Technology innovations on high quality special steel products

Because special steels are the basic materials for industrialization,a national R&D program on special steel technology for high quality products have been granted to promote the special steel production and applications since 2008.Since then,great progresses have been achieved on ferritic stainless steel sheets,heat resistance steel pipes and tubes,microalloyed forging steel bars,and mould steel forgings for hot working. The ratio of ferritic stainless steel sheets produced by TISCO and Baosteel has been promoted through technology innovations and increased 42%and 48 in 2009 respectively.439M steel sheets have been used to exhaust system,and 444 steel sheets have been applied to kitchen and architecture.The production technologies for heat resistance steel pipes and tubes(T/P92,S3043,S31042 steels) have been developed in Baosteel and Pansteel to meet the market requirements.Meanwhile,the round bloom technology has been initiated in Xingcheng Steel.The new technologies for microalloyed forging steels,low cost steel bar,and tailored steel and components,were proposed by CISRI based on the understanding of precise chemical composition and segregation control.And the applications of microalloyed forging steel bars have been promoted remarkably.The researchers have developed high quality mould steel technologies,heavy section forgings of 718 steel,high premium H13 steel blocks and large diameter mandrels used for seamless pipe rolling.The technology innovations of the program could lead to the progress of production technology in special steel sheets,pipes,bars and forgings,and meet the demands from market.For the moment,it is actually believed that there still strong requirements for the technology innovations on special steels.

The development of China's special steel and the application prospects of spray-formed materials

Suggestions have been put forward speeding up the development of high-level tool steel and mold steel in China based on the analysis of products and development status of special steel home and abroad. Feasibility and necessity to produce high-level tool steel and mold steel by applying the spray forming method in future have been put forward.

Development of ultra high strength special steels and wrought nickel base superalloys

Ultra-high strength special steels and wrought Ni-base superalloys are been ever increasingly applied in aircraft and aerospace,power generation,oil-gas and other industries.The development of those materials is driven by tougher working conditions,higher efficiency,environment consideration,resource limitation and cost reduction. This presentation will focus on the development of ultra high strength special steels and wrought Ni-base superalloys in aircraft industry. The examples of ultra-high strength steels include: (1) Ultra-high strength stainless steels for landing gear and other structures; (2)High speed and high temperature main shaft bearing steels; (3) Ultra-high strength steels for jet engine main shaft. New and modified Ni-base superalloys will be discussed by examples of (1 )Low cost,process-friendly superalloys with higher performance; (2)Modification of hard-to-processed superalloys. Future development of those materials will be addressed.

Study on formation of non-metallic inclusions with lower melting temperatures in extra low oxygen special steels

Investigations were made both in laboratorial and industrial scales on formation of non-metallic inclusions with relatively lower melting temperatures to improve the fatigue property of the special steels which contained extra low oxygen.It was found in laboratory studies that steel/slag reaction time largely affected non-metallic inclusions in steel.With the slag/steel reaction time increasing from 30 to 90 min,inclusions of MgO-Al2O3 spinel were gradually changed into CaO-MgO-Al2O3 system inclusions which were surrounded by lower melting temperature softer CaO-Al2O3 surface layers.By using high basicity and as much as 41 mass% Al2O3 refining slag,the ratio of the lower melting temperature CaO-MgO-Al2O3 system inclusions was remarkably increased to above 80%.In the industrial experiments,it was found that the inclusions changed in the order of "Al2O3 →MgO-Al2O3 system→CaO-MgO-Al2O3 system" in the secondary refining,and the change from MgO-Al2O3 system to CaO-MgO-Al2O3 system took place from the outside to the inside.The diffusion of CaO and MgO inside the layer of CaO-MgO-Al2O3 was considered as the controlling step of the inclusion transfer.Through LF and RH refining,most inclusions could be transferred to lower melting temperature CaO-Al2O3 and CaO-MgO-Al2O3 system inclusions.

Effect of CaF2 content in refining slag on formation behavior of spinel inclusion in Ni-Cr-V-alloyed special steel

The influence of CaF2 content on the formation behavior of spinel inclusions in the Ni-Cr-V-alloyed special steel was presented. The spinel was not formed at CaF2 content lower than 10 wt%. However, it was formed at early stage when the CaF2 content was greater than 30 wt%, followed by a modification to the aluminosilicate-type inclusions. Because the slag was saturated by MgO, the activity of MgO was unity irrespective of CaF2 content in the slag. Thus, Mg was transferred from slag to metal phase. Mg transferred to molten steel reacted with Al2O3-rich inclusions to form MgO.Al2O3 spinel. However, the spinel inclusion was modified to aluminosilicate-type inclusions by the reaction with Si and Ca transferred from slag to molten steel about 2-3 h later.

Preparation of special silicon steel grade MgO from hydromagnesite

A preparation technology of MgO powder used in special silicon steel from hydromagnesite mineral has been developed. The preparation technology includes the following steps： （1） calcining the hydromagnesite at 700-750°C for 1.5-2 h; （2） hydrating the calcined hydromagnesite to be slurry containing the solid-liquid ratio of 15-20 g？L？1; （3） acquiring Mg（HCO3）2 solution by carbonating the slurry, the carbonation temperature, CO2 pressure, and end point PH value of carbonation are less than 40°C, 0.4-0.6 MPa, and 7 respectively during the carbonation process; （4） preparing precipitated basic magnesium carbonate by thermally decomposing the Mg（HCO3）2 solution at 90-100°C; （5） obtaining the MgO product by calcining the precipitated basic magnesium carbonate at 850-950°C for 30-60 min, and adopting flowing nitrogen during the cooling process. By using this technology, more than 80wt% magnesium in hydromagnesite mineral can be extracted, and high-performance MgO products used in special silicon steel can be ob- tained.

Hysteretic behavior of special shaped columns composed of steel and reinforced concrete(SRC)

This paper describes a series of experimental investigations on seventeen specimens of steel reinforced concrete special shaped(SRCSS) columns under low cyclic reversed loading using parallel crosshead equipment. Nine T-shaped SRC columns, four L-shaped SRC columns and four +-shaped SRC columns were tested to examine the effects of shape steel confi guration, loading angle, axial compressive ratio and shear-span ratio on the behavior(strength, stiffness, energy dissipation, ductility, etc.) of SRCSS column specimens. The failure modes and hysteretic performance of all the specimens were obtained in the tests. Test results demonstrate that the shear-span ratio is the main parameter affecting the failure modes of SRCSS columns. The specimens with small shear-span ratio are prone to shear failure, and the primary failure planes in SRCSS columns are parallel to the loading direction. As a result, there is a symmetry between positive and negative loading directions in the hysteretic curves of the SRCSS columns. The majority of displacement ductility coeffi cients for all the specimens are over 3.0, so that the SRCSS columns demonstrate a better deformation capacity. In addition, the equivalent viscous damping coeffi cients of all the specimens are greater than 0.2, indicating that the seismic behavior of SRCSS columns is adequate. Finally, the superposition theory was used to calculate the limits of axial compressive ratio for the specimens, and it is found that the test axial compressive ratio is close to or smaller than the calculated axial compressive ratio limit.

Application of None Cement Aluminamagnesia Gunning Mix with Special High Reactive Alumina in Steel Ladles

During calcining the aluminum hydroxide according to the Bayer process in a rotary kiln,the process of incomplete conversion to alpha alumina by soft calcination leads to a special intermediate alumina product containing microcrystalline of primary crystal alpha alumina particles less than 0.4μm,and other alumina phases with finer microcrystalline of less than 0.2μm particles.This special alumina powder has similar properties to silica fume or clay,such as high surface area and reactivity,fast wetting,low water demand and high stick-ability.It can partially or completely replace silica fume and clay in dry gunning mixes.It works towards improving the high temperature resistance of the gunning material matrix as well as the corrosion resistance and service life of the gunning materials.The application results show that:the ladle cementfree alumina-magnesia dry gunning mix with this special alumina sub-micro powder,compared with traditional dry gunning materials,has lower rebound loss(<10%),better adhesion rate,higher corrosion resistance and peeling resistance;and it can replace the veneering casting repair to achieve the similar performance.A further improvement goal is to replace the initial casting linings,thus this concept will give a new revolution to the monolithic steel ladles.

Study on the properties and application of the steel slag special fine aggregate

The physical properties, grading stability and application stability of the steel slag special fine aggregate （diameter≤0. 8mm） at Baosteel were analyzed in this study, and the mechanical and working properties were studied when the aggregate was applied to concrete. The： result shows that the aggregate has special advantages of hardness and wear-resistance, so it can be used as an excellent road surface material. The concrete mixed with the steel slag special fine aggregate exhibits good mechanical properties and working properties,which is safe and reliable.

Classification of steel based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy combined with restricted Boltzmann machine and support vector machine

In recent years,a laser-induced breakdown spectrometer(LIBS)combined with machine learning has been widely developed for steel classification.However,the much redundant information of LIBS spectra increases the computation complexity for classification.In this work,restricted Boltzmann machines(RBM)and principal component analysis(PCA)were used for dimension reduction of datasets,respectively.Then,a support vector machine(SVM)was adopted to process feature information.Two models(RBM-SVM and PCA-SVM)are compared in terms of performance.After optimization,the accuracy of the RBM-SVM model can achieve 100%,and the maximum dimension reduction time is 33.18 s,which is nearly half of that of the PCA model(53.19 s).These results preliminarily indicate that LIBS combined with RBM-SVM has great potential in the real-time classification of steel.

Baosteel's progressive advance in manufacturing high performance alloys

Backed by over 50 years time-tested experience in alloys manufacturing,Baosteel Special Steels play the leading role in the development and production of high performance alloys in China.The key alloys we produce for the domestic and foreign top-end market cover the Ti-alloys,and structural steels.The alloy melting processes include VIM,VAR,ESR,EB &PAM,EAF,AOD,VOD,LF,VD and the casting processes include IC,CC.The metal forming processes involve forging & isothermal forging,hot &cold rolling,extruding,drawing,and sheet metal operations.The production capability has been further strengthened by our unparalleled production lines and state-of-the-art facilities, comprehensive product analysis,superior quality assurance to national and international standards and all-round customer service.

窄翼缘异形柱-波纹钢板剪力墙体系的抗震性能

针对钢结构住宅凸梁、凸柱和抗侧刚度不足的问题,提出一种新型窄翼缘异形柱-波纹钢板剪力墙体系;通过与传统H形钢柱-平钢板剪力墙体系进行对比,确定内嵌波纹钢板布置方式,采用ABAQUS软件建立所提出体系的有限元模型,对所提出体系的抗震性能进行分析,探讨外部框架截面形式与布置方式、波纹钢板厚度与剪跨比等对所提出体系的抗侧承载力、耗能能力和塑性变形能力的影响。结果表明:所提出的体系具有较大的抗侧承载力和较强的耗能能力、塑性变形能力,极限抗侧承载力为设计值的1.73倍,具备一定的安全储备;横向布置的波纹钢板能有效减小其作用于框架梁柱的荷载;采用十字形异形柱使所提出的体系有更强的塑性变形能力;所提出体系中的异形柱偏肢宜沿剪力墙面内方向布置,内嵌波纹钢板厚度宜取为3~5 mm,剪跨比宜控制在1.25左右。

L形钢管混凝土柱-钢梁节点的抗震性能试验研究及有限元分析

为了研究异形钢管混凝土节点的抗震性能,按照1∶2缩尺比例制作了6根L形钢管混凝土柱-钢梁节点试件。通过低周往复试验,探讨了轴压比、梁柱线刚度比和是否带楼板等因素对节点抗震性能的影响。试验结果表明:试件滞回曲线饱满,试件展现出较好的抗震性能;随着梁柱线刚度比的增大,试件的强度、刚度和延性均有所提高;随着轴压比的增大,其耗能能力也增加,但延性有所下降;此外,混凝土楼板的存在对节点承载力的影响较大。利用ABAQUS有限元软件建立有限元模型进行仿真模拟分析,结果显示,有限元计算结果与试验结果符合度较好,从而验证了有限元建模的准确性,为参数分析提供依据。

冻融循环对十字形型钢混凝土柱轴压性能影响分析

为探究十字形型钢混凝土(SRC)柱经冻融作用后力学性能的演变,考虑混凝土强度、配筋率及长细比三个影响因素,采用ABAQUS软件对十字形SRC柱进行冻融和压缩模拟研究,对比分析冻融循环对十字形SRC柱荷载-应变曲线及承载力退化规律的影响,并归纳总结其承载力退化系数表达式.结果表明:SRC试件极限承载力与冻融循环次数呈负相关趋势,冻融循环导致混凝土劣化,使构件轴压承载能力降低,100次冻融循环后,SRC柱的极限承载力最大下降8.48%;而构件轴压承载能力与配筋率呈正相关趋势,因此适当提高混凝土强度及配筋率可有效抵御构件的冻融损伤;此外,极限承载力与长细比成反比,长细比过大,构件易发生弯曲失稳破坏;所提出轴压承载力退化系数计算值与模拟值吻合度较好.

异型结构铝模可调节背楞支撑体系施工技术

在沿海城市超高层建筑中常设置各式各样的弧形波浪状混凝土结构造型线条,复杂的混凝土线条节点造型一次性现浇成型质量难以控制。结合沿海城市波浪状线条特点,创新地提出使用定型钢模板施工异型波浪状的混凝土现浇结构,采用可调节背楞加固定型钢模板保证线条节点的一次性现浇成型质量,同时可调节背楞又不因其异型形状而无法周转使用,既保证了异型混凝土结构的一次性浇筑质量,又可满足绿色施工要求。

特殊钢模铸生产中钢锭模组合优化研究

针对特殊钢的生产特点,提出求解特殊钢模铸生产过程中的钢锭模组合优化问题的方法,该方法将钢锭模组合优化问题抽象为背包问题,并使用动态规划算法和递归回溯算法进行求解,能快速计算具有最优锻造比的钢锭模组合方案,还能计算所有满足要求的钢锭模组合,同时考虑了出钢量与电炉生产能力是否匹配的问题。通过对生产实例进行试验,验证了该方法的有效性,能够在一定程度上满足特殊钢企业的实际应用需求,对实际生产具有一定的指导意义。

我国特种冶金产品、技术和装备的最新进展与展望

航空航天、能源、石油化工、船舶、轨道交通、新能源汽车、节能环保、电子信息等领域的高端装备产业发展强劲,对特殊钢和特种合金材料的质量和性能提出了更高的要求,需求量激增。因此,最近十几年我国特种冶金行业得到了快速的发展。首先,分析和总结了我国上述高端装备制造用超高强度钢、高温合金、耐蚀合金、耐热钢、特种不锈钢、高性能轴承钢、工模具钢以及精密合金等的新需求。其次,分析了传统特种冶金流程和几种特冶新流程的发展现状与趋势,重点强调了与转炉/电弧炉炼钢流程相结合可以为电渣重熔和真空电弧重熔提供高洁净的自耗电极,也可以为真空感应炉提供纯净原材料,用连铸坯作为自耗电极的抽锭式电渣重熔后接轧制工艺的电渣短流程可以显著提升生产效率和降低生产成本。同时,也简要介绍了高氮不锈钢冶炼的双联工艺和工模具钢的粉末冶金和喷射成形工艺流程。再次,分析和总结了我国特种冶金产业发展现状,以及新技术和新装备的进展情况。最后,对未来十年我国特种冶金的技术发展提出了建议和展望。

异型单肋双索面人行钢拱桥吊杆张拉方案研究

为实现异型人行拱桥梁施工各阶段合理受力状态,需探索合理的吊杆张拉方案。以云溪桥-异型单肋双索面人行钢拱桥为研究对象,根据桥梁自身特点确定出吊杆张拉方案的合理性原则和多种吊杆张拉方案,建立桥梁有限元模型进行桥梁施工阶段分析,采用正装迭代法得到各施工阶段的吊杆张拉控制力,探讨多种吊杆张拉方案对桥梁主要构件施工阶段受力及变形的影响。结果表明:从拱肋受力与变形角度来看,从两边拱脚向中间拱顶顺序张拉吊杆方案对桥梁结构更有利;初始张拉双根吊杆措施更适合从中间拱顶向两边拱脚顺序张拉吊杆;同时张拉内外侧吊杆比先张拉外侧吊杆后张拉内侧吊杆更有利于拱肋、主梁受力与变形;双批次先外侧后内侧张拉吊杆使主要受力构件应力及变形峰值更小、变化过渡更为平缓,优于单批次内外侧同时张拉吊杆方案。桥梁内侧吊杆设计索力较小,不宜分批次张拉,外侧吊杆设计索力稍大,可进行二批次吊杆张拉。

深冲钢炼钢区段专线化层流运行模式实践

鉴于某钢厂深冲钢炼钢区段运行效率较低、能量耗散较大、过程稳定性较差等问题,对炼钢区段各工序内时间-事件进行解析,协调优化各工序作业时间;并结合生产线特点,构建“一对一”层流专线化生产路径。生产实践表明:采用专线化层流运行模式生产深冲钢,可避免前、后工序间交叉运行时铁素流在空间、时间、能耗上的不确定性;工序间链接时间缩短,炼钢区段总作业时间从247.9 min缩短至193.5 min;过程能量耗散减少,转炉终点温度从1671.7℃降至1653.9℃。

盾构法联络通道中提高切削效率的管片弱化研究

盾构法联络通道施工中因洞口处临时管片难以切削,施工中存在掘进周期长、盾机姿态难控制、涌水涌砂风险高等问题,但是关于此问题解决方案的研究目前还很缺乏。因此,本文以天津某地铁盾构法联络通道项目为背景,在保证结构施工及使用期间安全性的基础上,从弱化临时管片的角度出发,提出了3种弱化方式,分别为降低待切管片砼强度等级、减少玻璃纤维筋布筋量以及管片打孔,并利用有限元数值模拟对弱化的可能性及影响进行了研究。结果表明:(1)在3种弱化方式下,特殊衬砌环内力变化规律均为切削区内力减小,钢管片区内力增大,普通衬砌环的内力小幅度提高;(2)临时管片砼强度由C40降到C20后对衬砌环内力影响在15%以内,其中钢管片区内力增加量在5%以内;(3)主筋量减少70%以内对管片内力影响在2%以内;(4)管片内侧打孔使切削区弯矩降低30%左右,孔径与孔深尺寸相同变化量情况下,孔径对于内力影响大于孔深;(5)不同弱化方式弱化后的结构内力均在极限承载范围之内,3种弱化方式均可采用,从施工便利性和安全性角度来看,临时管片砼强度降低方案为最优方案。