Scheduling on tractor and trailer transportation considering the influence of disrupted events based on the contract net and simulated annealing algorithm

To provide a much more resilient transport scheme for tractor and trailer transportation systems,this paper explores the generation method of tractor and trailer transport schemes considering the influence of disrupted events.Three states of tractors including towing loaded trailers,towing empty trailers,and idle driving are taken into account.Based on the disruption management theory,a scheduling model is constructed to minimize the total deviation cost including transportation time,transportation path,and number of used vehicles under the three states of tractors.A heuristics based on the contract net and simulated annealing algorithm is designed to solve the proposed model.Through comparative analysis of examples with different numbers of newly added transportation tasks and different types of road networks,the performance of the contract net algorithm in terms of deviations in idle driving paths,empty trailer paths,loaded trailer paths,time,number of used vehicles,and total deviation cost are analyzed.The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the model and algorithm,highlighting the superiority of the disruption management model and the contract net annealing algorithm.The study provides a reference for handling unexpected events in the tractor and trailer transportation industry.

Effects of mesoscale gravity waves on sporadic E simulated by a one-dimensional dynamic model

In addition to being driven by tidal winds,the sporadic E(Es)layers are modulated by gravity waves(GWs),although the effects are not yet comprehensively understood.In this article,we discuss the effects of mesoscale GWs on the Es layers determined by using a newly developed model,MISE-1D(one-dimensional Model of Ionospheric Sporadic E),with low numerical dissipation and high resolution.Driven by the wind fields resolved by the high-resolution version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere extension(WACCM-X),the MISE-1D simulation revealed that GWs significantly influence the evolution of the Es layer above 100 km but have a very limited effect at lower altitudes.The effects of GWs are diverse and complex,generally including the generation of fluctuating wavelike structures on the Es layer with frequencies similar to those of the GWs.The mesoscale GWs can also cause increases in the density of Es layers,or they can disperse or diffuse the Es layers and increase their thickness.In addition,the presence of GWs is a key factor in sustaining the Es layers in some cases.

Effects of Bifidobacterium lactis BLa80 on fecal and mucosal flora and stem cell factor/c-kit signaling pathway in simulated microgravity rats

BACKGROUND Simulated microgravity environment can lead to gastrointestinal motility disturbance.The pathogenesis of gastrointestinal motility disorders is closely related to the stem cell factor(SCF)/c-kit signaling pathway associated with intestinal flora and Cajal stromal cells.Moreover,intestinal flora can also affect the regulation of SCF/c-kit signaling pathway,thus affecting the expression of Cajal stromal cells.Cajal cells are the pacemakers of gastrointestinal motility.AIM To investigate the effects of Bifidobacterium lactis(B.lactis)BLa80 on the intestinal flora of rats in simulated microgravity and on the gastrointestinal motility-related SCF/c-kit pathway.METHODS The internationally recognized tail suspension animal model was used to simulate the microgravity environment,and 30 rats were randomly divided into control group,tail suspension group and drug administration tail suspension group with 10 rats in each group for a total of 28 days.The tail group was given B.lactis BLa80 by intragastric administration,and the other two groups were given water intragastric administration,the concentration of intragastric administration was 0.1 g/mL,and each rat was 1 mL/day.Hematoxylin&eosin staining was used to observe the histopathological changes in each segment of the intestine of each group,and the expression levels of SCF,c-kit,extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK)and p-ERK in the gastric antrum of each group were detected by Western blotting and PCR.The fecal flora and mucosal flora of rats in each group were detected by 16S rRNA.RESULTS Simulated microgravity resulted in severe exfoliation of villi of duodenum,jejunum and ileum in rats,marked damage,increased space between villi,loose arrangement,shortened columnar epithelium of colon,less folds,narrower mucosal thickness,reduced goblet cell number and crypts,and significant improvement after probiotic intervention.Simulated microgravity reduced the expressions of SCF and c-kit,and increased the expressions of ERK and P-ERK in the gastric antrum of rats.However,after probiotic intervention,the expressions of SCF and ckit were increased,while the expressions of ERK and P-ERK were decreased,with statistical significance(P<0.05).In addition,simulated microgravity can reduce the operational taxonomic unit(OTU)of the overall intestinal flora of rats,B.lactis BLa80 can increase the OTU of rats,simulated microgravity can reduce the overall richness and diversity of stool flora of rats,increase the abundance of firmicutes in stool flora of rats,and reduce the abundance of Bacteroides in stool flora of rats,most of which are mainly beneficial bacteria.Simulated microgravity can increase the overall richness and diversity of mucosal flora,increase the abundance of Bacteroides and Desulphurides in the rat mucosal flora,and decrease the abundance of firmicutes,most of which are proteobacteria.After probiotics intervention,the overall Bacteroidetes trend in simulated microgravity rats was increased.CONCLUSION B.lactis BLa80 can ameliorate intestinal mucosal injury,regulate intestinal flora,inhibit ERK expression,and activate the SCF/c-kit signaling pathway,which may have a facilitating effect on gastrointestinal motility in simulated microgravity rats.

Müller cells are activated in response to retinal outer nuclear layer degeneration in rats subjected to simulated weightlessness conditions

A microgravity environment has been shown to cause ocular damage and affect visual acuity,but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.Therefore,we established an animal model of weightlessness via tail suspension to examine the pathological changes and molecular mechanisms of retinal damage under microgravity.After 4 weeks of tail suspension,there were no notable alterations in retinal function and morphology,while after 8 weeks of tail suspension,significant reductions in retinal function were observed,and the outer nuclear layer was thinner,with abundant apoptotic cells.To investigate the mechanism underlying the degenerative changes that occurred in the outer nuclear layer of the retina,proteomics was used to analyze differentially expressed proteins in rat retinas after 8 weeks of tail suspension.The results showed that the expression levels of fibroblast growth factor 2(also known as basic fibroblast growth factor)and glial fibrillary acidic protein,which are closely related to Müller cell activation,were significantly upregulated.In addition,Müller cell regeneration and Müller cell gliosis were observed after 4 and 8 weeks,respectively,of simulated weightlessness.These findings indicate that Müller cells play an important regulatory role in retinal outer nuclear layer degeneration during weightlessness.

Web services composition with QoS bound based on simulated annealing algorithm

In order to enable quality-aware web services selection in the process of service composition,this paper first describes the non-functional requirements of service consumers and the quality of elementary service or composite service as a quality vector,and then models the QoS（quality of service）-aware composition as a multiple criteria optimization problem in extending directed graph.A novel simulated annealing algorithm for QoS-aware web services composition is presented.A normalizing for composite service QoS values is made,and a secondary iterative optimization is used in the algorithm.Experimental results show that the simulated annealing algorithm can satisfy the multiple criteria and global QoS requirements of service consumers.The algorithm produces near optimum solution with much less computation cost.

A SIMULATED ANNEALING METHOD FOR FAULT TREE ANALYSIS

This paper presents an approximate algorithm based on simulated annealing to achieve the maximum probability of the minimal cut sets for a fault tree. Near optimal minimal cut sets and important sequence of the basic events are also solved by the method. Computer simulations show that the algorithm performs very well.

Study on Multi-stream Heat Exchanger Network Synthesis with Parallel Genetic/Simulated Annealing Algorithm

The multi-stream heat exchanger network synthesis (HENS) problem can be formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming model according to Yee et al. Its nonconvexity nature leads to existence of more than one optimum and computational difficulty for traditional algorithms to find the global optimum. Compared with deterministic algorithms, evolutionary computation provides a promising approach to tackle this problem. In this paper, a mathematical model of multi-stream heat exchangers network synthesis problem is setup. Different from the assumption of isothermal mixing of stream splits and thus linearity constraints of Yee et al., non-isothermal mixing is supported. As a consequence, nonlinear constraints are resulted and nonconvexity of the objective function is added. To solve the mathematical model, an algorithm named GA/SA (parallel genetic/simulated annealing algorithm) is detailed for application to the multi-stream heat exchanger network synthesis problem. The performance of the proposed approach is demonstrated with three examples and the obtained solutions indicate the presented approach is effective for multi-stream HENS.

Simulated Annealing Approach to the Optimal Synthesis of Distillation Column with Intermediate Heat Exchangers

This article presents a simulated annealing-based approach to the optimal synthesis of distillation column considering intermediate heat exchangers arrangements. T-he number of intermediate condensers and/or intermediate reboilers, the placement locations, the.operating pressure of column, and the heat duties of intermediate heat exchangers are treated as optimization variables. A novel coding procedure making use of an integer number series is proposed to represent and manipulate the structure of system and a stage-to-stage method is used for column design and cost calculation. With the representation procedure, the synthesis problem is formulated as a mixed integer nonlinear programming （MINLP） problem, which can then be solved with an improved simulated annealing algorithm. Two examples are illustrated to show the effectiveness of the suggested approach.

A Parallel Genetic Simulated Annealing Hybrid Algorithm for Task Scheduling

In this paper combined with the advantages of genetic algorithm and simulated annealing, brings forward a parallel genetic simulated annealing hybrid algorithm （PGSAHA） and applied to solve task scheduling problem in grid computing. It first generates a new group of individuals through genetic operation such as reproduction, crossover, mutation, etc, and than simulated anneals independently all the generated individuals respectively. When the temperature in the process of cooling no longer falls, the result is the optimal solution on the whole. From the analysis and experiment result, it is concluded that this algorithm is superior to genetic algorithm and simulated annealing.

Using genetic/simulated annealing algorithm to solve disassembly sequence planning

Disassembly sequence planning （DSP） plays a significant role in maintenance planning of the aircraft. It is used during the design stage for the analysis of maintainability of the aircraft. To solve product disassembly sequence planning problems efficiently, a product disassembly hybrid graph model, which describes the connection, non-connection and precedence relationships between the product parts, is established based on the characteristic of disassembly. Farther, the optimization model is provided to optimize disassembly sequence. And the solution methodology based on the genetic/simulated annealing algorithm with binaxy-tree algorithm is given. Finally, an example is analyzed in detail, and the result shows that the model is correct and efficient.

Simulated annealing algorithm for the optimal translation sequence of the jth agent in rough communication

In rough communication, because each agent has a different language and cannot provide precise communication to each other, the concept translated among multi-agents will loss some information and this results in a less or rougher concept. With different translation sequences, the problem of information loss is varied. To get the translation sequence, in which the jth agent taking part in rough communication gets maximum information, a simulated annealing algorithm is used. Analysis and simulation of this algorithm demonstrate its effectiveness.

Research on simultaneous localization and mapping for AUV by an improved method:Variance reduction FastSLAM with simulated annealing

At present,simultaneous localization and mapping(SLAM) for an autonomous underwater vehicle(AUV)is a research hotspot.Aiming at the problem of non-linear model and non-Gaussian noise in AUV motion,an improved method of variance reduction fast simultaneous localization and mapping(FastSLAM) with simulated annealing is proposed to solve the problems of particle degradation,particle depletion and particle loss in traditional FastSLAM,which lead to the reduction of AUV location estimation accuracy.The adaptive exponential fading factor is generated by the anneal function of simulated annealing algorithm to improve the effective particle number and replace resampling.By increasing the weight of small particles and decreasing the weight of large particles,the variance of particle weight can be reduced,the number of effective particles can be increased,and the accuracy of AUV location and feature location estimation can be improved to some extent by retaining more information carried by particles.The experimental results based on trial data show that the proposed simulated annealing variance reduction FastSLAM method avoids particle degradation,maintains the diversity of particles,weakened the degeneracy and improves the accuracy and stability of AUV navigation and localization system.

A hybrid genetic-simulated annealing algorithm for optimization of hydraulic manifold blocks

This paper establishes a mathematical model of multi-objective optimization with behavior constraints in solid space based on the problem of optimal design of hydraulic manifold blocks （HMB）. Due to the limitation of its local search ability of genetic algorithm （GA） in solving a massive combinatorial optimization problem, simulated annealing （SA） is combined, the multi-parameter concatenated coding is adopted, and the memory function is added. Thus a hybrid genetic-simulated annealing with memory function is formed. Examples show that the modified algorithm can improve the local search ability in the solution space, and the solution quality.

Novel Adaptive Simulated Annealing Algorithm for Constrained Multi-Objective Optimization

In recent years, sinmlated annealing algo-rithms have been extensively developed and uti-lized to solve nmlti-objective optimization problems. In order to obtain better optimization perfonmnce, this paper proposes a Novel Adaptive Simulated Annealing （NASA） algorithm for constrained multi-objective optimization based on Archived Multi-objective Simulated Annealing （AMOSA）. For han-dling multi-objective, NASA makes improverrents in three aspects： sub-iteration search, sub-archive and adaptive search, which effectively strengthen the stability and efficiency of the algorithnm For handling constraints, NASA introduces corresponding solution acceptance criterion. Furtherrrore, NASA has also been applied to optimize TD-LTE network perform-ance by adjusting antenna paranleters; it can achieve better extension and convergence than AMOSA, NS-GAII and MOPSO. Analytical studies and simulations indicate that the proposed NASA algorithm can play an important role in improving multi-objective optimi-zation performance.

A hybrid inversion method of damped least squares with simulated annealing used for Rayleigh wave dispersion curve inversion

Surface wave methods are becoming increasingly popular in many geotechnical applications and in earthquake seismology due to their noninvasive characteristics.Inverse surface wave dispersion curves are a crucial step in most surface wave methods.Many inversion methods have been applied to surface wave dispersion curve inversion,including linearized inversion and nonlinearized inversion methods.In this study,a hybrid inversion method of Damped Least Squares(DLS) with Very Fast Simulated Annealing(VFSA) is developed for multi-mode Rayleigh wave dispersion curve inversion.Both synthetic and in situ fi eld data were used to verify the validity of the proposed method.The results show that the proposed method is superior to the conventional VFSA method in aiming at global minimum,especially when parameter searching space is adjacent to real values of the parameters.The advantage of the new method is that it retains both the merits of VFSA for global search and DLS for local search.At high temperatures,the global search dominates the runs,while at a low temperatures,the local search dominates the runs.Thus,at low temperatures,the proposed method can almost directly approach the actual model.

Calculation of all-time apparent resistivity of large loop transient electromagnetic method with very fast simulated annealing

In large loop transient electromagnetic method(TEM),the late time apparent resistivity formula cannot truly reflect the geoelectric model,thus it needs to define the all-time apparent resistivity with the position information of measuring point.Utilizing very fast simulated annealing(VFSA) to fit the theoretical electromagnetic force(EMF) and measured EMF could obtain the all-time apparent resistivity of the measuring points in rectangular transmitting loop.The selective cope of initial model of VFSA could be confirmed by taking the late time apparent resistivity of transient electromagnetic method as the prior information.For verifying the correctness,the all-time apparent resistivities of the geoelectric models were calculated by VFSA and dichotomy,respectively.The results indicate that the relative differences of apparent resistivities calculated by these two methods are within 3%.The change of measuring point position has little influence on the tracing pattern of all-time apparent resistivity.The first branch of the curve of all-time apparent resistivity is close to the resistivity of the first layer medium and the last branch is close to the resistivity of the last layer medium,which proves the correctness of the arithmetics proposed.

FPGA PLACEMENT OPTIMIZATION BY TWO-STEP UNIFIED GENETIC ALGORITHM AND SIMULATED ANNEALING ALGORITHM

Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a biologically inspired technique and widely used to solve numerous combinational optimization problems. It works on a population of individuals, not just one single solution. As a result, it avoids converging to the local optimum. However, it takes too much CPU time in the late process of GA. On the other hand, in the late process Simulated Annealing (SA) converges faster than GA but it is easily trapped to local optimum. In this letter, a useful method that unifies GA and SA is introduced, which utilizes the advantage of the global search ability of GA and fast convergence of SA. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms GA in terms of CPU time without degradation of performance. It also achieves highly comparable placement cost compared to the state-of-the-art results obtained by Versatile Place and Route (VPR) Tool.

Simulated annealing algorithm for detecting graph isomorphism

Evolutionary computation techniques have mostly been used to solve various optimization problems, and it is well known that graph isomorphism problem （GIP） is a nondeterministic polynomial problem. A simulated annealing （SA） algorithm for detecting graph isomorphism is proposed, and the proposed SA algorithm is well suited to deal with random graphs with large size. To verify the validity of the proposed SA algorithm, simulations are performed on three pairs of small graphs and four pairs of large random graphs with edge densities 0.5, 0.1, and 0.01, respectively. The simulation results show that the proposed SA algorithm can detect graph isomorphism with a high probability.

Classification of hyperspectral remote sensing images based on simulated annealing genetic algorithm and multiple instance learning

A hybrid feature selection and classification strategy was proposed based on the simulated annealing genetic algonthrn and multiple instance learning （MIL）. The band selection method was proposed from subspace decomposition, which combines the simulated annealing algorithm with the genetic algorithm in choosing different cross-over and mutation probabilities, as well as mutation individuals. Then MIL was combined with image segmentation, clustering and support vector machine algorithms to classify hyperspectral image. The experimental results show that this proposed method can get high classification accuracy of 93.13% at small training samples and the weaknesses of the conventional methods are overcome.

Simulated Annealing Study on Structures and Energetics of CO2 in Argon Clusters

The minimum-energy configurations and energetic properties of the ArN-CO2 （N=1-19） van der Waals clusters were investigated by a simulated annealing algorithm. A newly developed Ar-CO2 potential energy surface together with the Aziz Ar-Ar interaction potential was employed to construct the high dimensional potential functions by pairwise additive approximation. The global minimal conformations were optimized by sampling the glassy phase space with a circumspectively formulated annealing schedule. Unlike the lighter agg-CO2 clusters, the size-dependent structural and energetic characteristics of ArN-CO2 exhibit a different behavior. The dramatically variations with number of solvent were found for small clusters. After the completion of the first solvation shell at N=17, the clusters were evolved more smoothly.