Properties of Bacillus species Cellulase Produced Using Cellulose from Brewers Spent Grain (BSG) as Substrate

The properties of extracellular cellulase obtained from Bacillus species (FIIRO Strain B223) on supplying cellulose from Brewers Spent Grain (BSG) were studied. Generally, a crude cellulase activity between 11,757 Units to 13,930 Units was observed for both sources of carbon (BSG and crystalline cellulose). The optimum pH and temperature of 5.0, and 30°C - 40°C for both sources of carbon was observed. Heavy metals such as copper, zinc, and iron inhibited the activities of B223 cellulase while the cellulase activities on alkaline earth metal (manganese) were moderate. The co-factor behaviour of manganese ion was also established. Local production of cellulase in Nigeria using local raw materials such as Brewers Spent Grain reduces enzyme cost;cost of finished products and increases gross domestic products.

Production and Evaluation of the Nutritional and Functional Qualities of “Adakwa” Enriched with Waste Biomass of Traditional Brewer’s Spent Grain as a Functional Staple Food

Brewers’ spent grains constitute a nutrient-rich valuable and highly under-utilized by-product of the beer industry produced in large amounts all through the year. This bio-resource is a very good candidate for valorization, due to environmental and economic concerns, using biotechnological processing, particularly for food enrichment. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of fortification of Adakwa with traditional brewers’ spent grains (TBSG) on its physicochemical and nutritional properties as well as its acceptability using an experimental design. Four (4) samples of Adakwa were produced with TBSG incorporated rates of 0% (control sample), 10%, 20%, and 30% and evaluated. Using an experimental design, the effect of process parameters, including the TBSG incorporation rate, cooking time, and cooking temperatures on the physicochemical and nutritional properties of the Adakwa were evaluated while the 9-point hedonic scale was used to evaluate the sensory properties and its overall acceptability: carbohydrate, protein, crude fibre, cellulose, polyphenol, antioxidant activity (FRAP and DPPH). The water absorption activity values were 81.2 ± 0.04, 4.55 ± 0.05, 9.73 ± 0.23, 3.31 ± 0.05, 6.73 ± 0.23, 1.60 ± 0.09, 28.85 ± 0.8 and 117 ± 3.54 respectively for 0% TBSG (control);86.8 ± 0.01, 1.81± 0.20, 16.22 ± 0.16, 5.54 ± 0.69, 6.01 ± 0.16, 6.59 ± 0.03, 25.89 ± 0.94 and 475.0 ± 21.21 respectively for 30% TBSG. The sample with a high nutrient content was further produced using a central composite design and the factors studied were temperature and time, with responses, crude fiber, and FRAP content. The optimum production condition was: % TBSG: 47.06%;temperature: 123.17℃;Time: 30.34 mins. The sample with 47% TBSG had the best overall acceptability after sensory evaluation with sensory scores of: 5.45 ± 0.76, 7.9 ± 0.79, 8.0 ± 1.0, 7.10 ± 0.16, 8.5 ± 1.6, 7.6 ± 0.98 for color, taste, aroma, mouthfeel, texture and overall acceptability respectively. Thus TBSG can be used to improve the physicochemical and nutritional properties of adakwa.

Stabilization of Spent Grains by Composting: Case of the BB Brewery in Lomé(Togo)

Brewery grains have a long history in animal feed. This use in animal feed nevertheless poses a problem, that of bad odors due to the sometimes too long shelf life of spent grains. The objective of this work is to recover spent grains from the BB brewery in Lomé by composting in order to stabilize them. A compost based solely on spent grains was produced after 5 months. The physico-chemical and spectroscopic characterizations at the end of the composting process revealed that the compost obtained has interesting properties with a pH = 7.01;a C/N ratio of 13.7 and a low level of heavy metals (Pb = 1.23 mg/kg, Cd = 0.04 mg/kg etc.).

Feed nutritional value of brewers’ spent grain residue resulting from protease aided protein removal

Background:This study was conducted to evaluate the feed nutritional value of brewers’spent grain(BSG)residue resulting from protease aided protein removal.The nutritional value was measured as nutrient content,gas production,nutrient digestibility and fermentation characteristics in batch culture.Results:Protein extraction process decreased content of crude protein but concentrated the neutral detergent fibre(NDF)and ferulic acid in BSG residue.The changes in the chemical composition of BSG residue varied with enzyme and enzyme dosage.Digestibility of dry matter(DMD)and NDF of residue differed among proteases.Increasing alcalase dosage linearly decreased DMD,whereas,the DMD linearly increased as everlase or flavourzyme dosage increased.Compared with BSG,the DMD,gas production and fermentation acid concentration of BSG residues were lower,whereas NDF digestibility was higher.Conclusions:The substantially increased NDF content and improved in vitro NDF digestibility due to protease hydrolysis suggest that BSG residue can be potentially exploited as a viable fibre source for ruminant feeding.

Lead desorption from modified spent grain

Lead-loaded modified spent grain regenerated by desorption process was investigated.HCl,H2SO4,H3PO4,NaOH,NaCl and ultrapure water were chosen as desorption agents to treat lead-loaded modified spent grain for 30 min.The structures and components of regenerated modified spent grain before and after adsorbing Pb(Ⅱ)were investigated using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy-dispersive analysis of X-ray(EDAX)and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry(FTIR).The results indicate that lead-loaded modified spent grain treated in 0.1 mol/L HCl exhibits higher elution efficiency(86.44%)as compared with other agents.The enrichment of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups susceptible to combine with Pb(Ⅱ)are observed in the regenerated modified spent grain,which may result in high re-absorption efficiency of Pb(Ⅱ).Moreover,C-Cl,N-H,C-N and O-H (polysaccharides)also play an crucial role in Pb(Ⅱ)binding to regenerated modified spent grain.

The Economic Potential of Brewer’s Spent Grain (BSG) as a Biomass Feedstock

This paper analyzes a pro-forma economic market and supply chain system for the reuse of a lignocellulose (brewer’s spent grain) in an industrial biotechnology environment. An extant literature review was conducted, followed by a technical analysis of BSG, and the development of a supply chain system and economic market analysis based upon a participant brewing company and industry experts. In this paper, it was found that, even with the potential for future improvements in the conversion of brewer’s spent grain (BSG) from an efficiency standpoint, this industrial residual is supply chain prohibitive as a biofeedstock in comparison to other lignocellulose materials, therefore, centralized market relationships would not be advantageous for sellers and buyers. Future research should consider the viability of centralized supply chain structures for alternatives that may exist as future bio-feedstocks.

Adsorptive removal of As(Ⅲ) ions from water using spent grain modified by polyacrylamide

In order to enhance the removal efficiency of As（III）, a pre-oxidation process is generally applied first to convert As（III） to As（V）, which may cause unwanted new contaminants. To overcome this problem, efforts were made to develop an effective way to remove As（III）directly without an oxidation step. The effect of polyacrylamide polymers（PAMs） such as anionic PAM, cationic PAM and nonionic PAM, on As（III） ion adsorption by spent grain（SG）was investigated. The physico-chemical properties of the three PAM-polymerized SGs（APSG（anionic PAM-polymerized modified spent grain）, CPSG（cationic PAM-polymerized spent grain） and NPSG（nonionic PAM-polymerized spent grain）） were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared（FT-IR）, scanning electron microscope（SEM） and zeta potential.Batch experimental data showed that the sequence of preferential adsorption for As（III） was APSG 〉 CPSG 〉 NPSG. Active functional groups such as amino group（NH2）, carbonyl group（C_O）, C–N bond of the amide group（CONH2）, and hydroxyl group（O–H） were responsible for As（III） adsorption. Many tubular structures occurring on the surface of APSG possibly increase the specific surface areas and favor the adsorption of As（III） ions. A fixed-bed study was carried out by using APSG as an adsorbent for As（III） from water. Three factors such as bed height, initial concentration and flow rate were studied, and breakthrough curves of As（III） were obtained. The Adams–Bohart model was used to analyze the experimental data and the model parameters were evaluated.

Lipid-lowering effect of microencapsulated peptides from brewer’s spent grain in high-sucrose diet-fed rats

Brewer’s spent grain(BSG)-a byproduct generated from the processing of beer-brewing industry-is currently recognized as an important source of bioactive peptides with potential health benefits.In previous studies we demonstrated that peptides obtained from BSG(BSG-P)can exert in vitro biofunctional activities including hypolipidemic effects.However,there are no studies about the effects of gastrointestinal digestion on BSG lipid-lowering peptides and it is unknown whether the bioactive properties observed in vitro remain in vivo.The aims of this work were to evaluate the microencapsulation as strategy to preserve hypolipidemic BSG-P under a simulated gastrointestinal digestion,and the bioavailability of microencapsulated BSG-P using a rodent model of hyperlipidemia and other metabolic-related disorders induced by the consumption of a high-sucrose diet.In vitro studies showed that microencapsulation improved the BSG-P reduced hypolipidemic activity observed under a simulated gastrointestinal digestion by increasing the inhibition of the fat digestion enzymes,pancreatic lipase and cholesterol esterase.Furthermore,in vivo studies demonstrated that microencapsulated BSG-P were also able to reduce the increased serum lipid levels(triglycerides-TG-cholesterol and free fatty acids),energy intake,visceral adipocytes size and TG content observed in sucrose-rich diet-fed rats.This was accompanied by reduced liver lipids levels and the activities of key enzymes involved in dietary fat absorption.Therefore,our findings show that microencapsulation is a useful strategy to preserve the hypolipidemic activity of BSG-P and support the concept that microencapsulated BSG-P would be an interesting and cheaper natural source to prevent hyperlipidemias and its related-disorders.

Nutrition promotion of brewer’s spent grain by symbiotic fermentation adding Bacillus velezensis and Levilactobacillus brevis

Brewer’s spent grain(BSG)is the main byproduct of the beer industry and is commonly used as a low-value animal feed or food ingredient.This study investigated the role of symbiotic fermentation with Bacillus velezensis and Levilactobacillus brevis in improving the nutritional value of BSG.The addition of B.velezensis increased the cell growth of L.brevis by over thirty-fold higher than that in the single-strain system.Simultaneously,cellulase and protease activities were substantially increased,and more soluble sugars were produced.Total amino acid,glutamic acid,andγ-aminobutyric acid(GABA)levels increased by 52.2%,155.1%,and 144.1%,respectively.Conversely,lactic acid production decreased.Genetic analysis showed that the glycolysis-related gene pykA,pentose phosphate pathway gene gnd,and GABA-related gene gad were upregulated,while the heterolactin-related gene xpkA was downregulated,explaining that B.velezensis might inhibit heterolactin fermentation while enhancing GABA biosynthesis.This study provides a potential strategy for the high-value utilization of BSG in the food or feed industry.

啤酒糟流化床气化中颗粒粒径对气固流动和产气影响的CPFD模拟

我国酿酒工业每年产生大量废弃啤酒糟,其具有挥发分含量高、硫含量低的特点,特别适合作为气化原料,而流化床气化炉以优异的气固混合和温度均匀性而著称,通过流化床气化实现啤酒糟的资源化和能源化利用具有重要意义。为探究啤酒糟流化床气化过程中颗粒粒径对气固流动行为和产气的影响,基于计算颗粒流体动力学(CPFD)方法,对以空气和水蒸气为气化剂的啤酒糟鼓泡流化床气化过程进行了数值模拟,研究了床料粒径和啤酒糟粒径的影响。通过CPFD数值模拟,获得了鼓泡流化床气化炉内颗粒体积分数分布、酒糟和床料的颗粒分布等流动特征,以及产气中主要气体组分的摩尔分数。借助鼓泡流化床气化实验装置,研究了床料粒径和啤酒糟粒径对产气中各气体组分体积分数的影响规律,并对数值模拟结果进行了验证。结果表明,床料粒径的增加不利于气化炉内的充分流态化和颗粒混合,使气化炉内温度沿高度的分布不均匀,并且不利于碳颗粒和水蒸气的充分混合以及气固反应和气相反应的均匀吸放热,造成H_(2)摩尔分数显著降低;啤酒糟粒径的适当增大有助于延长其在气化炉内的停留时间,从而提高固态碳与水蒸气、二氧化碳之间的反应转化率,生成更多的H_(2)和CO,但过大的啤酒糟粒径会造成啤酒糟和床料的混合较差,使啤酒糟比表面积减小,不利于热解和气化反应,导致H_(2)、CO、CH_(4)和NH_(3)等可燃组分的摩尔分数均降低。

具有抗氧化活性青稞酒糟蛋白酶解液对H_(2)O_(2)诱导HepG2细胞的保护作用

为实现青稞酒糟的高值化利用,该研究在提取青稞酒糟蛋白基础上,以DPPH自由基清除率和还原力为指标优化了青稞酒糟蛋白酶解液的制备工艺,并对该酶解液的体外抗氧化活性和细胞保护作用进行了探究。结果表明:青稞水酒糟和青稞白酒糟均含有丰富的蛋白质,含量分别为31.46 g/100 g和18.47 g/100 g;超声纤维素酶法辅助碱提酸沉法对青稞水酒糟的蛋白提取率高达76.10%(m/m),白酒糟的为29.88%;碱性蛋白酶最适合用于青稞水酒糟蛋白的酶解,其最佳酶解条件为:料液比1:60(m/V),超声时间15 min,酶添加量3.7%(m/m)及酶解时间3.5 h,此条件下制得的青稞水酒糟蛋白酶解液的DPPH自由基清除率高达95.02%;不同浓度的青稞水酒糟蛋白酶解液对HepG2细胞活力没有负面影响;随着青稞水酒糟蛋白酶解液浓度的升高,对经H_(2)O_(2)诱导的细胞内ROS逐渐降低,酶解液浓度为5.0 mg/mL(m/V)时可使受损细胞内的ROS比损伤组低约50%。该研究成果可为青稞水酒糟蛋白酶解液的制备及其在保健食品、化妆品中的高值化利用提供参考。

黑米酒糟添加量对馒头品质及生理活性的影响

以小麦馒头为对照,本文拟探究添加不同比例黑米酒糟馒头的品质(色差、结构、质构、感官评价等)及生理活性(抗氧化性能、体外消化特性及血糖生成指标)。结果表明,黑米酒糟对馒头比容、色差、结构及质构等影响显著(P<0.05);在添加量为5%时,黑米酒糟馒头形态、气味、口感较好,比小麦馒头更受欢迎。随着黑米酒糟添加量增加,黑米酒糟馒头的多酚含量(0.066~0.088 mg/g)、黄酮含量(0.266~0.379 mg/g)、DPPH自由基清除率(25.1%~70.4%)和ABTS+自由基清除率(37.4%~71.6%)显著提高(P<0.05);同时,黑米酒糟能提高馒头中的抗性淀粉含量,当添加量为15%时,抗性淀粉含量提高了1.49倍,其适用于制备抗性淀粉制品。此外,黑米酒糟能够降低血糖生成指标,适用于制备辅助降血糖制品。

发酵啤酒糟营养价值、生产工艺及其在畜禽生产中的应用

我国啤酒糟产量巨大,常作为废弃物直接排放,资源浪费严重。如何将其有效应用于畜禽生产十分必要。发酵技术可以有效保存和改善啤酒糟的营养成分,提高啤酒糟作为动物饲料的价值。该文对发酵啤酒糟营养价值、生产工艺及其在畜禽生产中的应用进行了综述,以期为发酵啤酒糟应用提供参考。

酱香丢糟理化指标与总黄酮含量分析

为促进白酒酿造行业的大宗副产物--酱香丢糟的有效利用,本研究以贵州祥康酒业(集团)有限公司和贵州国台酒庄有限公司12个酱香丢糟样品为研究对象,对其理化指标(水分、淀粉、还原糖、酸度)进行测定,并采用紫外分光光度法,以芦丁为标准物质建立标准曲线,对其总黄酮含量进行测定。结果表明,酱香丢糟样品中水分、淀粉、还原糖、酸度较稳定,总黄酮平均含量为0.012 g·L^(-1);本研究中采用紫外分光光度法测定样品中总黄酮含量,操作简单、结果准确可靠,适用于酱香酒糟中总黄酮的定量测定,可为酱香酒糟的深度开发利用提供依据。

白酒酿造副产物全利用生产发酵饲料的研究

丢糟和底锅水作为白酒酿造的副产物产量巨大,利用丢糟和底锅水生产发酵饲料能有效提高其资源的二次利用率。本研究以白酒酿造副产物为主要原料,辅助添加棉籽粕、豆粕和麸皮,共同生产发酵饲料,通过单因素试验和正交试验结合,以酸溶蛋白/粗蛋白质(ASP/CP)为指标,探究原料组合、蛋白酶添加量、菌液接种量、发酵温度和发酵时间对发酵饲料的影响。结果表明:以丢糟和底锅水为主要原料,辅以棉籽粕、豆粕和麸皮,生产发酵饲料的最佳工艺条件为:丢糟添加量37%(m/m),棉籽粕26%(m/m),豆粕22%(m/m),麸皮15%(m/m),酸性蛋白酶添加量1%(m/m),菌液接种量2.5%(V/m),发酵温度40℃,发酵时间4 d。与优化前相比,ASP/CP提高了125.46%。本研究为白酒酿造副产物的综合再利用提供了一条途径,而且改善了丢糟饲料的蛋白质品质,提高了发酵饲料的经济价值。

酯化改性麦糟对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附特性

以啤酒工业废弃物麦糟为原料，采用一步快速酯化改性法制备高效重金属离子吸附剂酯化改性麦糟。研究酯化改性麦糟对Pb（II）的吸附行为、吸附动力学及吸附机制。结果表明：在较宽的pH值范围（4～8）内，酯化改性麦糟表现出对PbOI）良好的吸附性能。由Langmuir吸附等温线方程计算得到该吸附剂对Pb（II）的理论饱和吸附量为393．7mg／g，高于文献报道的大多数吸附剂的吸附量。吸附反应很快在15min内达到平衡，吸附符合拟二级动力学方程。活化能的计算表明吸附为活性化学吸附。酯化改性麦糟吸附Pb（II）主要是羟基和羧基中C-O基团的氧原子与Pb（II）配合的结果。

里氏木霉利用麦糟生产纤维素酶

利用里氏木霉（Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｄｅｒｍａｒｅｓｅｉ），以啤酒厂的废糟为原料，添加适量麸皮和稻草粉为培养基进行固态发酵，采用固体种曲混合接种，在４８ｈ翻曲，经１４４ｈ发酵后ＦＰＡ酶活达到３５７Ｕ／ｇ。以补加３％麸皮的酒糟水为培养基，调起始ｐＨ６．５培养９２ｈ的液体种子接种，ＦＰＡ酶活为１７８Ｕ／ｇ。

巯基化改性麦糟对Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附特性

采用巯基化改性麦糟去除废水中的锌离子，研究溶液pH值、反应时间和温度以及Zn（Ⅱ）初始溶度对巯基化改性麦糟吸附效果的影响；借助吸附平衡等温线及吸附动力学模型拟合，结合傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）分析阐明吸附机制。结果表明：在较宽的pH值范围（6-9）内，巯基化改性麦糟表现出对Zn（Ⅱ）良好的吸附性能。由Langmuir吸附等温线方程计算得到该吸附剂对Zn（Ⅱ）的理论饱和吸附量为353.36 mg/g，高于改性木质纤维素类吸附剂的吸附量（17.88-156 mg/g）。巯基化改性麦糟对Zn（Ⅱ）的吸附动力学特性表明吸附反应很快在30 min内达到平衡，吸附符合拟二级动力学方程，活化能的计算结果表明吸附为活性化学吸附。FTIR 分析可知：由巯基化改性麦糟吸附Zn（Ⅱ）主要是羟基和巯基中S-H基团的硫原子与Zn（Ⅱ）配合的结果。

啤酒糟在国内外食品加工中的利用现状

啤酒糟是啤酒酿造的最主要副产物,含有丰富的蛋白质和非淀粉多糖。随着啤酒原料中小麦芽使用量的增加(≥40%),啤酒糟中膳食纤维和蛋白质的含量明显增加。目前啤酒糟主要用作饲料或工业原料出售,但在食品加工中的应用研究较少。本文通过概述啤酒糟的营养、加工处理方法及其在国内外食品加工领域中的研究利用情况,为高蛋白膳食纤维啤酒糟食品的进一步开发提供了参考。

基于吸附处理废水中Pb^(2+)的麦糟改性研究

麦糟是啤酒工业的副产物,富含有机物,具有去除废水中重金属离子的能力.为了更有效地去除废水中的Pb2+,本实验对麦糟进行了改性研究,实验过程中选择HCl、H2SO4、H3PO4、NaCl、NaOH作为改性剂.结果表明,用1mol·L-1NaCl溶液改性13h的麦糟对Pb2+有最好的吸附能力.通过扫描电镜、X射线能谱、红外光谱分析,研究了麦糟改性机理,发现经NaCl溶液改性后的麦糟新增N—Cl基团和C—Cl基团,容易和Pb2+配位结合,从而提高了吸附能力.改性麦糟吸附Pb2+的过程中,N—Cl、C—Cl、C—O(H)以及O—H起了重要作用.