Synthetic Aperture Radar Raw Signals Simulation of Extended Scenes

A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) raw signal simulation algorithm for extended scenes is presented. This algorithm is based on the SAR two-dimensional system transform function (STF). To cope with range-variant nature of SAR STF and increase the speed of this algorithms, new formulas for range-variant phase corrections in range-Doppler (RD) domain are developed. In this way, many azimuth lines can be simulated with the same SAR STF. It only needs two-dimensional fast Fourier transform code and complex multiplications. Comparing with time-domain simulation algorithm, it is very simple and thus efficient. Simulation results have shown that this algorithm is accurate and efficient. Key words synthetic aperture radar - raw signal simulation - system transform function CLC number TP 751. 1 Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40376051)Biography: Sun Jin-yao (1967-), female, Ph. D. candidate, research direction: SAR image simulation and 3D recover for SAR image.

Research of Ionospheric Time-Delay Error Simulation in High Dynamic GPS Signal Simulator

The ionospheric time-delay is an important error source for GPS users. How tosimulate the ionospheric error is one of the key problems that need to be solved in high dynamicGPS signal simulator design. The ionospheric effects are related to the user's position. Based onthe analysis to the different ionospheric time-delay error correction methods for ground users andspace users, the approaches to calculate the ionospheric time-delay error in a high dynamic GPSsignal simulator are studied and the mathematic models are also given in this paper. The calculationproblem of eight ionospheric coefficients broadcasted in a GPS satellite message in differentapplication situations is solved. The validity of the ionospheric time-delay error calculationmethods given by this paper has been proved by simulations.

Quick System-Level DDR3 Signal Integrity Simulation Research

---Double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory （DDR3） has become one of the most mainstream applications in current server and computer systems. In order to quickly set up a system-level signal integrity （SI） simulation flow for the DDR3 interface, two system-level SI simulation methodologies, which are board-level S-parameter extraction in the frequency-domain and system-level simulation assumptions in the time domain, are introduced in this paper. By comparing the flow of Speed2000 and PowerSI/Hspice, PowerSI is chosen for the printed circuit board （PCB） board-level S-parameter extraction, while Tektronix oscilloscope （TDS7404） is used for the DDR3 waveform measurement. The lab measurement shows good agreement between simulation and measurement. The study shows that the combination of PowerSI and Hspice is recommended for quick system-level DDR3 SI simulation.

Method of fuzzy uniformity analysis for simulation underwater acoustic signals

Since the simulation underwater acoustic signal is used in the semi-object simulation experiment of underwater weapons, it has great impression upon simulation fidelity. It is asked that whether simulation signals can replace the real signal effectually. Considering the randomness of signals, the interval estimation of feature parameters of simulation signals is made. By comparing the obtained confidence interval with the corresponding accept interval, the concept of similarity coefficient of simulation signals is given. By making a statistical analysis for similarity coefficient, the uniformity information of simulation signals is extracted, and the fuzzy number which expresses the fuzzy uniformity level of simu- lation signals is obtained. The analysis method on fuzzy uniformity of simulation underwater acoustic signals is presented. It is indi- cated by the application in simulation of target radiated-noises that the method is suitable and effectual for the simulation research on underwater acoustic signals, and the analysis result may provide support for decision-making relative to perfecting simulation sys- tems and applying simulation signals.

The Improved Design of Multi-channel Thin Gap Chamber Simulation Signal Source for the ATLAS Detector Upgrade

We develop an improved design of thin gap chamber （TGC） simulation signal source. To further simulate the feature of TGC detector, a novel thought is proposed. The TGC source has 256 channels. Every channel can randomly output the signal in 25 ns. The design is based on true random number generator （TRNG）. Considering the electrical connection between the TGC source and the developing trigger electronics, the GFZ connector is used. The experimental results show that the improved TGC simulation signal source can uniformly output the random signal in every channel. The output noise is less than 3 mVrms.

Design of a Radar Signal Simulator Based on Virtex-Ⅱ Series FPGA

A simulation method to simulate the pseudorandom code P. M PP radar＇ s echo signal is proposed that makes use of the pre-generated Doppler simulation data, according to the relative movement parameter of the radar and the target. It resolves the problem of the high precision distance simulation and the high speed digital shift phase. At the same time, the radar dynamic digital video frequency target signal simulator is designed. Simulation results of the critical unit and the output waveform are given. The result of the test satisfies the system＇s request.

High-precision and wide-range real-time neutron flux monitor system through multipoint linear calibration

The neutron flux monitor(NFM)system is an important diagnostic subsystem introduced by large nuclear fusion devices such as international thermonuclear experimental reactor(ITER),Japan torus-60,tokamak fusion test reactor,and HL-2 A.Neutron fluxes can provide real-time parameters for nuclear fusion,including neutron source intensity and fusion power.Corresponding to different nuclear reaction periods,neutron fluxes span over seven decades,thereby requiring electronic devices to operate in counting and Campbelling modes simultaneously.Therefore,it is crucial to design a real-time NFM system to encompass such a wide dynamic range.In this study,a high-precision NFM system with a wide measurement range of neutron flux is implemented using realtime multipoint linear calibration.It can automatically switch between counting and Campbelling modes with variations in the neutron flux.We established a testing platform to verify the feasibility of the NFM system,which can output the simulated neutron signal using an arbitrary waveform generator.Meanwhile,the accurate calibration interval of the Campbelling mode is defined well.Based on the above-mentioned design,the system satisfies the requirements,offering a dynamic range of 10~8 cps,temporal resolution of 1 ms,and maximal relative error of 4%measured at the signal-to-noise ratio of 15.8 dB.Additionally,the NFM system is verified in a field experiment involving HL-2 A,and the measured neutron flux is consistent with the results.

Simulation and feature analysis for gas emboli Doppler ultrasound signals

The purpose of this study is to establish the simulation model of the gas emboli by analyzing reasons for features of gas emboli Doppler ultrasound signals. It is useful for the further classification of the solid emboli and gas emboli. First, the model of the radiation force and the drag force is used to calculate forces acting on the gas emboli. Second, the acceleration of the gas emboli is calculated in both the radial direction and the axial direction of the vessel, which is used to calculate the trajectory of the gas emboli in the vessel. Finally, the computer simulation model is established for the gas emboli. Doppler ultrasound signals of the gas emboli and the solid emboli are generated in the simulation experiment. Experimental results show that compared with the solid emboli, the gas emboli acted by the radiation force and the drag force will result in the frequency-domain broaden in the Doppler spectrogram. When the gas emboli circulate from the low speed area to the high speed one and then from the high speed area back to the low speed one, a ＂V＂ shape will be shown in the spectrogram of gas emboli signals. When the gas emboli circulate from the low speed area to the high speed one or from the high speed area to the low speed one, a diagonal shape will be shown for gas emboli signals. It is also shown that features of simulated gas emboli signals match with those of gas emboli signals sampled from clinic. All demonstrate that the simulation method of the gas emboli is reasonable.

Computer simulation studies of pulsed Doppler signals from vortices

A computer simulation method for pulsed Doppler signals from vortices was pro- posed to generate simulated vortex Doppler signals under various given circumstances. The relative waveforms, such as the maximum frequency waveform, the mean frequency waveform and the bandwidth waveform, were obtained using the short time Fourier analysis of those simulated signals. The relations were studied between several spectrum parameters obtained from these waveforms and given simulation conditions, such as the position and the size of the sample volume, the distance between two vortices, the free stream velocity and the maximum tangent velocity of the vortex. The sensitive parameters were found to detect vortices using the pulsed Doppler techniques.

Simulation and retrieval for spaceborne aerosol and cloud high spectral resolution lidar of China

Clouds and aerosols can significantly affect global climate change and the atmospheric environment,and observing them three-dimensionally with high spatial and temporal resolutions is a long-standing issue.Spaceborne lidars are effective instruments for the vertical detection of clouds and aerosols globally.Numerous Mie scattering lidars were successfully launched and widely used,such as the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization(CALIOP)and Geoscience Laser Altimeter System.However,the retrieval of Mie scattering lidar data is an ill-posed problem that introduces a large uncertainty.The spaceborne Aerosol and Cloud High Spectral Resolution Lidar(ACHSRL)of China is currently under development and scheduled for launch in the near future.The ACHSRL attracted extensive attention,because it can separate Mie and Rayleigh scattering signals and avoid ill-posed retrieval.In this study,we conducted ACHSRL signal simulation and retrieval to explore the potential of the ACHSRL.First,we proposed a simplified scheme for retrieving optical parameters,which reduced the number of equations and intermediate variables of the traditional method and avoided false extrema in the backscatter coefficient retrieval.Additionally,the experiments showed that the backscatter coefficient retrieval was overestimated owing to the influence of the Poisson noise but can be corrected.Second,we examined the feasibility of the strategy of“first retrieving the lidar ratio then retrieving the extinction coefficient”to improve the extinction coefficient retrieval.We found that the retrieval error in the simulated cases can be reduced to less than 1%of the original retrieval error.Furthermore,we discussed the influence of the uncertainty of the iodine filter transmittance on the retrieval of the optical parameters and found that the average relative error was less than 1‰.Finally,we conducted simulation and retrieval based on the atmospheric parameters measured by the CALIOP.Results showed that the relative error in the backscatter and extinction coefficients at night was 12%and 28%for test cases,respectively,which was superior to that in the backscatter and extinction coefficients of the corresponding CALIOP product(i.e.,75%and 82%).This research is significant and useful for the development and application of satellite lidars in the future.

Queue clearance rate method for estimating passenger car equivalents at signalized intersections

This study explored the use of queue clearance rate method for estimating passenger car equivalent （PCE） at signalized intersections. PCE was estimated based on the assumption that the rate at which a queue of vehicles clears the intersection is a function of its composition. Results of this method were compared with the results estimated by some popular techniques. A fourqegged intersection was simulated in VISSIM software and different techniques were used to convert the traffic mix into a uniform one. Parameters of VISSIM were modified to closely reflect the traffic behaviour under heterogeneous traffic conditions. All approaches of the intersection were loaded to saturated conditions and accuracy of estimated PCEs were established by comparing converted flow （PCE/h） with the capacity of an all-car traffic stream. Method based on saturation flow delivered the best result, but its use was limited to traffic composed only of two types of vehicles. Results of regression and optimization techniques were almost similar and the converted flow was close to the capacity of all-car stream. However, accuracy of these methods strongly relied on the correct measurement of saturation flow. Queue clearance rate method did not require value of saturation flow and yielded good estimates of PCE throughout the simu- lation runs. The maximum difference between the converted flow and capacity estimated with all car situations was found to be less than 10% in all cases considered in this study.

Characteristic difference analysis and transfer parameter determination for different satellites to detect NDVI values

Here we propose a new method of NDVI difference analysis and NDVI difference correction for multi-sensors to detect NDVI.This method integrate PROSPECT model,SAIL model and MODTRAN atmospheric radioactive transfer model to simulate the remote sensing signals of different satellites for both NDVI difference analysis and correction without using real satellite images.The effects of both the sensors' spectral responses and atmospheric condition are simulated,and the differences among NDVI values derived from thirty different satellites are analyzed quantitatively.Focusing on the conversions of NDVI values among different satellites,through linear regression analysis,we estimate the transfer parameters between any two different satellite NDVI values,and present the lookup tables of transfer parameters under the atmospheric conditions of three surface visibility range values (10,23 and 50 km).The proposed method is useful for NDVI applications and analyses for multi-sensors.