Pulp health and calcific healing of a complicated crown–root fracture with additional root fracture in a maxillary incisor: A case report

BACKGROUND Complicated crown–root fracture (CRF) involves severe injury to the crown, root,and pulp, and may be accompanied by multiple root fractures. The loss of a toothhas lifelong consequences for children and teenagers, but the maintenance of pulphealth and the calcific healing of multiple root fractures are rarely reported in theliterature.CASE SUMMARY This case reports healing of a permanent tooth with complicated crown–root andadditional root fractures, in which pulp health was maintained. A 10-year-old girlfell and fractured the root of her maxillary left central incisor at the cervical level.After the coronal fragment was repositioned, the tooth was splinted until thetooth was no longer mobile, 2 years later. Eight years after treatment, the toothhas remained asymptomatic with vital pulp and localized gingival overgrowth.Cone-beam computed tomography revealed not only calcified healing of the CRFbut also spontaneous healing in an additional undiagnosed root fracture. Thefracture line on the enamel could not be healed by hard tissue and formed agroove in the cervical crown. It was speculated that the groove was related to thelocalized gingival overgrowth.CONCLUSION This case provides a clinical perspective of the treatment of a tooth with acomplicated CRF and an additional root fracture.

Root canal therapy combined with endoscopic sinus surgery for odontogenic sinusitis:Efficacy comparison in a cohort study

BACKGROUND Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis,often triggered by dental issues like periapical periodontitis,significantly contributes to chronic sinusitis,mainly affecting adults around 50 years old,emphasizing the need for a multidisciplinary diagnostic and treatment approach.AIM To investigate the therapeutic effect and clinical value of root canal therapy combined with nasal endoscopic surgery compared with simple root canal the-rapy in the treatment of severe odontogenic maxillary sinusitis caused by peria-pical periodontitis.METHODS The clinical data,diagnosis,and treatment of 200 patients with severe odonto-genic maxillary sinusitis caused by periapical periodontitis from October 2020 to October 2021 were analyzed retrospectively.Among them,63 patients were treated with simple root canal therapy as the control group,and 137 patients were treated with root canal therapy combined with nasal endoscopic surgery as the observation group.The therapeutic effect,Lund-Kennedy endoscopic score,paranasal sinus Lund-Mackay score,complication rate,recurrence rate,and patient satisfaction were compared between the two groups.RESULTS First,we compared the effective rates:23 cases were cured,22 were improved,and 8 were ineffective in the control group,yielding a total effective rate of 84.90%.Meanwhile,97 cases were cured,34 improved,and 6 were ineffective in the observation group,resulting in a total effective rate of 95.62%.The observation group had a higher total effective rate compared with the control group(P<0.05).Second,we compared the Lund–Kennedy endoscopic score.Before treatment,no significant difference(P>0.05)was observed in this score between the two groups.After treatment,the Lund–Kennedy endoscopic score decreased in both groups.The Lund–Kennedy endoscopic score of the observation group at 3 and 6 mo after treatment was lower compared to that of the control group(P<0.05).Third,we compared the Lund–Mackay score of paranasal sinuses.Before treatment,there was no significant difference in this score between the two groups(P>0.05).After treatment,the Lund–Mackay scores of paranasal sinuses decreased in both groups.The Lund–Mackay scores of paranasal sinuses in the observation group at 3 and 6 mo after treatment were lower compared to those of the control group(P<0.05).Fourth,we compared the incidence and recurrence rate of complications.Three months after treatment,no significant difference was found in the incidence and recurrence rate of complications between the observation group(6.56%)and the control group(9.52%)(P>0.05).However,6 mo after treatment,the incidence and recurrence rate of complications in the observation group(2.91%)was significantly higher compared to that of the control group(12.69%)(P<0.05).Fifth,we compared patient satisfaction.Six months after treatment,the patient satisfaction of the observation group(93.43%)was significantly better than that of the control group(84.12%)(P<0.05).CONCLUSION Root canal therapy combined with nasal endoscopic surgery has a good therapeutic effect on severe odontogenic maxillary sinusitis caused by periapical periodontitis,and it can reduce the injury of maxillary sinus mucosa and bone,and significantly reduce the incidence of complications and recurrence rate.Meanwhile,it has high patient satisfaction and remarkable therapeutic effect,which is suggested to be popularized and applied in clinic.

Mandibular left first premolar with three roots and three canals:A case report

BACKGROUND The numbers of mandibular first premolar roots and root canals vary,and the incidence of three roots and three canals is 0.09%.CASE SUMMARY In this article,we review the root and root canal conditions for the mandibular first premolar and report the case of a mandibular left first premolar with three roots and three canals in a male patient,with suggestions for clinical diagnosis and treatment.The patient was referred by an orthodontist for the extraction of the tooth.Preoperative cone-beam computed tomography examination revealed that it had three roots.Under local anesthesia,the extraction socket was carefully expanded,and the tooth was successfully removed intact using forceps.The procedure was uneventful,with no root fractures,postoperative bleeding,or sensory abnormality observed.CONCLUSION The mandibular first premolar is characterized by multiple roots and canal variations that can increase the difficulty of treatment.

Chyle leak following root of mesentery dissection in pancreaticoduodenectomy with inferior infracolic superior mesenteric artery first approach

BACKGROUND The root of mesentery dissection is one of the critical maneuvers,especially in borderline resectable pancreatic head cancer.Intra-abdominal chyle leak(CL)including chylous ascites may ensue in up to 10%of patients after pancreatic resections.Globally recognized superior mesenteric artery(SMA)first approaches are invariably performed.The mesenteric dissection through the inferior infracolic approach has been discussed in this study emphasizing its post-operative impact on CL which is the cornerstone of this study.AIM To assess incidence,risk factors,clinical impact of CL following root of mesentery dissection,and the different treatment modalities.METHODS This is a retrospective study incorporating the patients who underwent dissection of the root of mesentery with inferior infracolic SMA first approach pancreat-oduodenectomy for the ventral body and uncinate mass of pancreas in the Department of Gastrointestinal and General Surgery of Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital from January 1,2021 to February 28,2024.Intraop-erative findings and postoperative outcomes were analyzed.RESULTS In three years,ten patients underwent root of mesentery dissection with inferior infracolic SMA first approach pancreatoduodenectomy.The mean age was 67.6 years with a male-to-female ratio of 4:5.CL was seen in four patients.With virtue of CL,Clavien-Dindo grade Ⅱ or higher morbidity was observed in four patients.Two patients had a hospital stay of more than 20 days with the former having a delayed gastric emptying and the latter with long-term total parenteral nutrition requirement.The mean operative time was 330 minutes.Curative resection was achieved in 100%of the patients.The mean duration of the intensive care unit and hospital stay were 2.55±1.45 days and 15.7±5.32 days,respectively.CONCLUSION Root of mesentery dissection with lymphadenectomy and vascular resection correlated with occurrence of CL.After complete curative resection,these were managed with total parenteral nutrition without adversely impacting outcome.

Review on physiological and ecological characteristics and agronomic regulatory pathways of intercropping to delay root and canopy senescence of crops

Intercropping has been widely used in arid and semi-arid regions because of its high yield,stable productivity,and efficient utilization of resources.However,in recent years,the high yield of traditional intercropping is mainly attributed to the large amount of purchased resources such as water and fertilizer,plastic film,and mechanical power.These lead to a decline in cultivated land quality and exacerbate intercrops'premature root and canopy senescence.So,the application of traditional intercropping faces major challenges in crop production.This paper analyzes the manifestations,occurrence mechanisms,and agronomic regulatory pathways of crop senescence.The physiological and ecological characteristics of intercropping to delay root and canopy senescence of crops are reviewed in this paper.The main agronomic regulatory pathways of intercropping to delay root and canopy senescence of crops are based on above-and blow-ground interactions,including collocation of crop varieties,spatial arrangement,water and fertilizer management,and tillage and mulch practices.Future research fields of intercropping to delay root and canopy senescence should focus on the aspects of selecting and breeding special varieties,application of molecular biology techniques,and developing or applying models to predict and evaluate the root and canopy senescence process of intercrops.Comprehensive analysis and evaluation of different research results could provide a basis for enhancing intercropping delay root and canopy senescence through adopting innovative technologies for regulating the physio-ecological characteristics of intercrops.This would support developing and adopting high-yield,efficient,and sustainable intercropping systems in arid and semi-arid areas with high population density,limited land,and abundant light and heat resources.

ARF4 acting upstream of LBD16 promotes adventitious root formation in peach

Although class A auxin response factors(ARFs)are known to regulate adventitious root(AR)development through the canonical SCFTIR1-Aux/IAA-ARF signaling pathway,the regulatory role of class B ARFs in AR development remains largely unclear.Therefore,this research focused on the role of class B ARF transcription factors in peach(Prunus persica‘Shengli')adventitious root formation.Here,we report the role of a class B ARF gene Pp ARF4 in adventitious root formation in peach.Comparative transcriptome and q RT-PCR analyses showed that the transcription of Pp ARF4 was significantly up-regulated in auxin-treated stem explants.Y2H assay showed that Pp ARF4 had no interaction with Pp IAAs(AUXIN/INDOLE ACETIC ACIDs).Pp ARF4 could bind the promoters of lateral root development gene Pp LBD16 and auxin transport gene Pp PIN1 to activate their transcription.Ectopic overexpression of Pp ARF4 and Pp LBD16 in Arabidopsis promoted AR development.Additionally,Pp ARF4 could act as a negative regulator of flavone synthesis and thus prevent the explants from browning.The results not only provide novel insights into the functions of ARFs in regulating plant growth and development,but will also be useful for fulfilling asexual propagation by stem cuttings in peach.

iRoot BP Plus活髓切断术治疗乳磨牙深龋的疗效及对预后的影响

目的:探讨iRoot BP Plus活髓切断术与根管治疗术治疗乳磨牙深龋患儿的疗效及对预后的影响。方法:选取2019年10月-2022年10月在笔者医院确诊的108例乳磨牙深龋患儿为研究对象,根据患者的入院时间分为观察组(n=54)和对照组(n=54)。对照组采用根管治疗术,观察组采用iRoot BP Plus活髓切断术,分别于术前、术后1个月比较两组患儿的血清炎症因子水平及患儿生活质量,术后1个月比较两组患儿的临床疗效,术后6个月比较两组患儿的牙根吸收程度。结果:观察组患儿术后的总有效率98.15%,高于对照组的87.04%(P<0.05);术后,两组患儿的血清超敏C反应蛋白、白细胞介素-6、肿瘤坏死因子-a水平均低于术前,且观察组低于对照组(P<0.05);术后,两组患儿生活质量评分均高于术前,且观察组高于对照组(P<0.05);术后6个月,观察组的牙根吸收程度优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:采用iRoot BP Plus活髓切断术可降低乳磨牙深龋患儿术后的炎症反应,提高术后疗效、牙根吸收程度及患儿生活质量。

iRoot SP单尖法根管充填对牙体牙髓病患者的疗效及对疼痛、炎症反应的影响

目的 探讨iRoot SP单尖法根管充填对牙体牙髓病患者的疗效及对疼痛、炎症反应的影响。方法 选取106例牙体牙髓病患者,随机均分为常规组和观察组。常规组采用AHplus根充糊剂填充治疗,观察组采用iRoot SP单尖法根管充填治疗,两组均治疗3个月。比较两组患者根管填充时间、恢复时间、临床疗效、疼痛、炎症反应白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平、并发症发生率。结果 观察组患者根管填充时间、恢复时间短于常规组(P<0.05)。观察组总有效率高于常规组(P<0.05)。术后,两组患者IL-6与hs-CRP水平较术前均上升,且观察组低于常规组(P<0.05),观察组疼痛感低于常规组(P<0.05)。观察组并发症发生率低于常规组(P<0.05)。结论 iRoot SP单尖法根管充填治疗牙体牙髓病,能够缩短患者填充时间、恢复时间,提高疗效,降低炎症反应,缓解患者的疼痛感,降低并发症发生率,具有一定的推广价值。

Application of Linear Mean-Square Estimation in Ocean Engineering

The attempt to obtain long-term observed data around some sea areas we concern is usually very hard or even impossible in practical offshore and ocean engineering situations. In this paper, by means of linear mean-square estimation method, a new way to extend short-term data to long-term ones is developed. The long-term data about concerning sea areas can be constructed via a series of long-term data obtained from neighbor oceanographic stations, through relevance analysis of different data series. It is effective to cover the insufficiency of time series prediction method＇s overdependence upon the length of data series, as well as the limitation of variable numbers adopted in multiple linear regression model. The storm surge data collected from three oceanographic stations located in Shandong Peninsula are taken as examples to analyze the number-selection effect of reference oceanographic stations（adjacent to the concerning sea area） and the correlation coefficients between sea sites which are selected for reference and for engineering projects construction respectively. By comparing the N-year return-period values which are calculated from observed raw data and processed data which are extended from finite data series by means of the linear mean-square estimation method, one can draw a conclusion that this method can give considerably good estimation in practical ocean engineering, in spite of different extreme value distributions about raw and processed data.

双波长激光联合生物陶瓷材料iRoot SP辅助磨牙根管治疗效果分析

目的:探讨双波长激光联合生物陶瓷材料iRoot SP辅助磨牙根管治疗的效果。方法:选择2020年1月—2023年6月收治的104例磨牙根管治疗患者,按照随机数字表法分为对照组与试验组,每组52例。对照组采用iRoot SP糊剂进行根管充填,试验组以双波长激光(Nd:YAG和Er:YAG)联合iRoot SP糊剂进行治疗。比较2组总有效率、疼痛程度及并发症,观察治疗前、治疗后6周及12周的血清白细胞介素6(IL-6)、白细胞介素17(IL-17)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、出血指数(bleeding index,BI)、牙周探诊深度(depth of periodontal probing,PD)和临床附着水平(clinical attachment level,CAL)。采用SPSS 22.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果:试验组总有效率显著高于对照组,根管填充后疼痛程度显著低于对照组(P<0.05);试验组治疗后6、12周的IL-6、IL-17、TNF-α、BI、PD和CAL显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:双波长激光联合生物陶瓷材料iRoot SP辅助磨牙根管治疗效果较为理想,有利于减轻牙周炎症和疼痛程度。

牙体牙髓病根管治疗应用iRoot SP冷侧法的效果

目的探讨牙体牙髓病根管治疗应用iRoot SP冷侧法的效果。方法筛选2018-06至2020-06在解放军总医院京南医疗区就诊的牙体牙髓病患者100例,随机分为对照组和试验组,每组50例,均进行根管治疗,其中对照组充填根管采用热牙胶垂直加压法,试验组采用iRoot SP冷侧法。比较两组根管充填效果、临床总有效率、疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)及咀嚼功能。结果两组治疗后根管充填效果和临床总有效率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);试验组治疗后1周[(4.13±0.79)vs.(5.11±0.98)]及1个月[(2.45±0.37)vs.(3.11±0.67)]VAS评分低于对照组,治疗后咬合力[(131.25±11.21)lbs vs.(120.34±14.09)lbs]及咀嚼效率[(90.12±4.13)%vs.(78.98±7.45)%]均优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论根管治疗牙体牙髓病中应用iRoot SP冷侧法的充填效果和疗效与热牙胶垂直加压法基本相同,但iRoot SP冷侧法在减轻患者疼痛,改善咀嚼功能方面更具优势。

Numerical Solution of Mean-Square Approximation Problem of Real Nonnegative Function by the Modulus of Double Fourier Integral

A nonlinear problem of mean-square approximation of a real nonnegative continuous function with respect to two variables by the modulus of double Fourier integral dependent on two real parameters with use of the smoothing functional is studied. Finding the optimal solutions of this problem is reduced to solution of the Hammerstein type two-dimensional nonlinear integral equation. The numerical algorithms to find the branching lines and branching-off solutions of this equation are constructed and justified. Numerical examples are presented.

Exogenous melatonin improves cotton yield under drought stress by enhancing root development and reducing root damage

The exogenous application of melatonin by the root drenching method is an effective way to improve crop drought resistance.However,the optimal concentration of melatonin by root drenching and the physiological mechanisms underlying melatonin-induced drought tolerance in cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)roots remain elusive.This study determined the optimal concentration of melatonin by root drenching and explored the protective effects of melatonin on cotton roots.The results showed that 50μmol L-1 melatonin was optimal and significantly mitigated the inhibitory effect of drought on cotton seedling growth.Exogenous melatonin promoted root development in drought-stressed cotton plants by remarkably increasing the root length,projected area,surface area,volume,diameter,and biomass.Melatonin also mitigated the drought-weakened photosynthetic capacity of cotton and regulated the endogenous hormone contents by regulating the relative expression levels of hormone-synthesis genes under drought stress.Melatonin-treated cotton seedlings maintained optimal enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant capacities,and produced relatively lower levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde,thus reducing the drought stress damage to cotton roots(such as mitochondrial damage).Moreover,melatonin alleviated the yield and fiber length declines caused by drought stress.Taken together,these findings show that root drenching with exogenous melatonin increases the cotton yield by enhancing root development and reducing the root damage induced by drought stress.In summary,these results provide a foundation for the application of melatonin in the field by the root drenching method.

MEAN-SQUARE RADIUS OF GYRATION AND DIPOLE MOMENT OF POLY(METHYLPHENYLSILOXANE) CHAINS

The mean-square radius of gyration <S^2>,the mean-square dipole moment <D^2>,the mean-square end-to-end distance <R^2> and their temperature coefficients of unsymmetrical disubstituted poly(methylphenylsiloxane) (PMPS) chains, as a function of stereochemical structure,confomational energies and length of polymers,were studied by using an improved configurational-confomational statistical method based on the rotational-isomeric-state theory.It is found that the increase in isotacticity of P...

Mean-square composite-rotating consensus of second-order systems with communication noises

We study the mean-square composite-rotating consensus problem of second-order multi-agent systems with communication noises, where all agents rotate around a common center and the center of rotation spins around a fixed point simultaneously. Firstly, a time-varying consensus gain is introduced to attenuate to the effect of communication noises. Secondly, sufficient conditions are obtained for achieving the mean-square composite-rotating consensus. Finally, simulations are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

iRoot SP配合单尖法根管充填治疗逆行性牙髓炎的效果分析

目的分析iRoot SP配合单尖法根管充填治疗逆行性牙髓炎的效果。方法前瞻性研究,选取2022年1月至2023年5月在福建省立医院口腔科治疗的逆行性牙髓炎患者120例作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,各60例。对照组男35例、女25例,年龄(58.65±4.89)岁,病程(4.12±1.36)年,以iRoot SP配合冷侧方加压法根管充填;观察组男32例、女28例,年龄(59.34±5.27)岁,病程(4.51±1.49)年,以iRoot SP配合单尖法根管充填。对比两组疗效、充填效果、牙周指数[牙周探诊深度(PD)、探诊出血指数(BOP)、牙齿松动度(TM)、临床附着水平(CAL)]及龈沟液炎性因子水平[超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)]。统计学方法采用t检验、χ^(2)检验。结果观察组治疗总有效率为96.67%(58/60),高于对照组的86.67%(52/60),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=3.927,P<0.05)。观察组填充良好率为96.67%(58/60),高于对照组的75.00%(45/60),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=11.582,P<0.05)。治疗前,两组患者PD、BOP、TM、CAL及hs-CRP、TNF-α、IL-1β水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);治疗后,观察组PD、BOP、TM、CAL及hs-CRP、TNF-α、IL-1β水平均低于对照组[(1.97±0.23)mm比(2.76±0.26)mm、(0.84±0.19)分比(1.31±0.23)分、(0.12±0.05)mm比(0.27±0.08)mm、(0.94±0.37)mm比(2.10±0.42)mm、(0.78±0.06)mg/L比(1.03±0.09)mg/L、(0.48±0.09)mg/L比(1.01±0.10)mg/L、(56.68±2.34)ng/L比(63.16±2.57)ng/L],差异均有统计学意义(t=17.628、12.203、12.316、16.053、17.903、30.515、14.441,均P<0.05)。结论iRoot SP配合单尖法根管充填治疗逆行性牙髓炎,根管封闭效果较好,可改善患者牙周状态及龈沟液炎性因子水平,整体疗效显著。

Mean-square Almost Periodic Random Functions

In this paper, we present a basic theory of mean-square almost periodicity, apply the theory in random differential equation, and obtain mean-square almost periodic solution of some types stochastic differential equation.

Hormonal and epigenetic regulation of root responses to salinity stress

Salinity stress is a major environmental stress affecting crop productivity,and its negative impact on global food security is only going to increase,due to current climate trends.Salinity tolerance was present in wild crop relatives but significantly weakened during domestication.Regaining it back requires a good understanding of molecular mechanisms and traits involved in control of plant ionic and ROS homeostasis.This review summarizes our current knowledge on the role of major plant hormones(auxin,cytokinins,abscisic acid,salicylic acid,and jasmonate)in plants adaptation to soil salinity.We firstly discuss the role of hormones in controlling root tropisms,root growth and architecture(primary root elongation,meristematic activity,lateral root development,and root hairs formation).Hormone-mediated control of uptake and sequestration of key inorganic ions(sodium,potassium,and calcium)is then discussed followed by regulation of cell redox balance and ROS signaling in salt-stressed roots.Finally,the role of epigenetic alterations such as DNA methylation and histone modifications in control of plant ion and ROS homeostasis and signaling is discussed.This data may help develop novel strategies for breeding and cultivating salt-tolerant crops and improving agricultural productivity in saline regions.

A novel pathogen Fusarium cuneirostrum causing common bean(Phaseolus vulgaris)root rot in China

Several fungal pathogens cause root rot of common bean,among which Fusarium spp.are the most common pathogens causing Fusarium root rot(FRR)worldwide.FRR has been becoming an increasingly severe disease of common bean in China,but the species of Fusarium spp.have remained unclear.Thus,this study was performed to identify the pathogen causing common bean root rot in Liangcheng County,Inner Mongolia,China.Nineteen Fusarium-like isolates were obtained after pathogen isolation and purification.The pathogenicity test indicated that eight isolates caused severe disease symptoms on common bean,while 11 other isolates were not pathogenic.The eight pathogenic isolates,FCL1–FCL8,were identified as Fusarium cuneirostrum by morphological characterization and phylogenetic analysis using partial sequences of EF-1α,ITS,28S,and IGS regions.Host range test showed that the representative F.cuneirostrum isolate FCL3 was also pathogenic to mung bean,while not pathogenic to adzuki bean,chickpea,cowpea,faba bean,pea,and soybean.Moreover,50 common bean and 50 mung bean cultivars were screened for resistance to FRR,and seven highly resistant or resistant cultivars of common bean were identified,while no resistant cultivars of mung bean were screened.This study revealed that F.cuneirostrum was one of common bean FRR pathogens in Inner Mongolia and it could induce mung bean root rot as well.To our knowledge,this is the first report of F.cuneirostrum causing FRR of common bean in China.

The response of roots and the rhizosphere environment to integrative cultivation practices in paddy rice

Integrative cultivation practices(ICPs)are essential for enhancing cereal yield and resource use efficiency.However,the effects of ICP on the rhizosphere environment and roots of paddy rice are still poorly understood.In this study,four rice varieties were produced in the field.Each variety was treated with six different cultivation techniques,including zero nitrogen application(0 N),local farmers’practice(LFP),nitrogen reduction(NR),and three progressive ICP techniques comprised of enhanced fertilizer N practice and increased plant density(ICP1),a treatment similar to ICP1 but with alternate wetting and moderate drying instead of continuous flooding(ICP2),and the same practices as ICP2 with the application of organic fertilizer(ICP3).The ICPs had greater grain production and nitrogen use efficiency than the other three methods.Root length,dry weight,root diameter,activity of root oxidation,root bleeding rate,zeatin and zeatin riboside compositions,and total organic acids in root exudates were elevated with the introduction of the successive cultivation practices.ICPs enhanced nitrate nitrogen,the activities of urease and invertase,and the diversity of microbes(bacteria)in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil,while reducing the ammonium nitrogen content.The nutrient contents(ammonium nitrogen,total nitrogen,total potassium,total phosphorus,nitrate,and available phosphorus)and urease activity in rhizosphere soil were reduced in all treatments in comparison with the non-rhizosphere soil,but the invertase activity and bacterial diversity were greater.The main root morphology and physiology,and the ammonium nitrogen contents in rhizosphere soil at the primary stages were closely correlated with grain yield and internal nitrogen use efficiency.These findings suggest that the coordinated enhancement of the root system and the environment of the rhizosphere under integrative cultivation approaches may lead to higher rice production.