primarily of myofibroblast, is a rare malignant tumor. Low-grade myofibroblastic sarcoma （LGMS） has been defined properly as a distinct entity in the 2002 WHO classification of soft tissue tumors. Primary sarcoma of the chest wall is also a rare disease. This article describes a case of locally recurrent LGMS of the chest wall.

Long-Term Outcomes and Prognosis of Transrectal High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Therapy for Patients with Localized Prostate Cancer—Therapy after Recurrence and Predictive Factors

Objectives: To evaluate the outcomes and prognosis of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy for patients with localized prostate cancer, and identify suitable candidates for this therapy by investigating the predictive factors. Methods: The 224 patients (low 54, intermediate 111 and high-risk patients 59) with T1-2 stage were treated using the Sonablate device and followed for over 12 months after treatment. Recurrence was determined based on histological findings, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) failure and local or distant metastasis. The factors which are predicting variables with potential effects were investigated by Kaplan-Meier and multivariate analysis. Results: A total of 255 treatment sessions (193 with one, 31 with two) were performed. No patients died of prostate cancer, but 15 died of other causes and 14 patients were lost during follow-up. The 7-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates in all patients were 75%, and 5-year RFS rates were 98%, 84% and 59% in the low, intermediate and high-risk patients respectively. In the 216 patients who underwent histological examination at 6 months or later after HIFU, 25 (12%) were positive. In 77 patients with recurrence after first-HIFU, the second treatments were hormonal therapy and HIFU. Of the 31 patients who underwent a second HIFU, the 5-year RFS rates were 64%, and 5-year RFS rates were 100%, 74% and 33% in the low, intermediate and high-risk patients. The significant predictor for recurrence was risk-group, T-stage (T1 vs T2), Gleason score (≤3 + 4 and ≥4 + 3), pretreatment PSA (Conclusions: Prognosis of HIFU for Patients with localized prostate cancer was good, and the low and intermediate-risk patients with T1-staging are suitable indications for HIFU. Effective predictors for outcomes were risk-group, T-stage, Gleason score, pretreatment PSA and nadir PSA.

THE FACTORS AND TREATMENT OF LOCAL RECURRENCE AFTER RADICAL RESECTION RESERVING THE ANUS IN THE PATIENTS WITH RECTAL CANCER

Of seventy-one patients with rectal cancer after radical resection retaining the anus, 15 developed local recurrence with a recurrence rate of 21.1%. Local recurrence was correlated with improper safety margin from the lower edge of cancer to the anal end. There was statistical significant difference between 3 cm or more and 2 cm or less. The local recurrence was also related to the pathologic stage, histologic differentiation and implant of free cancer cells. It is suggested that the surgical indication of saving the anus be strict and without stretching, the safety margin from the lower edge of cancer to the anal end should not be less than 2 cm in early rectal cancer and not less than 4 cm in advanced lesions. During the operation, no touching tumor technique, thorough rinsing of the peritoneal cavity and pre- or post-operative radiotherapy are important for prevention of local recurrence. Early local recurrent rectal cancer can be detected by periodic examinations.

Study on the causes of local recurrence of rectal cancer after curative resection: analysis of 213 cases

AIM To study the local recurrent rate and the causes of rectal cancer after surgery. METHODS The clinicopathological data of 213 rectal cancer patients and the follow up information were analyzed. The overall recurrent rate and the recurrent rates from different surgical appreaches were calculated. The main causes of recurrence were investigated. RESULTS Among the 213 cases, 73 (34 27%) had local recurrence. The recurrent time ranged from 3 months to 62 months after the first operation. Most of the recurrence ( 65/73 , 89 04%) occurred within 3 years after operation. CONCLUSION Local recurrence had no significant correlation with surgical methods or pathological types, but closely related to Dukes′ stages, location of primary tumors and the length of the distal rectum resected. Early resection and a wide tumor free resection margin are key factors to prevent local recurrence.

Risk factors and therapeutic results of early local recurrence after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization

AIM: To identify factors affecting early local recurrence after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) and investigate treatments and outcomes for local recurrence.

Local recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after radiofrequency ablation

A 51-year-old Chinese male with a 20-year history of hepatitis B was diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma in the right anterior portion of the liver, sized 3.5 cm × 3.2 cm, and was treated with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) on December 18, 2001. The patient did not receive antiviral therapy for hepatitis B virus after RFA. The treated lesion reduced gradually and reached its minimum size of 1.7 cm × 1.5 cm seven years later on November 18, 2008. However computed tomography findings revealed that a recurrence lesion of 6.0 cm × 4.8 cm which was histologically confirmed overlapped the previous treated lesion at the 8th year on December 3, 2009. Although recurrence at 8 years after curative RFA is a rare event, such a possibility must be kept in mind. To find and treat the recurrence lesion promptly, long-term and close monitoring is warranted after RFA. Meanwhile, the recurrence-prevention therapy is as important as close monitoring for those patients with a history of hepatitis B.