Structural properties of residual carbon in coal gasification fine slag and their influence on flotation separation and resource utilization:A review

Coal gasification fine slag(FS)is a typical solid waste generated in coal gasification.Its current disposal methods of stockpil-ing and landfilling have caused serious soil and ecological hazards.Separation recovery and the high-value utilization of residual carbon(RC)in FS are the keys to realizing the win-win situation of the coal chemical industry in terms of economic and environmental benefits.The structural properties,such as pore,surface functional group,and microcrystalline structures,of RC in FS(FS-RC)not only affect the flotation recovery efficiency of FS-RC but also form the basis for the high-value utilization of FS-RC.In this paper,the characteristics of FS-RC in terms of pore structure,surface functional groups,and microcrystalline structure are sorted out in accordance with gasification type and FS particle size.The reasons for the formation of the special structural properties of FS-RC are analyzed,and their influence on the flotation separation and high-value utilization of FS-RC is summarized.Separation methods based on the pore structural characterist-ics of FS-RC,such as ultrasonic pretreatment-pore-blocking flotation and pore breaking-flocculation flotation,are proposed to be the key development technologies for improving FS-RC recovery in the future.The design of low-cost,low-dose collectors containing polar bonds based on the surface and microcrystalline structures of FS-RC is proposed to be an important breakthrough point for strengthening the flotation efficiency of FS-RC in the future.The high-value utilization of FS should be based on the physicochemical structural proper-ties of FS-RC and should focus on the environmental impact of hazardous elements and the recyclability of chemical waste liquid to es-tablish an environmentally friendly utilization method.This review is of great theoretical importance for the comprehensive understand-ing of the unique structural properties of FS-RC,the breakthrough of the technological bottleneck in the efficient flotation separation of FS,and the expansion of the field of the high value-added utilization of FS-RC.

Comprehensive treatment of latex wastewater and resource utilization of concentrated liquid

Latex wastewater is a kind of refractory organic wastewater containing high concentrations of organics and ammonia nitrogen.In this work,the combined process of forward osmosis(FO)and reverse osmosis(RO)was designed to treat the latex wastewater in the whole process,achieving the water recovery rate of 99%and basically no waste discharge after the catalytic oxidation process.The turbidity of the latex wastewater was decreased to below 1 NTU by microfiltration pretreatment,and then using MgCl_2 worked as the draw solution for FO process to treat the latex wastewater.Different operation conditions including adding acid or scale inhibitor as the pretreatment methods were conducted to improve the treatment performance of the combined process.After the treatment of the whole process,the concentration of COD was less than 20 mg·L^(-1),the concentration of NH_3-N was less than 10 mg·L^(-1),and the concentration of TP was less than 0.5 mg·L^(-1)for the treated latex wastewater.The water quality met standards of industrial water reuse after the complete analysis of the treated latex wastewater,meanwhile,useful substances of L-Quebrachitol(L-Q)were successfully extracted from the concentrated solution.Therefore,the combined process of FO and RO could realize the efficient treatment and reuse of latex wastewater,which provided with some important guidance on the industrial application.

Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Sediment and Its Resource Utilization in Building Ceramics

With the rapid development of China's social economy and the acceleration of urbanization,a large quantity of production and domestic sewage is discharged into rivers and lakes,and the concentration of pollutants leads to serious excessive heavy metals in sediment,which affects the ecological environment.In this paper,the treatment technology of heavy metal pollution in sediment and its resource utilization in building ceramics in China are systematically analyzed and summarized,in order to provide a reference for the treatment of sediment in rivers and lakes and the sustainable development of building ceramics industry.

Relationship between Rural Industry Revitalization and Land Resource Utilization and Its Practice in Ganning Town, Wanzhou District of Chongqing

[Objectives]To explore the relationship between rural industry revitalization and land resource utilization.[Methods]Starting from the connotation of rural industry revitalization and land resource utilization,this study explores the relationship between rural industry revitalization and land resource utilization,Taking Ganning Town with typical mountain industry as the research area,this paper analyzed the relationship between rural industry revitalization and land resource utilization through a combination of field research and literature analysis,found out the existing problems and came up with pertinent recommendations.[Results](i)Rural industry revitalization is both mutually reinforcing and mutually restrictive.(ii)In this study,the land use types of Ganning Town were divided into nine categories,including farmland,garden land,forest land and grassland,and their industrial functions and development models were identified,and the corresponding framework of land resource utilization and rural industry revitalization in Ganning Town was constructed.(iii)In view of the problems existing in Ganning Town,this paper proposed to change the ideological concept and enhance understanding,improve the utilization rate of idle land and promote rural industry revitalization,and accelerate land consolidation and restoration,and promote sustainable development.[Conclusions]It is necessary to correctly understand the two-way role and dynamic change relationship between rural industry revitalization and land resource utilization,solve the problem from the perspective of development,adopt development strategies according to local conditions,and take the road of sustainable development.

Treatment and Resource Utilization of Deinking Sludge from Regenerated Paper Mill

To fully utilize secondary resources,it will inevitably generate a large amount of deinking sludge using waste paper as raw material for paper making.The sludge contains small fibers and dissolved substances of various chemicals.After adding flocculant and settling treatment,deinked sludge is formed.However,its organic matter content can reach a high level of 40%to 50%,and it can also be reused,effectively avoiding the harmful impact of papermaking sludge on the environment.

Yield gap and resource utilization efficiency of three major food crops in the world——A review

Yield gap analysis could provide management suggestions to increase crop yields,while the understandings of resource utilization efficiency could help judge the rationality of the management.Based on more than 110 published papers and data from Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO,www.fao.org/faostat) and the Global Yield Gap and Water Productivity Atlas (www.yieldgap.org),this study summarized the concept,quantitative method of yield gap,yield-limiting factors,and resource utilization efficiency of the three major food crops (wheat,maize and rice).Currently,global potential yields of wheat,maize and rice were 7.7,10.4 and 8.5 t ha^(–1),respectively.However,actual yields of wheat,maize and rice were just 4.1,5.5 and 4.0 t ha^(–1),respectively.Climate,nutrients,moisture,crop varieties,planting dates,and socioeconomic conditions are the most mentioned yield-limiting factors.In terms of resource utilization,nitrogen utilization,water utilization,and radiation utilization efficiencies are still not optimal,and this review has summarized the main improvement measures.The current research focuses on quantitative potential yield and yield gap,with a rough explanation of yield-limiting factors.Subsequent research should use remote sensing data to improve the accuracy of the regional scale and use machine learning to quantify the role of yield-limiting factors in yield gaps and the impact of change crop management on resource utilization efficiency,so as to propose reasonable and effective measures to close yield gaps.

Research on the resource utilization of Baosteel steel slag as concrete material

The utilization of steel slag has been a worldwide issue for a long time. Attention is increasingly being paid to the technological innovation and development of steel slag. Aiming at the development of environmentally friendly steel slag concrete materials and their use in a recyclable economy ,Baosteel has recently been conducting research on and using many new building materials, including steel slag powder concrete, steel slag pervious concrete, steel slag counter weight concrete and so on. In this way, steel slag has been turned from a kind of solid waste into a value-added material. The technology of steel slag utilization has been enriched and developed,while a new model of using Baosteel steel slag in a recyclable economy has also been explored and practised.

Health resource utilization and the economic burden of patients with wet age-related macular degeneration in Thailand

AIM: To determine healthcare resource utilization and the economic burden associated with wet age-related macular degeneration(AMD) in Thailand ·METHODS: This study included patients diagnosed with wet AMD that were 60 years old or older,and had best corrected visual acuity(BCVA) measured at least two times during the follow-up period. We excluded patients having other eye diseases. Two separate sub-studies were conducted. The first sub-study was a retrospective cohort study; electronic medical charts were reviewed to estimate the direct medical costs. The second sub-study was a cross-sectional survey estimating the direct non-medical costs based on face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. For the first sub-study,direct medical costs,including the cost of drugs,laboratory,procedures,and other treatments were obtained. For the second sub-study,direct non-medical costs,e.g. transportation,food,accessories,home renovation,and caregiver costs,were obtained from face-to-face interviews with patients and/ or caregivers. ·RESULTS: For the first sub-study,sixty-four medical records were reviewed. The annual average number of medical visits was 11.1 ±6.0. The average direct medical costs were $3 604 ±4 530 per year. No statistically-significant differences of the average direct medical costs among the BCVA groups were detected(P =0.98). Drug costs accounted for 77% of total direct medical costs. For direct non-medical costs,67 patients were included. Forty-eight patients(71.6%) required the accompaniment of a person during the out-patient visit. Seventeen patients(25.4%) required a caregiver at home. The average direct non-medical cost was $2 927 ±6 560 per year. There were no statistically-significant differences in the average costs among the BCVA groups(P =0.74). Care-giver cost accounted for 87% of direct non-medical costs.·CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that wet AMD is associated with a substantial economic burden,especially concerning drug and care-giver costs.

Study on Process Economics of Natural Resource Utilization

Finite supply of non-regenerative resources triggers a competition between economic entities or between areas, which requires the ways regarding their utilization with higher levels in science and the standards regarding their use with higher efficiency in economics. To solve a problem of process evaluation in science and of driving force in economics during a process design or a process run for natural resources utilization, a process evaluation parameter originated from natural gas hydrate preparation from a small scale to industrialization scale and the equation of the criterion dependent are introduced to evaluate a variety of processes of natural resources utilization. The analyses indicate that the parameter is relevant to internal undeveloped resources amount change with a stable mass composition in a virtual black box model and external variable market with an implication of process efficiency in economy or of process efficiency of resource utilization and that the parameter has similar features of the thermodynamic state functions. Moreover, the equation of the criterion provided is a difference between the value of the process evaluation parameter at the final state and the value of the process evaluation parameter at the initial state in an actual process, which can be used to determine the direction of development and to judge the size of the driving force in an actual process or an economical run. The provided examples and correlative mathematical description can guide how an identification for the undeveloped resources and a real-time adjustment of dynamic production for the developing resource are done and how decisions regarding resource exploitation, the venture forecasting of capital utilization and updating technology are made. The parameter used itself and the equation of the derived criterion can help by playing a predictive role for selecting the optimal use processes and for designing new process of the natural resource utilization or capital use, and by playing a practical role for adjusting factual production status and for improving the actual process of the utilization of resource or capital in an economic society. Finally, those closed resource systems having accumulation or depletion of the resources or a variable mass such as a decomposition system, a fission system and a biological reproduction system will become possible future research objectives under the guide of this work.

Combustion and Self-Desulfurization Characterization of Blended Low-Rank Coals for Improved Resource Utilization in Fluidized Bed Boilers

The co-combustion of low-rank coals through fluidized bed boiler(CFB)is an effective approach to enhance the level of resource utilization.To date,there has been a lack of investigation concerning the co-combustion kinetics and self-desulfurization characteristics of coal slime,coal gangue,and raw coal.In this study,we adopted multiple model-free and model-fitting methods to comparatively analyze co-combustion kinetics of blended coals on the basis of thermogravimetric data.Then,the sulfur balance and self-desulfurization of blended coals in the co-combustion were intensively investigated using a tube furnace set-up.The results reveal that in the presence of coal gangue in blended coals,the average activation energy(E_(a))falls within the range of 65.7 kJ/mol to 100.4 kJ/mol,as determined by four model-free methods.Conversely,in the absence of coal gangue,only the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO)and Friedman(FM)methods are deemed appropriate for calculating the average E_(a),yielding a value of 77.3 kJ/mol.The first order reaction model is confirmed to be reliable for analyzing the co-combustion kinetics of low-rank blended coals.Irrespective of the specific composition of the blended coal,a significant linear correlation exists between the Ea and the natural logarithm of the pre-exponential factor(lnA)within an extensive range of parameters.Moreover,the addition of coal gangue to the blended coal substantially enhances the self-desulfurization level,resulting in an increase from 25.7%to60.7%at 1073 K.The self-desulfurization efficiency exhibits a good linear relationship with both the mass ratio of coal gangue to coal slime and the molar ratio of calcium to sulfur.In a practical implementation,the optimal addition ratio of coal gangue is a trade-off between the self-desulfurization efficiency and the ignition capacity.

Urban development and resource endowments shape natural resource utilization efficiency in Chinese cities

Improving the efficiency with which natural resources are utilized is an indispensable for achieving sustainable development and carbon neutrality. By analyzing the utilization efficiency of energy, water, and land, we established a comprehensive natural resource utilization efficiency index(NRUEI). We then calculated the 2016 index for 165 cities in China,and investigated what caused it to vary. We found three main results:(1) the NRUEI varied greatly across China and there were significant positive correlations between urban energy utilization efficiency(EUE), water utilization efficiency(WUE) and land utilization efficiency(LUE);(2) the NRUEI showed a significant positive correlation with a city’s population size,economy(Gross Domestic Product(GDP)), and the level of urban social development(GDP per capita);(3) cities in East China have the highest natural resource utilization efficiency,while cities in Northeast China have the lowest. These results indicate that China’s increasing urban development is associated with rising natural resource utilization efficiency and that the city’s endowment of natural resources is an important factor affecting that efficiency. Further, the results showed that the determinants of a city’s NRUEI differed in large and small cities. Lastly, our results suggest that improving EUE is key for improving NRUEI in urban China, and different efficiencies can be improved intertwined. A major takeaway of this study is that there is great potential for improving natural resource utilization efficiency in Chinese cities and we include city-specific suggestions for efficiency improvements.

Resource utilization of high concentration SO_(2) for sulfur production over La-Ce-O_(x)@ZrO_(2) composite oxide catalyst

Sulfur dioxide is one of the main causes of air pollution such as acid rain and photochemical smog,and its pollution control and resource utilization become an important research direction of air pollution control,The active component La-Ce-O_(x) is loaded on SiO_(2),γ-Al_(2)O_(3),TiO_(2) and ZrO_(2),and the La-Ce-Ox@ZrO_(2)exhibits the best catalytic activity.By adjusting the loading amount of La-Ce-O_(x),La-Ce-Ox@ZrO_(2) with different mass fractions was prepared.The results show that the activity of 15%La-Ce-Ox@ZrO_(2)catalyst is the best.The SO_(2)conversion is 100%,and the S yield and S selectivity are more than 96% at 350℃.According to the analysis results of H_(2)-TPR,CO_(2)-TPD and NH_(3)-TPD,ZrO_(2) as a support not only reduces the acidity of the catalyst,but also improves the weak alkaline sites of the catalyst,which is conducive to the adsorption and activation of SO2molecules at low temperature.The incorporation of La and Ce increases the oxygen concentration adsorbed on the catalyst.The strong interaction between the support ZrO_(2) and the active component La-Ce-Oxis conducive to the electron transfer between the active component and the support,and improves the activity of the catalyst.For the 15%La-Ce-O_(x)@ZrO_(2),the main reaction intermediates are weakly adsorbed SO_(2)(SO_(3)^(2-)),bicoordinated CO_(3)^(2-),monodentate carbonate and CO in the gas phase.Therefore,the catalytic reaction follows both L-H and E-R mechanisms.

Evaluation of Agricultural Climatic Resource Utilization During Spring Maize Cultivation in Northeast China Under Climate Change

Agricultural climatic resources （such as light,temperature,and water） are environmental factors that affect crop productivity.Predicting the effects of climate change on agricultural climatic resource utilization can provide a theoretical basis for adapting agricultural practices and distributions of agricultural production.This study investigates these effects under the IPCC （Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change） scenario A1B using daily data from the high-resolution RegCM3 （0.25° ×0.25°） during 1951-2100.Model outputs are adjusted using corrections derived from daily observational data taken at 101 meteorological stations in Northeast China between 1971 and 2000.Agricultural climatic suitability theory is used to assess demand for agricultural climatic resources in Northeast China during the cultivation of spring maize.Three indices,i.e.,an average resource suitability index （Isr）,an average efficacy suitability index （Ise）,and an average resource utilization index （K）,are defined to quantitatively evaluate the effects of climate change on climatic resource utilization between 1951 and 2100.These indices change significantly in both temporal and spatial dimensions in Northeast China under global warming.All three indices are projected to decrease in Liaoning Province from 1951 to 2100,with particularly sharp declines in Isr,Ise,and K after 2030,2021,and 2011,respectively.In Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces,Isr is projected to increase slightly after 2011,while Ise increases slightly and K decreases slightly after 2030.The spatial maxima of all three indices are projected to shift northeastward.Overall,warming of the climate in Northeast China is expected to negatively impact spring maize production,especially in Liaoning Province.Spring maize cultivation will likely need to shift northward and expand eastward to make efficient use of future agricultural climatic resources.

THE UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURCE AND THE OASIS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN ARID LAND—A CASE STUDY OF TURPAN BASIN

Turpan Basin is a unique geographic region in China. The topography of the Basin is closed and the climate is extremely dry. The shortage of water resource has been restricting the existence and development of the oasis in Turpan Basin. This paper briefly analyzes the characteristics of the basin's water resources, and expounds the processes of their utilization and regional development. It points out that the exploration of water resource is close to the limit and the utilization of water resource is unreasonable. So it is nonrealistic to follow the traditional exploration pattern. According to the transforming pattern between runoff and groundwater in the basin, an overall planning of the utilization of the water resource is advanced. Based on the relation between the maintenance of Aydingkol Lake and the existence of the oasis, the amount of water resource used must be controlled in order to guarantee the existence of the lake. The orientation of the utilization of water resource is to improve the management level of water resource, and to apply advanced water saving technology. Building up an economic system which can effectively use water resource is the orientation of the oasis sustainable economic development.

Study on the resource utilization of high fluorine-containing organic waste through fluidized incineration

In this study,the method of fluidized incineration and water washing to recover hydrogen fluoride(HF)was proposed to dispose of high fluorine-containing organic waste.The resource utilization of the waste was investigated in a fluidized bed incinerator with a disposal capability of 10 t/d.The evolution characteristics of fluorine,operation conditions of the incineration system,absorption coefficient for HF by water washing,and HF corrosion during combustion were assessed.The results showed that HF and fluorocarbons were detected as the initial gaseous fluorides released during combustion.The release of HF could be divided into three stages,in which HF was generated from the volatilization of HF in the waste and the hydrolysis of fluorine in water-soluble salts(60–220℃),oxidative decomposition of fluorinated organic components and residual carbon(220–800℃),and hydrolysis of insoluble fluorinated inorganic minerals(800–1000℃).Fluorocarbons could be destroyed through reactions with free radicals H,O,and OH or through single-molecule decomposition.Enhancing the temperature in the furnace and increasing the content of oxygen and hydrogen in the incineration materials were conducive to reducing the generation of fluorocarbons.By sampling and analyzing the bottom slag,bag filter ash and exhaust gas during the field test,the relevant pollutant discharge could meet the national emission standards.The waste heat utilization of high-temperature flue gas and the recovery of hydrofluoric acid and hydrochloric acid were realized.In the recovery of HF by water washing,the total absorption coefficients for 1#to 4#packed absorbers were 52.38 kg/(h m^(2)),39.96 kg/(h m^(2)),5.98 kg/(h m^(2))and 3.89 kg/(h m^(2)),respectively.In the actual operation,alumina showed good corrosion resistance to high-temperature HF and could be used as bed materials or refractory materials.Low-temperature corrosion of HF occurred in the quenching heat exchanger,which was damaged after 6 months of continuous operation.High-temperature corrosion of HF occurred in the waste heat boiler.No significant corrosion was observed in the 24 months of operation.

Analysis of Symbiotic Environment of Forest and Truffle and Utilization of Truffle Resources

The truffle is a very rare,rich in nutrition,and expensive medicinal and edible fungus,and a large area of truffle is distributed in Europe,Australia,North America,Asia and China.In China,truffle was firstly found in Shanxi.Symbiotic plants of truffle such as oak,lime,hazel,pine,poplar,willow,chestnut,etc.are widely distributed in the province.In Shanxi,brown soil as well as climate types and other natural conditions are very suitable for breeding of truffle.Exploiting truffle resources,expanding forest economy,and increasing peasants' income are good ways of making peasants become rich in mountainous areas of Shanxi Province.

Battle Royale Optimization-Based Resource Scheduling Scheme for Cloud Computing Environment

Cloud computing(CC)is developing as a powerful and flexible computational structure for providing ubiquitous service to users.It receives interrelated software and hardware resources in an integrated manner distinct from the classical computational environment.The variation of software and hardware resources were combined and composed as a resource pool.The software no more resided in the single hardware environment,it can be executed on the schedule of resource pools to optimize resource consumption.Optimizing energy consumption in CC environments is the question that allows utilizing several energy conservation approaches for effective resource allocation.This study introduces a Battle Royale Optimization-based Resource Scheduling Scheme for Cloud Computing Environment(BRORSS-CCE)technique.The presented BRORSS-CCE technique majorly schedules the available resources for maximum utilization and effectual makespan.In the BRORSS-CCE technique,the BRO is a population-based algorithm where all the individuals are denoted by a soldier/player who likes to go towards the optimal place and ultimate survival.The BRORSS-CCE technique can be employed to balance the load,distribute resources based on demand and assure services to all requests.The experimental validation of the BRORSS-CCE technique is tested under distinct aspects.The experimental outcomes indicated the enhancements of the BRORSS-CCE technique over other models.

Overbooking-Enabled Task Scheduling and Resource Allocation in Mobile Edge Computing Environments

Mobile Edge Computing(MEC)is proposed to solve the needs of Inter-net of Things(IoT)users for high resource utilization,high reliability and low latency of service requests.However,the backup virtual machine is idle when its primary virtual machine is running normally,which will waste resources.Overbooking the backup virtual machine under the above circumstances can effectively improve resource utilization.First,these virtual machines are deployed into slots randomly,and then some tasks with cooperative relationship are off-loaded to virtual machines for processing.Different deployment locations have different resource utilization and average service response time.We want tofind a balanced solution that minimizes the average service response time of the IoT application while maximizing resource utilization.In this paper,we propose a task scheduler and exploit a Task Deployment Algorithm(TDA)to obtain an optimal virtual machine deployment scheme.Finally,the simulation results show that the TDA can significantly increase the resource utilization of the system,while redu-cing the average service response time of the application by comparing TDA with the other two classical methods.The experimental results confirm that the perfor-mance of TDA is better than that of other two methods.

Utilization of Resources and Optimization of Services in Libraries

“Resource utilization”is the foundation of library services.This article analyzes the reasons of low utilization of library resources.Besides that,the existing resources are classified according to different genres.The methods of utilizing the existing resources in the library are also discussed.Based on the analysis,by optimizing the service patterns,the service reaches more targeted readers as well as improve the utilization rate of existing resources.

Research on the Utilization and Optimal Management of Electronic Information Resources in University Libraries

Through theoretical analysis,this paper expounds the value of strengthening the utilization of electronic information in university libraries and the reasons affecting the utilization rate of information resources in electronic libraries,so as to give better play to the role of university libraries and improve the utilization rate of electronic information in university libraries.In view of the existing problems,this paper puts forward measures to optimize the utilization rate of electronic information resources in university libraries and give full play to the role of electronic information resources,so as to promote information exchange and development.