Side Effects of Gamifying Environmental Education Activities in Chinese Kindergartens

Environmental education is an effective approach to addressing environmental issues,and incorporating environmental education into kindergarten through gamified activities aligns with the concept of gamifying teaching and provides the optimal pathway for implementing environmental education.The purpose of this study is to investigate the specific processes involved in determining the objectives,themes,and content of gamified environmental education activities,as well as the organization,implementation,and evaluation of these activities in kindergarten settings.Five classes from Class G in Xining City Kindergarten were selected as the observational subjects for this study.Interviews were conducted with the teaching staff and the head of the kindergarten.The data obtained from observations and interviews served as the primary data for this research.The results indicate that the activity objectives formulated by teachers lack scientific basis and operability,with limited incorporation of gaming elements.The activity themes and content are narrow in scope and primarily determined by teachers and kindergarten administrators.The organization and implementation of activities often neglect the playful experiences of children,and activity evaluation is not given sufficient attention.

Analysis of Serum Antibody Level after COVID-19 Vaccine and Side Effects after Vaccine

Background: COVID-19 has caused a large number of deaths, in the elderly. In this situation, vaccines have been considered the main strategy to combat COVID-19 and were developed worldwide in 2020. One problem with COVID-19 vaccination is side effects after vaccination. In this report, we identify the relationship between side effects and elevation of antibodies as determined by monitoring several kinds of antibodies against COVID-19. Objective: We investigated whether the antibody level changed depending on side effects after COVID-19 vaccination. Methods: Healthy volunteers, who received two vaccinations between 10 March and 7 May 2021, were collected for this study. Information including age, gender, smoking history, medical history including allergies and side reactions after vaccination was obtained by questionnaire. Serum levels of antibodies of IgG and IgM against each S1, SP, and NP antigens of COVID-19 were evaluated frequently for 3 - 4 months after the first vaccination. Result: Ten employees working at Iwate Medical University were evaluated in this study. Side effects were observed in 7 of 10 patients, and grade 2 side effects in all 3 patients with a history of allergic disease. Serum S1 and SP IgG were elevated sufficiently in all patients. In all patients, IgG antibody titers fell below the cutoff point in approximately 3 months. No cases had elevated NP antibodies. SP IgM was elevated in three cases;all three cases with elevated IgM had allergic disease and the degree of side effects was relatively higher. Subjects with long-lasting elevated SPIgM were observed. Conclusion: S1 IgG and SP IgG exceeded the cutoff in all subjects after vaccination but decreased below the cutoff in all subjects within 4 months, regardless of side effects or allergic history. On the other hand, elevated SPIgM was suspected to be related to side effects and history of allergies, and cases with persistent elevation of SPIgM were observed.

Gynecological Side Effects of Tamoxifen among Sudanese Women, Khartoum, Sudan, 2020

Background: In Sudan, the common endocrine therapy tamoxifen is prescribed to HR-positive patients, which is associated with a variety of complications such as hot flashes, vaginal discharge, and vaginal dryness. Objective: This study aimed to determine the gynecological side effects of tamoxifen among Sudanese women who have been diagnosed with breast cancer in Khartoum, Sudan. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Alzara Hospital in Al Amal Toure Revere, Sudan. A convenience sample of individuals previously diagnosed with breast cancer attended refer clinic. From October 2020 to September 2021, all patients attending were checked for eligibility. Results: A total of 100 patients were enrolled in the study;60% of patients reported increased vaginal secretions after taking the drug, 28% reported normal vaginal secretions with no change, and 11% reported decreased secretions after taking the medication, while 22% developed vaginal bleeding, and 22% of the ultrasound results revealed endometrial masses among the study patients. Also, 54 percent of female patients experienced hot flashes after taking the medication, and 12% of women missed some doses of treatment. Conclusion: Tamoxifen results in several gynecological side effects in women with breast cancer. A high percentage of women in the study developed hot flashes, vaginal bleeding, and discharge, in addition to having ultrasound results showing endometrial masses among them.

Side effects of different doses of ephedrine in rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury

Ephedrine has a protective effect against cerebral ischemia,but its side effects limit its clinical application.Results from a previous study showed that 1.5 mg/kg per day ephedrine can promote motion recovery in rats following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion without significant side effects.In the present study,ephedrine at doses of 3.0,2.5 and 2.0 mg/kg was used to treat rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and the effects of ephedrine on the heart,liver,kidney and cerebrum were observed.Results showed that the blood pressure of rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury following ephedrine treatment was lower than in rats that recovered naturally from cerebral ischemia/reperfusion,but the pressure decreased with increasing doses of ephedrine.In addition,serum aspartate transaminase,alkaline phosphatase and creatinine concentration in rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury following ephedrine treatment were greater than in rats that recovered naturally from cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.The concentrations of these enzymes were decreased with increasing doses of ephedrine.Ephedrine-treated rats displayed hyperemia,degeneration and edema in the cerebrum,liver,heart and kidney.Results demonstrated that ephedrine exhibited side effects on the cerebrum,heart,liver and kidney in rats following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in a dose-dependent manner.

The side effects of docetaxel with cyclophosphamide as postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for elderly breast cancer patients

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the side effects of docetaxel with cyclophosphamide as postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for elderly breast cancer patients. Methods: Thirty-six operable elderly breast cancer patients at intermediate risk based on the St Gallen risk classification underwent modified radical mastectomy and then were given four cycles of TC regimen (docetaxel 75 mg/m2 i.v. on day 1; cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 i.v. on day 1; every 21 days ). Primary prophylaxis granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) 200μg i.h. was administered on day 4-6. Results: The main side effect was neutropenia. Grade 3 neutropenia developed in 36.1% and G4 in 19.4%, respectively. Most of the other side effects were G1-2. Dose reduction occurred in 11.1% patients. The completion rate of chemotherapy was 100%. Conclu-sion: Docetaxel with cyclophosphamide as postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy regimen with G-CSF primary prophylaxis is tolerable for elderly patients in general good condition.

Approach by Health Professionals to the Side Effects of Antihypertensive Therapy： Strategies for Improvement of Adherence

The aim was to determine whether complaints about side effects made by stage Ill hypertensive patients undergoing antihypertensive therapy lead to adequate blood pressure control. Forty-eight patients were monitored by a nurse every 15 days over the course of 180 days. At baseline, both groups presented similar SBP （systolic blood pressure） （GA, 196 （5）） mm Hg and GB, 189 （6） mm Hg） and DBP （diastolic blood pressure） （GA, 122 （3） mm Hg and GB, 121 （4） mm Hg）. On day 165, after a progressive decline in blood pressure levels, the two groups differed significantly from each other regarding SBP （GA, -16.9 （24） mm Hg and GB, -40.8 （31） mm Hg）. At the final follow-up, the patients were allocated to two groups： without complaints （GA） and with （GB） complaints about side effects. Complaining about side effects was a decisive factor for immediate nursing intervention and improved control over BP.

Side Effects of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine among Libyan Young Adults: Observational Study

Purpose: Since the mRNA technology used to manufacture Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine is new, it is still difficult to predict its consequences. However, many young people, especially in developing countries, think that they are less susceptible to severe infection with the Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Therefore, they do not prefer to take the COVID-19 vaccines. Accordingly, studies in this aspect are necessary to increase people’s awareness of the acceptance of vaccination, especially for the youth. Patients and Methods: This study was conducted on healthy young adults of both sexes. Participants (n = 81) were received two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine. A paper questionnaire was prepared, the survey asks about the side effects related to receiving the Vaccine. All participants completed the questionnaire twice, once after the first dose and again after the second dose. Data were collected and statistically analyzed. Results: The most common side effects were Muscle pain, Tiredness, Headache, and Fever. Less common side effects were Chills, Fainted, Breathlessness, and Coughing. Rare side effects include nausea and vomiting, Diarrhea, Anaphylactic Reaction, and Swollen Lymph Nodes. Side effects that are strongly associated with females are Headache, and Joint pain, for males, Anaphylactic reaction. The study revealed a significant difference between the number of females (96.5%) and males (85%) who suffered from the side effects of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine (P = 0.033). Conclusion: Most of the side effects reported in our study were consistent with Pfizer’s fact sheet for recipients and caregivers. Through our follow-up to the participants in the study, we noticed that the reported side effects were not too bad, and they were able to carry out their daily activities, so we recommend taking the vaccine, especially for young people.

Progestogen-Only Injectable Contraceptives: The Profile of the Acceptors, Side Effects and Discontinuation in a Low Resource Setting, Nigeria

Progestogen-only injectable contraceptive is a highly effective, long lasting and reversible agent of fertility control. The objective is to determine the profile of the acceptors, side effects and indication for discontinuation of progestogen-only injectable contraceptives at UCTH, Calabar. This was a retrospective study of the clients who used progestogen-only injectable contraceptives at the family planning unit between 1st January 2008 and 31st December 2014. A total of 1392 clients used the injectable progestogen-only contraceptive out of 5986 total contraceptive users giving the prevalence rate of 23.3% over the period. Of these, 60.4% of the clients accepted the depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, while 39.6% accepted the norethisterone enanthate. It was mostly utilized by multiparous women, clients with tertiary education and those in their third decade of life. Secondary amenorrhea was the commonest side effect in 47.7% of the clients. Over the study period, 243 (19.8%) discontinued the method and 48.1% discontinued due to secondary amenorrhea while 31.4% was due to desire to get pregnant. Progestogen-only injectable contraceptive was associated with multiple side-effects, with secondary amenorrhea being the most common, and menstrual irregularity was the main reason for discontinuation. Providing adequate information to clients about this method of contraception and its probable side effects, supportive counseling during initiation of contraception and re-enforcement during follow-up visit can go a long way in enhancing patient satisfaction and hence continuation of progestogen-only injectable contraceptive despite minor side effects.

Effect of low-dose amitriptyline on globus pharyngeus and its side effects

AIM:To compare the efficacy and side effects of lowdose amitriptyline(AMT)with proton pump inhibitor treatment in patients with globus pharyngeus.METHODS:Thirty-four patients who fulfilled the RomeⅢcriteria for functional esophageal disorders were included in this study.Patients were randomly assigned to receive either 25 mg AMT before bedtime(AMT group)or 40 mg Pantoprazole once daily for 4 wk(conventional group).The main efficacy endpoint was assessed using the Glasgow Edinburgh Throat Scale(GETS).The secondary efficacy endpoints included the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item short form health survey[social functioning(SF)-36]and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.Treatment response was defined as a>50%reduction in GETS scores.All patients entering this study recorded side effects at days 1,8,15,22 and 29 using a visual analogue scale.RESULTS:Thirty patients completed the study.After 4 wk of treatment,the AMT group had a greater response than the conventional group(75%vs 35.7%,P=0.004).At day 3,the AMT group showed significantly more improvement than the Conventional group in GETS score(3.69±1.14 vs 5.64±1.28,P=0.000).After 4 wk of treatment,the AMT group showed significantly greater improvement in GETS score and sleep quality than the Conventional group(1.25±1.84 vs 3.79±2.33,4.19±2.07 vs 8.5±4.97;P<0.01 for both).Additionally,the AMT group was more likely than the Conventional group to experience improvement in the SF-36,including general health,vitality,social functioning and mental health(P=0.044,0.024,0.049 and 0.005).Dry mouth,sleepiness,dizziness and constipation were the most common side effects.CONCLUSION:Low-dose AMT is well tolerated and can significantly improve patient symptoms,sleep and quality of life.Thus,low-dose AMT may be an effective treatment for globus pharyngeus.

Chinese consensus on management of tyrosine kinase inhibitor-associated side effects in gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs) have improved the overall survival of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GISTs), but their side effects can impact dose intensity and, consequently, the clinical benefit. To date, no guideline or consensus has been published on the TKI-associated adverse reactions. Therefore, the Chinese Society of Surgeons for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association organized an expert panel discussion involving representatives from gastrointestinal surgery, medical oncology, cardiology, dermatology, nephrology, endocrinology, and ophthalmology to consider the systemic clinical symptoms, molecular and cellular mechanisms, and treatment recommendations of GISTs. Here, we present the resultant evidence-and experience-based consensus to guide the management of TKI-associated side events in clinical practice.

Efficacy and side effects of praziquantel in the treatment of Schistosomiasis mansoni in schoolchildren in Shesha Kekele Elementary School,Wondo Genet,Southern Ethiopia

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and side effects of praziquantel(PZQ) in the treatment of schistosomiasis in Ethiopia.Methods:In a cross-sectional study,stool specimens were collected from randomly selected 299 school children in Shesha Kekele Elementary School,Wondo Genet, Southern Ethiopia,in April 2010.Stool specimens were examined using a single Kato-Katz thick smear for Schistosoma mansoni(5.mansoni) ova.Children who were found positive for S.mansoni were treated with a single oral dose of PZQ at 40 mg/kg bw and interviewed for treatment-related symptoms 24 hours after drug administration.Four weeks post-treatment,stool specimens were collected from the same children and examined following the same procedure as in the pretreatment.Drug efficacy was determined based on cure and egg reduction rates.Results:Pretreatment prevalence of S.mansoni infection was 74.9%with geometric mean egg count of 268. The evaluated generic PZQ produced an overall cure rate of 73.6%(P<0.000 1,OR:8.33,CI:5.3-13.1) and egg reduction rate of 68.2%(P=0.03,F=0.64).The cure rate showed significant association with age(x^2=H,P=0.004),the highest rate being observed in the 15-22 age group.83%of S. mansoni infected children showed various treatment-related symptoms,the most frerjiient being headache,nausea,and abdominal pain.These symptoms were associated with age(P<0.001) and pre-treatment intensity of infection(P<0.05).Conclusions:The present observations revealed relatively lower cure and egg reduction rates of the PZQ evaluated as compared to previous reports for other PZQ brands in Ethiopia.Hence,in depth studies are recommended to clarify whether the present relatively lower cure rate is the actual cure rate of the praziquantel evaluated,treatment failure,or reduced susceptibility of the parasite.Treatment-related side effects observed were transient and tolerable.

Risk Factors Affecting Ischemic Stroke: A Potential Side Effect of Antihypertensive Drugs

Background: Stroke is a worldwide health problem, the world’s second-leading cause of death and third-leading cause of disability. Currently, the majority of stroke patients are ischemic stroke patients. It is necessary to evaluate risk factors to prevent ischemic stroke. Data and Methods: The risk factors for stroke in the previous fiscal year were analyzed. They were divided into nonmodifiable and modifiable factors. The probit and ordered probit models were used in the study, with 59341 and 50542 observations used in the estimation of the models, respectively. Results: Among the nonmodifiable factors, age, gender and cerebrovascular disease history are important risk factors. The history of cerebrovascular diseases is considered to be an especially important factor. Among the modifiable factors, taking antihypertensive drugs and recent large weight change are negative risk factors;however, sleeping well significantly reduces the probability of ischemic stroke. Conclusion: It is very important to ensure that medical personnel know a patient’s history of cerebrovascular diseases for proper treatments. Ischemic stroke might be considered an important side effect of antihypertensive drugs. Limitations: The dataset was observatory. There are various types of antihypertension drugs, and their effects are not analyzed.

Side Effects of Chemotherapy in Cancer Patients and Evaluation of Patients Opinion about Starvation Based Differential Chemotherapy

Side-effects associated with the cancer chemotherapy limit the scope of chemotherapeutic drugs and no data was available about these side effects in Pakistan. Moreover starvation based differential chemotherapy has been proved to greatly reduce the side effects of chemotherapy depending on starvation time. The current study was conducted to survey the common side effects of the chemotherapeutic drugs and the role of starvation to reduce them. The study included total 100 subjects with multiple carcinomas. A comprehensive questionnaire about starvation inquiry, chemotherapy side effects and their basic information was filled by interviewers as told by patients. There were 48% patients with breast cancer and 11% with uterine cancer. Out of these patients 30%, 28%, 9% and 9% patients were agreed to starve for 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours respectively. The survey regarding the side effects of chemotherapy showed that 43% patients were suffering from headache, fatigue 90%, weakness 95%, hair loss 76%, nausea 77%, vomiting 75%, diarrhea 31%, abdominal cramps 40%, mouth sores 47%, dry mouth 74%, memory impairment 14%?and numbness 49%. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Pakistan. Only 18% of the total patients were agreed to starve for more than one day. Chemotherapy-associated side effects vary greatly and it does not depend upon cancer type. But these side effects depend on multiple factors such as the type and dose of chemotherapeutic drug, patient’s health status and stage of cancer.

Medication Side Effect Profiles in PD Patients in a Safety-Net Hospital

Background: Compulsive behavior, dyskinesias, motor fluctuations, and hallucinations are common Parkinson’s disease (PD) medication side effects. These are yet to be examined in relation to race and level of education. The goal of this analysis was to identify socioeconomic or clinical variables that are associated with compulsive behavior, dyskinesias, motor fluctuations, and hallucinations in patients in a safety-net hospital. Methods: A movement disorder patient database containing 452 patients with idiopathic PD was analyzed for differences in PD medication side effects using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Race, sex, and level of education were evaluated as possible confounders. Results: A greater proportion of the patients in this study were Caucasian males. The only variable associated with compulsive behavior was age, with higher age having a protective effect (p = 0.0336). Disease duration (defined as time since the onset of symptoms), diagnosis duration (time since formal diagnosis), and level of education were significantly associated with dyskinesia inunivariate analysis (p =< 0.0001, <0.0001, 0.1236 respectively). However, diagnosis duration was the only variable significantly associated with dyskinesia in multivariate analysis (p = 0.0038), in addition to a borderline significant association when comparing individuals with graduate degree to those who had completed high school education or less (p = 0.0599), with a protective effect of higher education. Disease duration, diagnosis duration, and use of monoamineoxidase inhibitors were also significantly associated with motor fluctuations in the univariate analysis, while only diagnosis duration was significantly associated with motor fluctuations in multivariate analysis (p = 0.0035) with longer diagnosis duration associated with higher risk of motor fluctuations. Age, disease duration, and diagnosis duration were associated with an increased risk of hallucinations in univariate analysis (p =< 0.0001, <0.0001, <0.0001 respectively), but age and disease duration were the only variables associated with hallucinations in multivariate analysis (p = 0.0009, 0.1196 respectively). Race was not associated with a higher risk of compulsive behavior, dyskinesias, motor fluctuations, or hallucinations. Conclusion: Compulsive behavior, dyskinesias, motor fluctuations, and hallucinations in our PD population may be associated with differences in socioeconomic status and access to care, but not with differences in race.

Death as a Drug Side Effect in FAERS: Is Glyphosate Contamination a Factor?

An analysis of selected datasets from the FDA’s drug Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) leads us to hypothesize that glyphosate contamination in both food and drugs is a major contributor to chronic and acute kidney failure respectively. In chronic kidney failure, glyphosate-induced pancreatitis results in the release of trypsin, causing a leaky vasculature. The albumin-bound glyphosate escapes into the tissues, protecting the circulatory system and kidneys but resulting in multiple symptoms related to skin, gut, brain, bones, lungs, etc. The rare and poorly understood acute kidney failure response reported for protamine sulfate and Trasylol? is strikingly similar to that associated with glyphosate poisoning. Both drugs are derived from biological tissues that are plausibly contaminated with glyphosate. These drugs protect from haemorrhage, which leads to retention of glyphosate in the vasculature, are followed by circulatory collapse and a high likelihood of death as an outcome. We support our argument by comparing symptom profiles of selected subsets of FAERS with those related to glyphosate poisoning, anomalous reactions to protamine sulfate, and conditions showing strong statistical time-trend correlations with glyphosate.

Side effects of herbal drugs used in dermatologic disorders

Because of the awareness of the environmental damage caused by industrialization, a trend has developed to use products with natural ingredients. Herbal products have been used for the treatment of disease, most commonly in the last century. As herbal supplements become more popular, several adverse side effects have been reported in users who also take other medications. In dermatology ,many botanicals are used especially with regard to cosmetic benefits of natural topical products on skin aging process,so dermatologists should face with higher side effects of these types of drugs.The most common presentation of topical aromatherapy side effects are contact dermatitis and the second in order will be contact urticarial reactions.

<i>Lactobacillus</i>GG Supplementation on Anti-<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>Therapy-Related Side Effects and Eradication Rates: A Meta-Analysis

Background: Concerns still exist with respect to unsatisfactory eradication rates and/or therapy-associated side effects for the use of standard triple therapy in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection, which prompts considerable interest in new therapy. We systematically reviewed the literature to investigate whether Lactobacillus GG as supplementation to standard triple therapy could improve H. pylori eradication rates and/or reduce therapy-associated side effects. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were systematically searched from their inception to August 4, 2015 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The language was restricted to English only. Results: Four RCTs involving a total of 305 participants (including 83 children) were included. Lactobacillus GG given along with triple therapy significantly reduced the risk of overall H. pylori therapy-related adverse effects (three RCTs, n = 221, RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.45 - 0.78), particularly of diarrhea (four RCTs, n = 285, RR 0.23, 95% CI 0.11 - 0.47), bloating (four RCTs, n = 289, RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.41 - 0.90), and taste disturbance (four RCTs, n = 288, RR 0.38, 95% CI 0.23 - 0.62). There were no significant differences between groups in the risk of other adverse effects. No beneficial effects of Lactobacillus GG were observed for H. pylori eradication rates (four RCTs, n = 284, RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.88 - 1.13). Conclusion: Current evidence indicates that Lactobacillus GG administered along with standard triple therapy is a feasible way to reduce therapy-related side effects, particularly diarrhea, bloating, and taste disturbance. However, Lactobacillus GG shows no effects on eradication rates.

Adverse Side Effects of COVID-19 Vaccines in Older Adults: A Comprehensive Review of Current Research

The purpose of this research review was to examine current scientific literature on COVID-19 vaccine-induced side effects in older adults. We reviewed studies focusing on side effects categorized into cardiologic, immunologic, neurologic, and ocular groups. Cardiologic side effects included myocarditis, pericarditis, and myocardial infarction. Immunologic conditions examined were anaphylaxis and vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia. Neurologic side effects included Guillain-Barré syndrome and Bell’s Palsy. Ocular side effects covered ocular swelling, submacular hemorrhage, and corneal graft rejection after keratoplasty and Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty. Additionally, less common side effects in older adults were reviewed but found to be statistically rare. Overall, COVID-19 vaccine-induced side effects in elderly populations were rare. We concluded that the vaccine’s efficacy in preventing excess deaths due to COVID-19 is significant, and the risk of these rare side effects does not justify foregoing vaccination in at-risk individuals. Patients at higher risk for these side effects should be informed, and additional considerations should be made by their treating physician. This review aims to increase awareness of rare vaccine-induced side effects to encourage further studies, enhancing understanding of their etiology and prevalence in at-risk older adult populations.

Side effects and tolerability of post-exposure prophylaxis with zidovudine, lamivudine, and lopinavir/ritonavir： a comparative study with HIV/AIDS patients

Background In the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy （HAART）, the use of antiretrovirals as post-exposure prophylaxis （PEP） was the most important strategy for preventing occupational exposure to blood or fluids containing human immunodeficiency virus （HIV）. The objective of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the tolerability, safety, and side effects of a HAART regimen containing three antiretroviral drugs, consisting of zidovudine, lamivudine, and Iopinavir/ ritonavir, in healthcare personnel （HCP） who experienced occupational exposure to HIV. Methods The tolerability, safety, and side effects in 26 HCPs who experienced PEP and in 27 HIV/AIDS patients with HAART regimen, AZT＋3TC＋Lpv/r, were evaluated between January 2010 and December 2012. Results The most frequent clinical side effect was fatigue （in 23 cases, 88.5%）, and gastroenterological symptoms were the second most common side effects in HCP with PEP. Liver dysfunction was found in 10 cases （38.5%）, while drug rash was found in 18 cases （69.2%） after PEP. The prevalence of side effects in HCPs who experienced PEP was higher than that in HIV/AIDS patients P 〈0.05. One nurse （3.8%） experienced severe gastrointestinal symptoms, which led to withdrawal of PEP. No HIV infection was found during 6-month follow-up period. Conclusion HCPs who received occupational PEP with triple-drug regimen, AZT＋3TC＋Lpv/r, experienced different side effects, and the tolerability and safety of PEP regimen were good in this cohort. Chin Med J 2014;127 （14）： 2632-2636

Clinical Efficacy of Acupuncture on the Morphine-related Side Effects in Patients Undergoing Spinal-epidural Anesthesia and Analgesia

Objective： To investigate the effects of acupuncture on the morphine-related side effects （nausea, vomiting, itchiness and gastrointestinal disorders） in patients undergoing anesthesia and analgesia and try to find the clinical mechanism of acupuncture. Methods： Patients scheduled to have transurethral prostatic resection enrolled in the study （69 patients）, characterized as Grade Ⅱ or Ⅲ by the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification, were randomly assigned to three groups, 23 patients in each group： the placebo group （control group）, non-anesthesia area （NAA） group, and the anesthesia area （AA） group. After spinal anesthesia, all patients received Patients Controlled Epidural Analgesia. The vital signs, bowel sounds, visual analogue scales, itchiness, nausea and vomiting, and time for first exhaust post operation were observed. Results： Altogether, nine cases were eliminated, three in each group. Finally, sixty cases completed this study, twenty in each group. There was a significant decrease of bowel sounds after morphine spinal anesthesia in the three groups. Compared with the control or AA group, the bowel sound recovered after acupuncture, the incidences of nausea and vomiting, itchiness, and time for first exhaust after operation decreased in the NAA group （P〈0.05）. There was a significant decrease of the incidence for itchiness in the NAA group compared with the control group （P〈0.05）. Conclusions： On the basis of this study, it is obviously seen that acupuncture could decrease the incidence of morphine-related side effects （nausea and vomiting, itchiness and gastrointestinal disorders） when the spinal cord conduct is normal. However, it decreases only the incidence of itchiness but not for gastrointestinal dysfunction when the spinal cord is blocked.