Red Yeast Rice Increases Excretion of Bile Acids in Hamsters

Objective To investigate the hypocholesterolemic activity of red yeast rice （RYR） and its underlying mechanism. Methods Three groups of hamsters were fed either the control diet or one of the two experimental diets containing by weight 0.1% RYR （0.1RYR） or 0.3% RYR （0.3RYR）. Blood （0.5 mL） was collected from the retro-orbital sinus into a heparinized capillary tube at the end of week 0, 3, and 6. Plasma lipoproteins were measured using enzymatic kits, while fecal neutral and acidic sterols were quantified using a gas-liquid chromatography. Results Plasma total cholesterol was reduced by 12% in 0.1RYR group and by 18% in 0.3RYR group compared with the control value. Similarly, plasma triacylglycerol was decreased by 11% in 0.1RYR group and by 24% in 0.3RYR group. Western blotting analysis demonstrated that RYR had no effect on sterol regulatory element binding protein 2, fiver X receptor, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutary-CoA reductase, LDL receptor, and cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase. HPLC analysis confirmed that RYR contained 0.88% monacolin K. It was recently found that RYR supplementation increased excretion of fecal acidic sterols by 34 folds compared with the conlrol value. Conclusion Hypocholesterolemic activity of RYR is mediated at least partially by enhancement of acidic sterol excretion.

Effect of Light on Flavonoids Biosynthesis in Red Rice Rdh

The effect of light on flavonoids biosynthesis in red rice Rdh was studied. The panicles of red rice Rdh produced colorless caryopses after darkness treatment; and these colorless caryopses displayed bright-red after vanillin treatment, but did not display red color after light inducing for 15 days, suggesting that red rice Rdh could produce leucoanthocyanidin, but could not produce polyproanthocyanidins in darkness. Histological study revealed that the aleurone layers of Rdh colorless caryopses displayed bright-red after vanillin assay, but the pericarp and seed coat layers did not display color change, which indicated that the aleurone layers could accumulate precursors of polyproanthocyanidins in darkness, but the pericarp and seed coat could not. Additionally, color ofRdh caryopses changed from green in immaturity to red in maturity, and the green caryopses changed color from green to red gradually indoor for 7 days after harvest, suggesting that leucoanthocyanidins could synthesize polyproanthocyanidins. It was concluded that light was necessary for red pigment biosynthesis in red rice Rdh, leucoanthocyanidins biosyntheses in the aleurone layers did not need light, leucoanthocyanidins biosynthesis in pericarp and seed coat needed light inducing, the effect of leucoanthocyanidin biosynthesis in Rdh to light had tissue specificity.

Effect of Superfine Grinding on Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Content of Red Rice ( <i>Oryza sativa</i>L.)

Red rice gains popularity as a functional crop owing to its high polyphenols content and antioxidant activity. However, active components are discarded in common milling. Superfine ground technology was employed in this paper. To evaluate the influence of superfine ground processing on the physicochemical properties and functional effect of red rice (Oryza sativa L.), four powders with the size of 156.74 μm, 69.53 μm, 26.35 μm, and 10.68 μm were prepared by superfine grinding technology in this paper. Results showed that the size was smaller for red rice powders, greater for the bulk density (from 0.624 g/ml to 0.745 g/ml), and smaller for the angle of repose (from 74.67&deg;to 61.41&deg;) and slide (from 38.99&deg;to 26.42&deg;). The values of water solubility index, water holding capacity and enzymatic digestibility by α-amylase significantly increased with the decreasing particle size (P < 0.05). In addition, antioxidant activity and phenolic content were enhanced by superfine ground. These results indicated that superfine ground would improve the physicochemical and functional properties of red rice, which was helpful to promote the overall quality and healthy effect of foods containing red rice.

Combined Application of Si and Mn for Correcting Fe Toxicity to Rice（Oryza sativaL．） on a Red Earth

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Effects of Long-Term Application of Inorganic Fertilizers on Biochemical Properties of a Rice-Planting Red Soil

一个长期的实验在江西省的 Yingtan 被建立在从第四级的红壤导出的种大米的土壤的生物化学的性质上调查无机肥料的长期的申请的效果。Noncultivated 土壤被低 pH 和缺乏极其在可得到的营养素，特别地 P 和 N 侵蚀并且描绘。在 13 年在为双 cropped 大米的耕作的无机的授精以后，土壤的生物化学的性质被改变。没有 N 申请，氮的硝化作用潜力和脲酶活动比那些在有 N 申请的处理是更高的。没有 P 申请，酸性磷酸酶活动和脱氢酶活动比在那些在有 P 申请的处理也是更高的。脱氢酶活动与全部的 P 和 hydrolysable N 的集中并且与米饭庄稼产量相关很好，建议那项脱氢酶活动可能是为在土壤肥力的改进的合适的指示物。

Weedy red rice has novel sources of resistance to biotic stress

Weedy red rice(Oryza sativa;WRR),a close relative of cultivated rice,is a highly competitive weed that commonly infests rice fields and can also naturally interbreed with rice.Useful genes for biotic stress have been maintained in WRR and can be explored for breeding.Here we describe genetic and physiological traits of WRR that can be beneficial in preventing major rice diseases.Rice blast,caused by the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae,and sheath blight disease,caused by the necrotrophic pathogen Rhizoctonia solani,are the two most damaging biotic stresses of rice.Many major and minor resistance genes and QTL have been identified in cultivated and wild rice relatives.However,novel QTL were recently found in the two major U.S.biotypes of WRR,blackhull-awned(BH)and strawhullawnless(SH),suggesting that WRR has evolved novel genetic mechanisms to cope with these biotic stresses.Twenty-eight accessions of WRR(PI 653412–PI 653439)from the southern USA were characterized and placed in the National Small Grains Collection,and are available for identification of novel genetic factors to prevent biotic stress.

Genetic Analysis and Molecular Mapping of Light-Sensitive Red-Root Mutant in Rice

The light-sensitive red-root mutant, designated as HG1, was newly observed from an indica rice variety, Nankinkodo, when seedlings were grown with roots exposed to natural light. The root color of the mutant began to turn slight-red when the roots were exposed to the light at the intensity of 29 ）Jmol/（m^2·s）, then turned dark-red at the light intensity of 180 pmol/（m^2·s）, suggesting that the root color of the mutant was evidently sensitive to light. Furthermore, genetic analysis showed that the character of light-sensitive red-root of the HG1 mutant was controlled by a single dominant gene, tentatively designated as Lsr. With simple sequence repeat markers, Lsrgene was located between the markers RM252 and RM303 on chromosome 4 with the genetic distances of 9.8 cM and 6.4 cM, respectively. These results could be useful for fine mapping and cloning of Lsrgene in rice.

Validation of the Red Pericarp Gene from 419 Rice Landraces in Guangxi via Genome-wide Association Studies

Rice has different colors of pericarp, such as red, white and black. Red rice pericarp is rich in proanthocyanins, which have antioxidant properties and are beneficial to human health. In the present study, we analyzed the red-pericarp gene Rc of 419 rice landraces in Guangxi by genome-wide association study （GWAS）, and validated that the Rc gene regulated the red periearp trait in flee. By analyzing the genomie DNA of 97 red-pericarp flee eultivars, we identified two new alleles in C139 and C323. Then, the exons of Rcc＇9 and Rcc were sequenced with Sanger method, and the results demonstrated that the natural mutations within Re ene resulted in the two alleles Rcc and Rcc.

Technical Specification for Seed Production of Qinzhou Sea Red Rice(Chihe)

Sea red rice is a geographical indication agricultural product of Qinzhou City.It is suitable for growing in hydrochloric acid field with salinity of 2‰-20‰,and is a green and healthy food positioned in the medium and high-end rice market.The brand of Qinzhou sea red rice started to be established in November of 2019.In this paper,the technical specification for seed production of Qinzhou sea red rice is introduced from the aspects of seed production,breeding and harvest,so as to provide technical support for accelerating the popularization of characteristic varieties and the process of industrialization.

Effects of Inorganic-organic Incorporation on Productivity and Soil Fertility of Rice Cropping System in Red Soil Area of China

Results from ten-year (1990 - 1999) field experiments indicated that the productivity and the soil fertility of rice cropping system were significantly influenced by the fertilization system adopted in red soil area of China. Contrasting with no-fertili/er treatment (CK), yield-increase rate of organic matter cycling, chemical NPK and inorganic-organic fertilizer incorporation treatments were 56.5% , 62.5% and 80.7% , respectively. In the case of optimum fertilization system, the largest contribution of inorganic fertilizer to the yield was 38.5% while that of inorganic-organic fertilizer incorporation was 44.7%. The content of soil organic matter changed in tendency from decrease to equilibrium with heightened the extent of N, P and K incorporation while that of inorganic-organic fertilizer incorporation could be enhanced further. After N, P and K entered into the rice cropping system and maintained organic matter cycling in the system, the pools of total N, P and K could be strengthened.

Different Solid-state Fermentation technology of Functional Red yeast rice has an effect on the morphological change of MonacolinK

Different technical conditions in the process of solid-state fermentation of red yeast rice has a certain impact on the production of acid-form and lactone form Monacolin K.When cultured in the loose rice medium,the acid form Monacolin K accounts for 50%-60%;while the acid form Monacolin K accounts for 80%-90%cultured in the consolidated rice medium.And we also found that the proportion of the acid form and lactone form Monacolin K will decrease with the increase of fermentation time.

红螯螯虾幼虾对4种水稻农药耐受性研究

为了解稻田常用的生物农药或杀虫剂对红螯螯虾大规格幼虾的毒性效应,测定了中生菌素、氯虫·噻虫嗪、噻唑锌和井冈霉素A对其的急性毒性反应。结果表明:4种农药对红螯螯虾大规格幼虾96 h半致死浓度分别为19.66、1.65、1132.83、2092.07 mg/L。安全浓度分别为5.65、1.27、260.40、248.11 mg/L,根据耐受性和行为特征观察发现,4种药物对于4 cm左右的红螯螯虾幼虾的毒性大小依次为氯虫·噻虫嗪>中生菌素>噻唑锌>井冈霉素A,根据国家标准(GB/T16310.5—1996),噻唑锌和井冈霉素A对于4 cm红螯螯虾幼苗属于无毒农药,中生菌素属于微毒农药,而氯虫·噻虫嗪为中毒农药。本试验明确了红螯螯虾幼虾对水稻常用农药的耐受性,为红螯螯虾-水稻综合种养过程中的病害防治工作提供参考。

Effect of Excess Fertilizer Phosphorus on Some Chemical Properties of Paddy Soil Derived from Red Soil and Its Relation to Rice Growth

A field experiment with an early rice-late rice rotation was carried out on a paddy soil derived from red soil in the southern part of Zhejiang Province to elucidate the effect of excess P application on some important characteristics of soil properies and its relation to nutrient status and grain yields of rice crops.The experimental results indicated that adequate fertilizer P (15 kg P hm-2) could increase the content of soil available P at the tillering stage of early rice, the contents of N, P and K in the shoots of early rice at primary growth stages, and the grain yield of early rice by increasing valid ears per hectare and weight per thousand grains, which was mainly related to the higher contents of reduced, non-reduced and total sugar in the shoots at the heading stage. And early rice supplied with excessive P could not yield more than that applied with adequate P, due to the reduction in the valid grain percentage and weight per thousand grains.In addition, onestime excess P supply at a rate as high as 90 kg P hm-2 could not improve the soil P fertility in case the soil available P content was lower than the initial (3.74 mg kg-1 soil) after an early rice-late rice rotation, and made a decline in the grain yield increased by per kilogram fertilizer P. Thus, one-time excess P supply should not be adopted for soils with a large P fixation capacity like the paddy soils derived from red soils.

红米米糠非淀粉多糖的提取纯化与结构表征

红米是我国产量最大的有色米,具有抗氧化、抗炎等功能,但其水溶性多糖资源并未被开发利用。该文以红米米糠为原料,脱脂后利用热水提取,经脱色、除蛋白、醇沉、透析制得红米米糠非淀粉多糖(non-starch polysaccharides from red rice bran,RRBP)。利用DEAE-52 Cellulose和Sephadex G-200分离纯化得到不同的部分,其中比例最大的为RRBP4组分。通过高效液相色谱、傅里叶红外光谱与完全酸水解、部分酸水解、β-消除、I 2-KI实验、刚果红实验等方法对RRBP4的分子质量、单糖组成、主链与侧链、糖苷键、分支程度与三螺旋构象进行分析。结果表明,RRBP4的相对分子质量为1.65×10^(5)Da,由甘露糖、核糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖和阿拉伯糖组成,其摩尔比例为0.29∶1.93∶0.35∶1.41∶0.50∶1.00∶5.58∶1.67∶2.56,是一种以半乳糖为主的酸性杂聚糖。RRBP4中有62.40%的多糖集中于侧链,是一种高度支化的多糖。RRBP4是以α-糖苷键为主且含有氨基酸的多糖,同时具有三螺旋结构。红米米糠非淀粉多糖的结构分析能够为开发其在食品工业中的应用提供科学基础数据。

红曲复合营养米制备工艺及其食味品质研究

利用双螺杆挤压技术制备红曲复合营养米。以莫纳克林K含量和感官得分为指标,通过单因素与正交试验优化制备工艺参数,利用电子舌和电子鼻对产品食味品质进行评价。结果表明:当挤压四区温度为90℃、螺杆转速为120 r/min、喂料速度为8 kg/h时,得到的红曲复合营养米的感官得分及莫纳克林K含量最高。随着功能性红曲米粉添加量的增加,红曲复合营养米的食味品质有明显区别。以籼米粉质量为基准,当功能性红曲米粉添加量为2.0%时,红曲复合营养米在鲜味和咸味上指数适中,且苦味、涩味指数较低,能够赋予产品更佳的食味品质。

2种A型淀粉的消化特性研究

以牛大力淀粉(MSS)和海南红山兰米淀粉(RRS)为研究对象,采用体外模拟消化模型建立一阶消化动力学方程,并对消化后淀粉的微观结构进行表征。结果表明:MSS抗消化能力优于RRS。经体外消化后,牛大力消化淀粉(MSDS)中的直链淀粉含量减少4.95%,而海南红山兰米消化淀粉(RRDS)中的直链淀粉含量增加5.11%。在体外消化过程中,与原淀粉相比,MSDS和RRDS的短程有序结构比例逐渐增大,相对结晶度提高。

Associations between the use of red yeast rice preparations and adverse health outcomes:An umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials

Background:Red yeast rice(RYR),a natural lipid-lowering agent,is widely used in clinical practice.However,the existing meta-analyses concerning the safety of RYR preparations have yielded inconsistent results,and the credibility of the evidence has not been quantified.Objective:This study was designed to evaluate the existing evidence and offer a comprehensive understanding of the associations between the use of RYR preparations and various adverse health outcomes.Search strategy:Seven literature databases were searched from inception to May 5,2023,using medical subject headings and free-text terms(e.g.,“red yeast rice,”“Xuezhikang,”and“Zhibitai”).Inclusion criteria:Meta-analyses that investigated and quantitatively estimated associations between the use of RYR preparations and adverse health outcomes were included in this study.Data extraction and analysis:Two researchers independently extracted data using a standardized data collection table;any disagreements were resolved by consulting a third researcher.Based on the participant,intervention,comparator and outcome(PICO)framework in each eligible meta-analysis,a series of unique associations between the use of RYR preparations and adverse health outcomes were determined.The associations’effect estimates were re-evaluated using random-effect models.Results:Fifteen meta-analyses,comprising 186(164 unique)randomized controlled trials,were identified.Based on A Mea Surement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews version 2,3(20%)and 12(80%)of these meta-analyses had low and critically low confidence,respectively.A total of 61 unique associations between the use of RYR preparations and adverse health outcomes were extracted from eligible metaanalyses.Based on the random-effect models,10(16.4%)associations indicated a significant protective effect of RYR preparations against adverse health outcomes,while 5(8.2%)indicated an increased risk of adverse health outcomes related to uric acid,alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels.The other 46(75.4%)associations showed no significant difference between the use of RYR preparations and control treatments.Regarding the credibility of the evidence,21(34.4%),34(55.7%)and 6(9.8%)associations showed moderate,low and very low credibility,respectively.Conclusion:The evidence examined in this study suggests that RYR preparations are safe;however,the credibility of the evidence was not high.Further high-quality evidence is required.

红米水稻抗氧化活性成分的遗传效应与环境互作

【目的】剖析红米水稻总酚、总黄酮、原花青素和花色苷的遗传效应,为高营养价值红米杂交稻的培育提供参考。【方法】以8个红米恢复系为父本,6个不育系为母本,配制48个杂交组合为遗传材料,利用加性-显性遗传模型(AD模型)及统计方法,分析在不同环境下红米水稻抗氧化活性成分的遗传效应、杂种优势、遗传相关及其与环境互作。【结果】花色苷、原花青素、总酚和总黄酮主要受遗传主效应控制,其中原花青素、总酚和总黄酮总狭义遗传率高,以基因加性效应为主,低代选择有效;花色苷以显性效应为主,适宜中、高世代选择。这4种抗氧化活性成分的表型、遗传、加性、显性、加性×环境互作和显性×环境互作均呈正向相关,相关系数大;原花青素的基因型×环境互作效应小,稳定性好,以此为选择指标可有效提高其他3种成分,减轻工作量,提高育种效率。高温有利红米水稻杂种后代抗氧化活性成分的积累,提高群体杂种优势。此外,提高不育系抗氧化活性成分含量,有利于培育高抗氧化活性成分含量的杂交后代;恢复系18Rr174、18Rr175可有效提高后代总酚、总黄酮、原花青素含量,且受环境影响小。【结论】采用植物数量性状的加性-显性遗传模型,可有效预测亲本抗氧化活性成分的遗传效应,18Rr174、18Rr175在高抗氧化活性成分红米杂交稻的选育上具有较高应用价值。

响应面法优化血糯米花青素提取工艺及抗氧化活性研究

以血糯米为原料,利用醇提法提取血糯米花青素,并用pH示差法测定其含量,先采用单因素实验考察乙醇体积分数、料液比、提取温度、提取时间对血糯米花青素提取的影响,再通过响应面法优化提取工艺条件,得最优条件为:乙醇体积分数51%、料液比1 g∶25 mL、提取温度67℃、提取时间45 min,血糯米花青素的含量为0.216 mg/g。用提取得到的花青素通过羟自由基清除率、ABTS自由基清除率抗氧化活性进行测定,实验表明,血糯米花青素具有对较强的抗氧化活性,其中对ABTS+清除率达到71.84%.

远红光阶段辐照对水稻幼苗生长及水分利用效率的影响

以水稻“绿旱639”为研究对象,在水稻种期(T_(1)处理)、芽期(T_(2)处理)和苗期(T_(3)处理)分别进行远红光辐照,并设置对照组(CK处理)。测算了水稻幼苗的生理指标、生长特性及水分利用效率,研究了阶段辐照下远红光对水稻幼苗生长及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,种期进行辐照水稻幼苗的叶面积比芽期和苗期分别增加了15.82%和20.46%;芽期进行辐照水稻幼苗的相对生长速率比种期和苗期分别增加了23.10%和37.01%,根长、根冠比、净同化速率等指标的增长幅度均大于种期和苗期辐照;苗期进行辐照水稻幼苗的叶片水分利用效率与种期和芽期辐照相比,分别增加了16.60%和23.07%。综上,在水稻幼苗的芽期进行远红光辐照,可以有效促进水稻幼苗的生长;在水稻幼苗的苗期进行远红光辐照,可以显著提高水稻幼苗的水分利用效率。研究结果从光学农业角度为提高水稻及其他作物水分利用效率提供了参考。