Active earth pressure for subgrade retaining walls in cohesive backfills with tensile strength cut-off subjected to seepage effects

The commonly used Mohr-Coulomb(M-C) failure condition has a limitation that it overestimates the tensile strength of cohesive soils. To overcome this limitation, the tensile strength cut-off was applied where the predicted tensile strength is reduced or eliminated. This work then presented a kinematical approach to evaluate the active earth pressure on subgrade retaining walls in cohesive backfills with saturated seepage effects. An effective rotational failure mechanism was constructed assuming an associative flow rule. The impact of seepage forces, whose distribution is described by a closed-form solution, was incorporated into the analysis. The thrust of active earth pressure was derived from the energy conservation equation, and an optimization program was then coded to obtain the most critical solution. Several sets of charts were produced to perform a parameter analysis. The results show that taking soil cohesion into account has a distinct beneficial influence on the stability of retaining walls, while seepage forces have an adverse effect. The active earth pressure increases when tensile strength cut-off is considered, and this increment is more noticeable under larger cohesion.

Active earth pressure acting on retaining wall considering anisotropic seepage effect

This paper presents a general solution for active earth pressure acting on a vertical retaining wall with a drainage system along the soil-structure interface. The backfill has a horizontal surface and is composed of cohesionless and fully saturated sand with anisotropic permeability along the vertical and horizontal directions. The extremely unfavourable seepage flow on the back of the retaining wall due to heavy rainfall or other causes will dramatically increase the active earth pressure acting on the retaining walls, increasing the probability of instability. In this paper, an analytical solution to the Laplace differential governing equation is presented for seepage problems considering anisotropic permeability based on Fourier series expansion method. A good correlation is observed between this and the seepage forces along a planar surface generated via finite element analysis. The active earth pressure is calculated using Coulomb's earth pressure theory based on the calculated pore water pressures. The obtained solutions can be degenerated into Coulomb's formula when no seepage exists in the backfill. A parametric study on the influence of the degree of anisotropy in seepage flow on the distribution of active earth pressure behind the wall is conducted by varying ratios of permeability coefficients in the vertical and horizontal directions,showing that anisotropic seepage flow has a prominent impact on active earth pressure distribution. Other factors such as effective internal friction angle of soils and soil/wall friction conditions are also considered.

A study on impacts of groundwater seepage on artificial freezing process of gravel strata

Purpose–This paper aims to study the impacts of groundwater seepage on artificial freezing process of gravel strata,the temperature field characteristics of the strata,and the strata process,closure time and thickness evolution mechanism of the frozen wall.Design/methodology/approach–In this paper several laboratory model tests were conducted,considering different groundwater seepage rate.Findings–The results show that there is a significant coupling effect between the cold diffusion of artificial freezing pipes and groundwater seepage;when there is no seepage,temperature fields upstream and downstream of the gravel strata are symmetrically distributed,and the thickness of the frozen soil column/frozen wall is consistent during artificial freezing;groundwater seepage causes significant asymmetry in the temperature fields upstream and downstream of the gravel strata,and the greater the seepage rate,the more obvious the asymmetry;the frozen wall closure time increases linearly with the increase in the groundwater seepage rate,and specifically,the time length under seepage rate of 5.00 m d
1 is 3.2 times longer than that under no seepage;due to the erosion from groundwater seepage,the thickness of the upstream frozen wall decreases linearly with the seepage velocity,while that of the downstream frozen wall increases linearly,resulting in a saddle-shaped frozen wall.Originality/value–The research results are beneficial to the optimum design and risk control of artificial freezing process in gravel strata.

Numerical stress-deformation analysis of cut-off wall in clay-core rockfill dam on thick overburden

The cut-off wall in a clay-core rockfill dam built on a thick overburden layer is subjected to a large compressive pressure under the action of the loads such as the dead weight of both the dam and the overburden layer, the frictional force induced by the differential settlement between the cut-off wall and surrounding soils, and the water pressure. Thus, reduction of the stress of the cut-off wall has become one of the main problems for consideration in engineering design. In this paper, numerical analysis of a core rockfill dam built on a thick overburden layer was conducted and some factors influencing the stress-strain behaviors of the cut-off wall were investigated. The factors include the improvement of the overburden layer, the modeling approach for interfacial contact between the cut-off wall and surrounding soils, the modulus of the cut-off wall concrete, and the connected pattern between the cut-off wall and the clay core. The result shows that improving the overburden layer,selecting plastic concrete with a low modulus and high strength, and optimizing the connection between the cut-off wall and the clay core of the dam are effective measures of reducing the deformations and compressive stresses of the cut-off wall. In addition, both the Goodman element and the mud-layer element are suitable for simulating the interfacial contact between the cut-off wall and surrounding soils.

Application of High-Density Seismic Image in Nondestructive Exploration of Cut-off Cement-Soil Wall in Earth Dam

In order to quickly explore the quality of cut-off wall in dams, a new method of high-density seismic image was adopted and estimated by model and in-situ wall tests.The vibration exciter was employed and several parameters such as hypocentral distance, length of signal record and sampling space in signal collection were determined, which are 8 m, 0.25 ms and 128 ms respectively. Through time and frequency field signal analyses, it is concluded that, the smaller arrival times of reflected longitudinal and surface waves, and the higher their main frequencies, the higher the strength of the wall, vice versa. Accordingly the construction quality of the wall can be evaluated quickly by high-density seismic image.

深厚覆盖层上土石坝防渗墙损伤开裂精细化分析及防渗功能评价

混凝土防渗墙是覆盖层上土石坝坝基的关键防渗结构,由于防渗墙与覆盖层的刚度和尺度差异巨大,通常的数值分析方法难以保证精度,且现有基于强度的安全评价方法,无法适应防渗墙作为防渗结构而非承载结构的功能评价要求。本文提出了比例边界元-有限元耦合跨尺度离散、塑性损伤模型和内聚力模型分离描述压损伤和受拉开裂、破损后防渗功能目标评价的精细化分析方法,实现了深厚覆盖层上土石坝防渗墙的性态演化评价。研究结果表明:超深覆盖层上悬挂式防渗墙在两岸底部因近似垂直于岸坡的高压应力发生压损伤,类“外伸梁”的面内弯曲变形使靠近防渗墙两岸的顶部和底部区域产生坝轴向高拉应力导致槽段间出现竖向裂缝;在防渗墙两岸的上游侧局部设置辅助防渗措施,可有效降低防渗墙破损后的渗流量。本文方法揭示了混凝土防渗墙的损伤开裂模式,定位了防渗墙薄弱区域,评价了防渗墙损伤开裂对防渗功能的影响,量化防渗措施效果,实现了防渗墙从传统承载能力评价到功能性态评价的跨越,可为深厚覆盖层上土石坝防渗墙的安全评价和设计优化提供理论和技术支持。

塑性混凝土咬合桩防渗墙变形机理研究

以大连湾沉管隧道南岸港池临时围堰工程监测数据为基础,建立了塑性混凝土咬合桩防渗墙数值计算模型,通过实测数据验证了模型的准确性,分析了不同影响因素下咬合桩防渗墙的变形演化规律,结论表明:水压力相比土压力对咬合桩变形和内力的影响更为显著,水压力增大导致桩身变形和弯矩增大,扰动临时围堰土体;土体坡度的影响较小,但土体坡度应逐渐放缓,不小于1∶1.5;桩长的变化对变形影响较大,较短的桩身未嵌固在岩石中,较长的桩身在桩顶出现最大位移;随着桩径增大,桩顶变形和最大弯矩逐渐增大,弯矩分布较为一致。

多元结构地基对防渗墙渗透溶蚀演化规律的影响

深厚覆盖层地基渗透性能和厚度变化会影响坝基渗流场的分布,进而改变坝基防渗墙溶蚀演化进程。为研究多元结构地基变化对防渗墙渗透溶蚀的影响机制,结合流体力学、化学动力学理论和对流-扩散方程,提出覆盖层地基混凝土防渗墙渗透溶蚀耦合分析模型,研究强透水层、弱透水层和第三透水层厚度及渗透系数对防渗墙中钙离子浓度、孔隙率和渗流特性的影响。结果表明:随服役年份增长,防渗墙钙离子浓度表现为先快速增长至峰值,随后不断下降的趋势,孔隙率和渗透系数呈指数型增长变化规律,大坝总渗透流量不断增大;各影响因素中,弱透水层渗透系数对防渗墙钙离子浓度、孔隙率和大坝总渗流量的影响最大,其次为强透水层厚度及其渗透系数;各工况下混凝土防渗墙使用年限为38.46~44.00年。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层多元结构地基上的土石坝工程的长效服役性能评估提供理论依据。

托帕水库大坝沥青混凝土心墙设计及渗流特性分析

沥青混凝土具有防渗性能好和便于施工等特点,常作为水利工程的防渗材料。针对新疆托帕水库特有的坝址地形条件进行沥青混凝土心墙坝设计,详细阐述了沥青混凝土心墙的型式、布置型式、断面尺寸以及心墙与各部位衔接等方面的设计,并对已设计的沥青混凝土心墙坝进行渗流计算分析。结果表明:设计的沥青混凝土心墙坝结构合理,防渗设计满足规范要求。

TRD工法在赣江尾闾围堰防渗工程中的应用

赣江下游尾闾综合整治工程4支枢纽采用TRD工法对防渗墙进行施工,并针对重难点区段调整了施工工艺,该做法克服了地质条件复杂、砂卵砾石地层厚度大、防渗墙深度大等不利因素的影响,施工效率高且安全环保,取得了良好的防渗效果。

复杂地质条件下超深竖井的渗控措施及效果分析

富水区复杂地质条件下超深竖井工程施工期安全风险大,合理的渗控措施对保障超深竖井基坑施工期安全至关重要。以深圳市罗田水库—铁岗水库隧道工程超深竖井为例,通过构建超深竖井基坑三维渗流有限元模型,揭示了基坑开挖过程中断层破碎带和地连墙完整性等因素对渗流场的影响规律,并评估了竖井渗漏量及其渗透稳定性等。结果表明:①如不设地连墙,竖井开挖到底时渗流量高达4018m^(3)/d,且对周边区域地下水有明显影响,影响范围大于100 m。②设置高喷式地连墙的渗控效果显著,分步开挖过程中覆盖层没有渗透稳定问题,浇筑底板后渗漏量可降至10m^(3)/d以下,同时地连墙也起到隔离区域地下水的作用,竖井周边未形成降水漏斗,地下水位基本没有变化。③若地连墙完整性出现问题其渗透系数增大一个量级时,相应的渗漏量可能增大2倍以上。④断层性态对竖井渗漏量也有一定影响,断层充填物渗透系数由10^(-4) cm/s增大至10^(-3)~10^(-2) cm/s,渗漏量将增大12~80倍。对于超深竖井,特别是在地质情况复杂、有断层通过的部位,应高度重视竖井地连墙施工质量,保证墙体接头部位的防渗效果,以满足竖井渗流安全要求。研究成果可为超深竖井基坑渗控设计和施工提供依据。

渗透各向异性土层中考虑挡墙厚度的基坑稳态渗流解析解

本文对考虑厚度挡墙支护下渗透各向异性土层中基坑的二维稳态渗流进行了解析研究。根据对称性取基坑半截面,将周围土层划分为5个规则区域,采用坐标变换将渗透各向异性土层转换成等效各向同性土层,对各区域利用叠加法和分离变量法推导得到二维稳态渗流场、挡墙上水压力以及坑底出逸比降的显式解析解。对比保角变换和积分变换方法,本文解渗流场计算结果连续且无奇异点,且基坑水头和挡墙两侧水压力分布情况与数值软件分析一致性较好,说明本文解析解的正确性和优越性。本文解与不同计算方法得到的挡墙水压力结果对比分析发现,挡墙厚度d、竖直与水平向渗透系数比α对挡墙上水压力的影响不可忽略。分析α、d对挡墙底部水压力及出逸比降的影响,随着α和d的增大,基坑外侧挡墙底部水压力增大,基坑内侧挡墙底部水压力减小;随着α和d的逐渐减小,坑底出逸比降不断增大;当α和d较小时,考虑一维渗流情况得到的出逸比降安全性较低,且随着α和d的减小与本文解析解差距越来越大。

碾盘山水利水电枢纽二期围堰防渗体系构建技术研究

为创造坝体干地施工条件及评价围堰防渗体系效果,本文以碾盘山水利水电枢纽二期工程左岸连接土坝为例,对新旧防渗墙接头处理进行优化设计,采用3种钻孔法对高喷墙的渗透系数进行试验检查与成果分析,通过水位观测及安全监测资料分析评价防渗体系整体防渗效果。实践表明本工程土石围堰防渗体系的防渗效果达到预期,可为其他类似工程提供借鉴与参考。

渗流地层地铁联络通道冻结壁形成过程及其影响因素分析

冻结法凭借封水性好、适应性强和环境影响小等优势成为地铁联络通道施工的主要工法之一,而地下水渗流易引起冻结壁交圈时间延后、厚度和平均温度不及预期,对冻结工程的推进具有不利影响。本文采用频域反射法获取饱和砂砾石未冻水体积分数和温度的函数关系式,基于多孔介质传热和渗流理论,建立考虑相变的饱和地层渗流冻结流热耦合数学模型,利用联络通道冻结模型试验结果验证流热耦合模型的有效性。在此基础上,研究渗流速度、冷媒温度、冻结管直径和渗流温度对联络通道冻结壁形成过程和交圈时间的影响规律。最后,采用正交试验方法对冻结壁形成过程影响因素的显著性进行分析,提出考虑多因素影响的冻结壁交圈时间和标厚时间预测方法。研究结果表明:无渗流时,联络通道冻结温度场呈W型对称分布;当渗流速度为51.2 m/d时,地层温度场不再呈对称分布,上游区域温度高于下游区域温度。渗流速度是影响联络通道冻结壁形成的首要因素,冻结管直径和冷媒温度次之,渗流温度对交圈时间的影响较小。上游侧墙是渗流地层冻结壁扩展的薄弱环节,应加强该区域温度场的监测,跟踪冻结壁的形成过程。

不同工况下水库大坝固化灰浆防渗墙防渗效果数值分析

针对山东东营孤东水库坝体渗漏问题,提出了大坝的防渗加固方案,对加固后的大坝渗流及稳定性进行数值计算。结果表明,固化灰浆防渗墙方案能很好地解决大坝渗漏问题,加固后设计蓄水位下出逸比降低于允许渗透比降。在水位骤降的条件下,大坝内部压力水头线下降,安全系数提高到1.40;在地震荷载的工况下,安全系数提高到1.32~1.44。加固后围坝的安全系数满足规范值,保证满足大坝的防渗要求,各工况的安全系数也都符合规范要求,可为类似加固工程提供可靠参考。

井壁混凝土三轴渗透试验及细观数值分析

目的为研究井壁混凝土在多轴应力下渗透率演化规律。方法以50mm×100mm的圆柱体混凝土试件为研究对象,采用试验与数值模拟相结合的方法,分析流-固耦合状态下渗透性能变化。结果围压能密实孔隙,使渗透率下降,但下降趋势逐渐变缓。孔隙水压易使裂纹扩展,加剧水渗透,同时上升趋势逐级递增;轴压对渗透率的影响与内部孔隙及微裂纹状态相关,根据渗透率不同变化趋势,可将其分为4个阶段;由数值模拟发现,随着应变增加,混凝土内部拉应力分布变广,裂缝多出现在拉、压应力集中区;轴压增加虽使整体孔隙密实,但颗粒挤压易使微裂隙萌生,加载后期成为主要渗流通道。结论研究结果为实际工程中解决复杂应力状态下混凝土渗透率变化等问题提供了参考。

复杂地质条件下水利工程高水位深基坑降排水施工方法研究

为了解决进口引江济淮工程施工中高水位深基坑降排水问题,对复杂地质条件下水利工程高水位深基坑降排水施工方法开展了研究。采用混凝土防渗墙技术对导向槽进行优化设计,提高防渗墙的防渗性能。利用真空预压地下水位测量方法为降水井的参数设计与位置设置提供水位参考。通过人工开挖探孔方式确定最佳降排水方案,并计算降水漏斗曲线的影响值。利用有限元软件模拟试验发现:该降排水方法在防渗墙高程为-36 m时能够达到最佳降排水效果,说明使用该方法能够阻隔基坑外水体渗入,且降水井能够将深基坑中的积水排出,有效地解决了进口引江济淮工程施工中高水位深基坑降排水难题,具有较好的实用性和推广价值。

考虑地下渗流影响的能源地连墙换热性能研究

能源地下连续墙是一类新型的能源地下结构,兼顾结构承载和热量交换的双重功能,地下渗流对能源结构的换热性能影响显著,有必要开展深入研究。以上海自然博物馆的能源地下连续墙为工程背景,利用COMSOL多物理场耦合软件构建数值模型,分析了换热管入口温度、地下水渗流方向、渗流速度、换热运行模式和运行周期对地连墙结构换热量的影响规律。结果表明,地下渗流的流速和方向都对能源结构换热有显著的影响,地下渗流能有效地缓解地下结构换热引起的热量积累,保障能源结构的换热效率。因此,能源地下结构适合在有较好渗流条件的地质环境中应用。地源热泵间歇运行可以有助于土体中的热量恢复,在长期运行工况下,能源结构在夏季的换热量要高于冬季。研究成果对完善能源地下连续墙的设计理论具有一定的参考意义,有助于推动浅层地热能的开发利用。

土工席垫与排渗墙相结合的尾矿库渗控效果分析

目的:土工席垫具有良好的集水和排水作用,但尾矿库在长期运行后,土工席垫经常出现因淤堵而失效的现象,这会导致坝体内部排水不充分,浸润面升高,进而增加渗透破坏的可能性,为此提出增设排渗墙来解决土工席垫失效引起的排渗安全问题。方法:以某尾矿库工程为例,采用饱和-非饱和渗流计算理论,计算分析了土工席垫不同失效程度下以及增设排渗墙后渗流场的变化。结果:结果表明:随着土工席垫失效程度逐渐加深,尾矿库坝体内部浸润线会逐渐升高,直至不能满足渗流控制要求。结论:在增设排渗墙后,可以有效控制坝体内浸润线埋深,提高坝体的排渗能力,满足安全要求。

考虑基质渗透性的粗糙单裂隙非达西流动特性研究

粗糙单裂隙及其周围岩石基质是组成复杂岩体裂隙网络的基本单元,了解其中发生的流体流动行为具有重要意义。通过直接求解Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程开展三维粗糙单裂隙和裂隙-孔隙双重介质模型的渗流模拟工作,研究了裂隙表面粗糙度、匹配性和基质渗透性对粗糙单裂隙中发生的非达西流动的影响规律。结果表明:Forchheimer方程可以准确描述双重介质模型中粗糙单裂隙流体流量与压力梯度间的非线性关系;表面粗糙度和不匹配性的增大会加剧裂隙内部开度分布的不均匀性,增大裂隙的流动阻力而促进非达西流动的发生;可渗透基质会使得裂隙过流能力增强,通过粗糙单裂隙的流量最多可增大约14%,这会抑制非达西流动的发生;基质渗透性对裂隙过流能力增长的影响程度与表面粗糙度和不匹配性呈正相关。