Application of EBSD technique to ultrafine grained and nanostructured materials processed by severe plastic deformation:Sample preparation, parameters optimization and analysis

With the help of FESEM, high resolution electron backscatter diffraction can investigate the grains/subgrains as small as a few tens of nanometers with a good angular resolution （~0.5°）. Fast development of EBSD speed （up to 1100 patterns per second） contributes that the number of published articles related to EBSD has been increasing sharply year by year. This paper reviews the sample preparation, parameters optimization and analysis of EBSD technique, emphasizing on the investigation of ultrafine grained and nanostructured materials processed by severe plastic deformation （SPD）. Detailed and practical parameters of the electropolishing, silica polishing and ion milling have been summarized. It is shown that ion milling is a real universal and promising polishing method for EBSD preparation of almost all materials. There exists a maximum value of indexed points as a function of step size. The optimum step size depends on the magnification and the board resolution/electronic step size. Grains/subgrains and texture, and grain boundary structure are readily obtained by EBSD. Strain and stored energy may be analyzed by EBSD.

Quantitative Analysis of Heavy Metals in Water Based on LIBS with an Automatic Device for Sample Preparation

Abstract Heavy metals in water can be deposited on graphite flakes, which can be used as an enrichment method for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy （LIBS） and is studied in this paper. The graphite samples were prepared with an automatic device, which was composed of a loading and unloading module, a quantitatively adding solution module, a rapid heating and drying module and a precise rotating module. The experimental results showed that the sample preparation methods had no significant effect on sample distribution and the LIBS signal accumulated in 20 pulses was stable and repeatable. With an increasing amount of the sample solution on the graphite flake, the peak intensity at Cu I 324.75 nm accorded with the exponential function with a correlation coefficient of 0.9963 and the background intensity remained unchanged. The limit of detection （LOD） was calculated through linear fitting of the peak intensity versus the concentration. The LOD decreased rapidly with an increasing amount of sample solution until the amount exceeded 20 mL and the correlation coefficient of exponential function fitting was 0.991. The LOD of Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr and Zn after evaporating different amounts of sample solution on the graphite flakes was measured and the variation tendency of their LOD with sample solution amounts was similar to the tendency for Cu. The experimental data and conclusions could provide a reference for automatic sample preparation and heavy metal in situ detection.

Sample Preparation for Monolithic Refractories Part 1:Refractory Castables

1 Scope This standard specifies the definition and test methods of flowability of dense and insulating refractory castables, and moulding equipment, moulding methods, curing and drying conditions of castables samples.

Prediction to the Efficiency of Soft Clay Sample Preparation with Vacuum Loading

Vacuum loading has been examined as a way of preparing uniformly consolidated soft clay samples. The facility and loading procedure are described in this paper. An analytical solution to the three dimensional consolidation equation is derived for estimating the degree of consolidation of the soil sample with vacuum loading. The given example shows that the predicted degree of consolidation of a soft clay bulk with vacuum loading is close to that measured in the consolidation process.

Sample Preparation of Urine Samples Prior to CE-MS in Toxicological Analysis

Capillary electrophoresis （CE） coupled with mass spectrometry （MS） with a sheath liquid interface is nowadays recognized as a powerful separation technique for drugs and metabolites analysis in human urine and can be applied in numerous fields such as clinical toxicology, drug substitution monitoring, forensic sciences and antidoping. With an acidic background electrolyte containing 15 mM ammonium formate at pH 2.5 and a sheath liquid consisting in a mixture of isopropanol/water （50：50, v/v） with 0.5% formic acid, CE-ESI-MS in positive mode demonstrated excellent performance for simultaneous analysis of basic drugs of abuse and metabolites in urine （e.g. cocaine, amphetamine, morphine and phase II metabolites）. To achieve the desired level of sensitivity, two injection modes and three sample pre-treatments were evaluated. The detection of basic drugs and phase Ⅱ metabolites in diluted urine was achieved at concentrations above 1μg/mL. In order to enhance sensitivity, a sample preparation was required. A liquid-liquid extraction （LLE） was compared with solid-phase extraction. LLE was performed at alkaline pH and samples were electrokinetically injected. A chemometric approach （Doehlert design） was carried out in order to determine optimized injection parameters. Limits of detection （LOD） down to 10 ng/mL were reached with field-amplified sample injection but phase II metabolites were not extracted. Therefore, instead of LLE a SPE was performed on C 18 sorbent, and elution fraction after washing step containing phase Ⅱ metabolites was loaded on mixed-mode anion exchanger cartridges. After electrokinetic injection, this two-step SPE allowed LOD ca. 10 ng/mL for drugs and phase Ⅱ metabolites.

Sample preparation for the analysis of membrane proteomes by mass spectrometry

The low abundance and highly hydrophobic nature of most membrane proteins make their analysis more difficult than that for common soluble proteins.Successful membrane protein identification is largely dependent on the sample preparation including the enrichment and dissolution of the membrane proteins.A series of conventional and newly developed methods has been applied to the enrichment of low-abundance membrane proteins at membrane and/or protein levels and to the dissolution of hydrophobic membrane proteins.However,all the existing methods have inherent advantages and limitations.Up to now,there has been no unique method that can universally be employed to solve all the problems and more efforts are needed in improving sample preparation for the analysis of membrane proteomes.

Applied Study on Magnetic Nanometer Beads in Preparation of Genechip Samples

A protocol for enrichment and adsorption of karyocyte from whole blood by using magnetic nanometer beads as solid phase absorbents was presented. The PCR amplification could be accomplished by using the nanobeads with karyocyte as template directly and the PCR products were applied on an oligonucleotide array to do gene typing. The HLA A PCR amplification system and a small HLA A oligonucleotide microarray were applied as the platform and an experiment protocol of separating karyocyte from whole blood using the magnetic nanometer beads (Fe 2O 3) were set up. The experimental conditions were also discussed. It showed that pH level of PBS eluent, Taq enzyme quantity and fragment length of products could influent the amplification results, and the magnetic nano beads could succeed in sample preparation in microarray to provide a promising way in automatic detection and lab on a chip.

A new sample preparation method for the determination of acyclovir by RP-HPLC:application to a drug-drug interaction study between gefitinib and acyclovir in rats

The assay of acyclovir in plasma seems to be a challenge because of its high hydrophily.In our present study,a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography(RP-HPLC)method for the determination of acyclovir in rat plasma was described and validated in drug-drug interaction(DDI)between gefitinib and acyclovir in rats.The analytes were separated with gradient elution on C18 column(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),and the peaks were recorded using ultraviolet detector at a wavelength of 254 nm.Protein precipitation followed by methyl tertiary butyl ether extraction was used for sample preparation.The calibration curve was established between 0.2 and 40μg/mL(r^(2)=0.9999).The intra-and inter-day precisions were all less than 8%,and all the biases were not more than 10%.This new method was successfully applied to a DDI study between gefitinib and acyclovir in rats.Gefitinib up-regulated the absorption of acyclovir by about three times,and our findings guided the clinical co-administration of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors(EGFR-TKIs)with acyclovir.

Review on analytical technologies and applications in metabolomics

Over the past decade,the swift advancement of metabolomics can be credited to significant progress in technologies such as mass spectrometry,nuclear magnetic resonance,and multivariate statistics.Currently,metabolomics garners widespread application across diverse fields including drug research and development,early disease detection,toxicology,food and nutrition science,biology,prescription,and chinmedomics,among others.Metabolomics serves as an effective characterization technique,offering insights into physiological process alterations in vivo.These changes may result from various exogenous factors like environmental conditions,stress,medications,as well as endogenous elements including genetic and protein-based influences.The potential scientific outcomes gleaned from these insights have catalyzed the formulation of innovative methods,poised to further broaden the scope of this domain.Today,metabolomics has evolved into a valuable and widely accepted instrument in the life sciences.However,comprehensive reviews focusing on the sample preparation and analytical methodologies employed in metabolomics within the life sciences are surprisingly scant.This review aims to fill that gap,providing an overview of current trends and recent advancements in metabolomics.Particular emphasis is placed on sample preparation,sophisticated analytical techniques,and their applications in life science research.

Analytical quality-by-design approach for sample treatment of BSA-containing solutions

The sample preparation of samples conlaining bovine serum albumin（BSA）,e.g..as used in transdermal Franz diffusion cell（FDC） solutions,was evaluated using an analytical qualily-by-design（QbD）approach.Traditional precipitation of BSA by adding an equal volume of organic solvent,often successfully used with conventional HPLC-PDA,was found insufficiently robust when novel fused-core HPLC and/or UPLC-MS methods were used.In this study,three factors（acetonitrile（%）.formic acid（%） and boiling time（min）） were included in the experimental design to determine an optimal and more suitable sample treatment of BSAcontaining FDC solutions.Using a QbD and Derringer desirability（D） approach,combining BSA loss,dilution factor and variability,we constructed an optimal working space with the edge of failure defined as D〈0.9.The design space is modelled and is confirmed to have an ACN range of 83 ± 3% and FA content of 1 ±0.25%.

TEM Foil Preparation from Irradiated Metallic Materials： A Practical Approach

This paper focuses on work related to post irradiation examination of 300-series austenitic stainless steel taken from reactor vessel internals of PWR. High neutron irradiation dose in NNP＇s leads to a degradation of microstructure of the material in a nano-metric scale. Hence, it is important to characterize the irradiated materials to understand the physical basis of the degradation mechanisms. Microstructural characterization of neutron-irradiated materials by TEM requires enhanced sample preparation methodologies, which commonly needs general improvements regarding particular experiment to be performed. In this study, the authors have developed methodology specialized in 1 mm TEM thin foil preparation from a deformed shank of a broken miniaturized tensile specimen. TEM foil size in current studies is smaller than standard because of the small shank diameter and high radioactivity of the studied material. The reduction of the TEM foil radioactivity to minimum is crucial to perform EDX chemical analysis and to increase the EDX detector lifetime. This paper describes whole process from bulk sample handling, including remote-controlled material cutting in shielded hot-cells and disc polishing in glow-boxes, up to the final procedure of electrolytic-polishing of electron transparent 1 mm TEM foils. Eventually, results of TEM microanalysis of radiation-induced defects were present.

Distribution and Accumulation of Major and Trace Elements in Gypsum Samples from Lignite Combustion Power Plant

Flue gas containing volatile elements, fine fly ash particulates not retained by particle control devices, and limestone are the most important sources of trace and major elements (TMEs) in wet flue gas desulphurization (WFGD) gypsum. In this study, samples of gypsum slurry were separated into fine and coarse fractions. Multi-elemental analysis of 45 elements in the different size fractions of gypsum, slurry waters and lignite were performed by k0-INAA (k0-instrumental neutron activation analyses). The study found that the volatile elements (Hg, Se and halogens) in the flue gas accumulate in the fine fractions of gypsum. Moreover, the concentrations of most TMEs are considerably higher in the fine fractions compared to the coarse fractions. The exceptions are Ca and Sr that primarily originate from the limestone. Variations of TMEs in the finer fractions are dependent on the presence of CaSO4·2H2O that is the main constituent of the coarse fraction. Consequently, the content of TMEs in the fine fraction is highly dependent on the efficiency of separating the fine fraction from the coarse fraction. Separation of the finer fraction, representing about 10% of the total gypsum, offers the possibility to remove effectively TMEs from WFGD slurry.

Solid-phase microextraction of endogenous metabolites from intact tissue validated using a Biocrates standard reference method kit

Improved analytical methods for the metabolomic profiling of tissue samples are constantly needed.Currently,conventional sample preparation methods often involve tissue biopsy and/or homogenization,which disrupts the endogenous metabolome.In this study,solid-phase microextraction(SPME)fibers were used to monitor changes in endogenous compounds in homogenized and intact ovine lung tissue.Following SPME,a Biocrates AbsoluteIDQ assay was applied to make a downstream targeted metabolomics analysis and confirm the advantages of in vivo SPME metabolomics.The AbsoluteIDQ kit enabled the targeted analysis of over 100 metabolites via solid-liquid extraction and SPME.Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between conventional liquid extractions from homogenized tissue and SPME results for both homogenized and intact tissue samples.In addition,principal component analysis revealed separated clustering among all the three sample groups,indicating changes in the metabolome due to tissue homogenization and the chosen sample preparation method.Furthermore,clear differences in free metabolites were observed when extractions were performed on the intact and homogenized tissue using identical SPME procedures.Specifically,a direct comparison showed that 47 statistically distinct metabolites were detected between the homogenized and intact lung tissue samples(P<0.05)using mixed-mode SPME fibers.These changes were probably due to the disruptive homogenization of the tissue.This study's findings highlight both the importance of sample preparation in tissue-based metabolomics studies and SPME's unique ability to perform minimally invasive extractions without tissue biopsy or homogenization while providing broad metabolite coverage.

Detection and quantification of Pb and Cr in oysters using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

The quantitative determination of heavy metals in aquatic products is of great importance for food security issues.Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS)has been used in a variety of foodstuff analysis,but is still limited by its low sensitivity when targeting trace heavy metals.In this work,we compare three sample enrichment methods,namely drying,carbonization,and ashing,for increasing detection sensitivity by LIBS analysis for Pb and Cr in oyster samples.The results demonstrate that carbonization can remove a significant amount of the contributions of organic elements C,H,N and O;meanwhile,the signals of the metallic elements such as Cu,Pb,Sr,Ca,Cr and Mg are enhanced by3–6 times after carbonization,and further enhanced by 5–9 times after ashing.Such enhancement is not only due to the more concentrated metallic elements in the sample compared to the dried ones,but also the unifying of the matter in carbonized and ashed samples from which higher plasma temperature and electron density are observed.This condition favors the detection of trace elements.According to the calibration curves with univariate and multivariate analysis,the ashing method is considered to be the best choice.The limits of detection of the ashing method are 0.52 mg kg-1 for Pb and0.08 mg kg-1 for Cr,which can detect the presence of heavy metals in the oysters exceeding the maximum limits of Pb and Cr required by the Chinese national standard.This method provides a promising application for the heavy metal contamination monitoring in the aquatic product industry.

A Graphene-Based Aerogel Was Prepared as Solid Adsorbent for the Enrichment of Platinum (IV) at Trace Concentration

A three-dimensional graphene-based composite was prepared by a simple one-step in-site reduced-oxide method under atmospheric pressure. The obtained hydrogel was modified with 4-amino-benzenesulfonic acid and connected with ethylenediamine, and freeze-dried into an aerogel, which was characterized. Then the surface interaction with platinum (Pt, IV) was explored. The obtained aerogel showed good adsorption for Pt (IV) at acid conditions, giving a rising to the adsorption rate > 98% while pH ≥ 6. Using hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide of 2% (m/V) as an eluent to desorb the Pt (IV) from the surface of the aerogel, a desorption rate of 81.1% was obtained in this process. Urea, buffer aquation and other surfactants were used in the desorption experiment to understand the adsorption mechanism between the aerogel and Pt (IV). In this work, hydrogen bond, van der Waals force and electronic interaction force mainly drove the adsorption process. For obtaining more purified Pt (IV), we used 0.5% CTAB to desorb Pd (II). A new three-dimensional graphene-based composite was prepared and the surface interaction between Pt (IV) and composite was experimented for understanding the adsorption mechanism and exploring its potential application in sample preparation in low concentration.

气相色谱-质谱分析气体样品的制备方法和技术

现代GC-MS仪器虽然具有较高的分辨能力和较高的灵敏度,但是对欲分析样品的要求也比较严格.诸如:进样量大小、组成组分的浓度范围、样品的物理状况、样品中的基体干扰等问题都是必须在进样之前调查清楚,才能选择正确的样品处理方法和技术并处理成GC-MS仪器能够直接进样测定的样品形式,获得正确的GC-MS分析测定结果.……

GC-MS测定中的小体积样品浓缩技术

New preparation methods for the GC-MS analytical sample are reviewed in this paper.There are MT,SH-MT,PMT,ME-MT,MCT,and so on mainly.

Survey Techniques of Grassland Plant Resources

Based on years of practice and survey methods of grassland resources at home and abroad, the technical problems that may occur in the survey process are analyzed, the preparatory work before survey, specific content of field survey and sample processing and analysis and specimen preparation are elaborated. Moreover, the announcements of major technical methods are also described in details.

Mechanisms of antimicrobial peptides as characterized by solid-state NMR

Antimicrobial peptides(AMP)are small proteins that play critical roles in host defense against microbe invasion.Many AMPs disrupt the cellular membrane of microbe,while the mechanism of action of AMPs can be very sophisticated.Solid-state NMR(SSNMR)technique is powerful in characterizing the mechanism of AMPs in vivo and in vitro.This review summarizes the recent advance of SSNMR technique in AMP mechanisms characterization.We highlight the sample preparation approaches,the SSNMR spectroscopic methods,and a number of outstanding examples of AMP mechanisms elucidated via SSNMR spectroscopy.

Modifying current thin-film microextraction(TFME)solutions for analyzing prohibited substances:Evaluating new coatings using liquid chromatography

For identifying and quantifying prohibited substances,solid-phase microextraction(SPME)continues to arouse interest as a sample preparation method.However,the practical implementation of this method in routine laboratory testing is currently hindered by the limited number of coatings compatible with the ubiquitous high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)systems.Only octadecyl(C18)and polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene ligands are currently marketed for this purpose.To address this situation,the present study evaluated 12 HPLC-compatible coatings,including several chemistries not currently used in this application.The stationary phases of SPME devices in the geometry of thin filmcoated blades were prepared by applying silica particles bonded with various functional ligands(C18,octyl,phenyl-hexyl,3-cyanopropyl,benzenesulfonic acid,and selected combinations of these),as well as unbonded silica,to a metal support.Most of these chemistries have not been previously used as microextraction coatings.The 48 most commonly misused substances were selected to assess the extraction efficacy of each coating,and eight desorption solvent compositions were used to optimize the desorption conditions.All samples were analyzed using an HPLC system coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry.This evaluation enables selection of the best-performing coatings for quantifying prohibited substances and investigates the relationship between extraction efficacy and the physicochemical characteristics of the analytes.Ultimately,using the most suitable coatings is essential for trace-level analysis of chemically diverse prohibited substances.