Foreign-Related Tax Policy and Regime and Its Tendency of Development

China’s foreign--related tax system was established and developed in theprocess of deepening the reform and opening to the outside world begin-ning in 1979. Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh CentralCommittee of the Chinese Communist Party, to meet the demands of thenew situation of opening to the outside world, several laws were promul-

The Effect of Tax as an Instrument of Fiscal Policy in Kosovo

This paper analyzes and discusses the tax system applied in Kosovo during the period from 1999 until now. It demonstrates the effects of tax policies on the country＇s economic growth and development of businesses in general. This paper also addresses the impact of those policies in maintaining the social equilibrium of a population and economic stability of the country. Applied tax policies in Kosovo have been aimed more at maintaining a stable fiscal and budgetary policy. Based on the analysis of real cases of Kosovo tax laws and their impact on particular businesses, this paper will demonstrate how tax policies applied in Kosovo have given less attention to the need of economic development, which should have been reflected through promoting the development of domestic production, reduction of unemployment, and reduction of the high trade deficit. Empirical evidence from this analysis is discussed, conclusions are derived, and the recommendations of this paper are provided.

The Spatial Effect of Green Tax Policy on Energy Efficiency: Evidence from China

Based on the 30 provinces(cities,autonomous regions)panel data of China from 2007 to 2016,this paper establishes a Spatial Durbin Model to explore the spatial effects of green tax policies in broad and narrow sense on energy efficiency.The results show that:(1)China's provincial energy efficiency has significant spatial correlation.(2)the relationship between the intensity of narrow sense green tax policy and the energy efficiency of the surrounding areas is an inverted U-shaped curve.(3)the relationship between the generalized green tax policy intensity and the energy efficiency of the surrounding areas is a U-shaped curve.

Tax Policy and Planning:Lessons From Developed Countries

One of the fundamental issues in developing countries is how to evolve tax policies that can generate sufficient revenue for government activities.Consequent upon the above,this study examined tax policies and planning in developing sub-Saharan African countries.It adopted table content analysis and descriptive statistics in its methodology.The study observed that aggressive tax planning which the Multi-National Corporations execute through royalty payment,interest payment,strategic transfer pricing and treaty shopping,among others,has caused countries around the globe huge revenue losses annually and has become a matter of serious concern to both the developed and developing economies.The implication of this is that achievement of objectives of tax policies and their reforms will remain a mirage in sub-Saharan African countries.The study concluded that the prevalence of illicit financial outflows in the form of tax evasion and avoidance in the guise of aggressive tax planning by multinational corporations,however,makes Africa’s tax policies worse.It was recommended that the Organization for Economic Corporation and Development,and the G-20 should involve developing countries in the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting project as they are the worst victims of these activities.

The analysis of tax policy based on Kim Gordon model

Economic decide taxes and taxes have an adverse effect on the economy. To achieve a sustained development of economy, we must require the taxes which are closely related to economy meet the requirements of its own development. That is tax receipts raised by government meeting functional needs as much as possible, while reducing the facts that will damage the future needs and development of economy. Therefore, we need to analyze various factors that affect revenue. If we make a very good understanding on how structure impacting on tax revenues, that will help us to use policy tools tax making impacts on revenue and optimize the structure of the tax. For this theme, many domestic scholars have done correlation research, and their research paper provides a good reference, but we believe their research can be further refined. Through theoretical analysis, we can select appropriate indicators letting tax revenue to be explained variable. Each possible influencing factor of tax revenues establish measurement model for explaining variable using stepwise regression models, and make a rigorous statistical test on the model. On the base of fully proving the effectiveness of the model, we can make relevant economic analysis.

A Study on the Tax Policy to Promote the Development of Financial Leasing

With the economic development and financial product innovation, financial leasing more and more countries attention. China is faced with the transformation of economic development model, the upgrading of international status, the development of financial leasing imperative. On the one hand, financial leasing will help China to continuously improve its technological level and continuously upgrade its production equipment. On the other hand, financial leasing will help the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. providing a simple and convenient channel for SME investment and financing, Economic vitality, ease of employment pressure. The purpose of this paper is to point out the problems existing in the finance leasing taxation, draw lessons from the international experience and put forward the suggestions to improve the financial leasing in a rapid, healthy and orderly manner and make a great contribution to the economic construction.

Preferential Policy and Tax Regulations Income Tax of Enterprises and Local Income Tax

*Newly-built joint ventures engaged in new and high technological enterprises shall enjoy a 15 percent reduction of income tax for two years, or a 24 percent reduction for two years and a 50 percent reduction in the following three years. A choice between the two may be decided by the said enterprises. **Service industry, those enterprises with a foreign capital of more than US$5 million shall be exempt from the tax

The Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Air Pollution in the Economic Community of West African States region: What Influence Does Tax Expenditure Have?

Air pollution is one of the crucial environmental challenges facing the countries of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The objective of this paper is to examine the effect of an attractive tax policy on the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and air pollution in ECOWAS region over the period 2000 to 2019. By using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method and panel data analyses (fixed effects and random effects), the results show that, in general, FDI does not have a significant effect on air pollution in the region. However, closer analysis reveals that an interaction between FDI and an attractive tax policy has a negative effect on air quality, leading to an increase in air pollution. Thus, companies attracted by tax incentives may not meet rigorous environmental standards. These results highlight the importance for policymakers to balance economic incentives with environmental protection in ECOWAS. Attractive tax policies can stimulate investment, but they must be designed in a way that encourages environmentally friendly practices, thereby helping to improve air quality in the region.

Design and impact estimation of a reform program of China's tax and fee policies for low-grade oil and gas resources

With China＇s rapid economic development,it is important to formulate reasonable and feasible tax and fee policies to promote the development and utilization of low-grade oil and gas resources to guarantee China＇s energy supply security.In this paper,by analyzing major problems of China＇s current tax and fee policies for oil and gas resources,a reform program for low-grade oil and gas resources is designed from the aspects of tax/fee items and tax/fee rates.The impacts of this reform program on China and China＇s oil companies during the ＂Twelfth Five-Year Plan＂ are investigated according to the related data in 2008.The results show that the proposed tax and fee reform program will lower the tax burden of oil companies,promote the development of low-grade oil and gas resources,and increase China＇s GDP and national fiscal revenue.Besides that,it will bring positive social effects by increasing employment opportunities.

Argument for Ruling a Unique European Tax

Harmonization of tax policy at European level is the result of compromise that must be achieved between member states＇ sovereignty and obstacles that create differences in legal regime for different categories of taxes. The current level of harmonization achieved by the member states clearly shows that the process of reconciliation of taxes will not be a spontaneous, nor will evolve rapidly. With the occasion of European Union [EU] enlargement in 2004 and 2007, disparities in income levels matter between nationals of member states have put more pressure on the cooperation between member states, but some progress has been made including in this area. The idea of harmonization of taxes in the European plan is not new. Context of pertinent and uniform EU position has occurred since the first treaties concluded between member states. The free movements of goods, persons, services and capital, without any obstruction became absolute values. Creating a European tax, set and charged uniformly to all and by all member states, would be possible only if the criteria of budgetary requirements, criteria of efficiency and equity criteria are taken into consideration. Ruling a uniform level of charging would lead to establishing a single tax, mission almost impossible as long as the legal framework on taxation and civil duties remains under the responsibility of each member of EU. This analysis seems to greatly restrict the area of taxes that may meet all requirements listed. EU is still far from time to harmonize VAT （value added tax） levels perceived, but it is noted that the value added tax, income tax and tax on benefits eventually could meet the characteristics of a uniform European tax, achieving unanimous agreement among member states.

Tax Education:Balance Between Direct and Indirect Taxation,Establishment of the OECD and Examination of Its Application to the Tax Rates of Greece

The purpose of this paper is the analysis and interpretation of taxation(direct-indirect)in the context of Tax Education,as well as the promotion of social justice involved in direct taxes as opposed to indirect.Initially,a theoretical approach is taken to the general concepts and principles that govern tax law.Then the Greek tax and fiscal system is presented,in combination with the harmonization of tax legislation under EU(Community)law in accordance with the OECD(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)directives.Reference is made to those characteristics that demonstrate the incorporation of the Agency’s directives so far.Any future modification or reform of the national tax system should incorporate the fundamental principles of national tax policy but also be in line with OECD principles and guidelines.Further implementation of the Agency’s recommendations will shift the balance between direct and indirect taxation,leading to the strengthening of the former and the reduction of the latter.Direct taxes have been rising steadily in recent decades compared to indirect taxes,especially in developed countries.The main reason is that direct taxation is socially fair and efficient.Any future modification or reform of the national tax system should incorporate the fundamental principles of national tax policy but also be in line with OECD principles and guidelines.Further implementation of the Agency’s recommendations will shift the balance between direct and indirect taxation,leading to the strengthening of the former and the reduction of the latter.Direct taxes have been rising steadily in recent decades compared to indirect taxes,especially in developed countries.The main reason is that direct taxation is socially fair and efficient.

Building Tax Capacity in Developing Countries

Building tax capacity is central to the role of government in achieving the sustainable development goals,addressing climate change,and ensuring debt sustainability.Despite progress in revenue mobilization,there is still a large unmet tax potential in low-income developing countries.Increasing tax capacity requires a firm commitment to building institutions that govern the tax system and manage tax reform,and to improving the design of core taxes.To enhance understanding,this article provides a synopsis of why improving tax capacity is important and contains insights on trends in revenue mobilization,how to strengthen tax policy and the role of supporting institutions.Furthermore,it explores the importance of a sound legal framework for tax certainty,which plays a crucial role in shaping investment choices and can significantly affect economic growth.

Does Cancellation of Preferential Tax Policy Reduce Foreign Direct Investment Inflows？

In light of recent tax cuts by the US, should China reintroduce a preferential tax policy to attract foreign direct investment？ This paper investigates whether China＇s 2008 tax policy change affected inward foreign direct investment. In contrast to previous studies, we break foreign investment down into suspect and real foreign investment using firm- level data from 1998 to 2008 and conduct a difference-in-difference estimation to determine the effect of the tax policy change on both types of foreign investment and compare these to the effect on domestic investment. The results show that the 2008 tax policy change reduced the amount of suspect foreign investment and its effect on real foreign investment was insignificant, indicating that foreign firms in China are more concerned with the investment environment and economic stability than taxes. Therefore, China should create a regulated business environment instead of readopting supernational treatment for foreign enterprises.

Status, trends and enlightenment of global oil and gas development in 2021

By analyzing the distribution of global oil and gas fields and the reasons why some oil and gas fields are not in production, the distribution characteristics of oil and gas remaining recoverable reserves and their year-on-year changes, the distribution characteristics of oil and gas production and their year-on-year changes, and the development potential of oil and gas to be tapped in 2021, this paper sorts out systematically the current status and characteristics of global oil and gas development, summaries the major trends of global oil and gas development, puts forward enlightenment for international oil and gas cooperation. In 2021, oil and gas fields were widely distributed, the number of non-producing oil and gas fields was large;the whole oil and gas remaining recoverable reserves declined slightly, unconventional oil and gas remaining recoverable reserves dropped significantly;the overall oil and gas production continuously increased, the outputs of key resource-host countries kept year-on-year growth;undeveloped oilfields had abundant reserves and great development potential. Combined with global oil and gas geopolitics, oil and gas industry development trends, oil and gas investment intensity, and the tracking and judgment of hotspot fields, the major trends of global oil and gas development in 2021 are summarized. On this basis, the four aspects of enlightenment and suggestions for international oil and gas cooperation and development strategies are put forward: attach great importance to the obligation of marine abandonment to ensure high-quality and long-term benefit development of offshore oil and gas;adhere to the principle of not going to dangerous and chaotic places, strengthen the concentration of oil and gas assets, and establish multi stable supply bases;based on the multi-scenario demand of natural gas, realize the transformation from integrated collaboration to full oil and gas industry chain development;increase the acquisition of high-quality large-scale assets, and pay attention to the continuous optimization of the shareholding ratio of projects at different stages.

Views on the current tax policy of e-commerce in China

This paper provides an analysis of the current tax policy on e-commerce in China and points out that tax policy regarding e-commerce is not a‘vacuum.’Based on foreign scholars’research and analysis of relative elements,this paper concludes that the economic effects of tax policy on e-commerce do not need to be exaggerated.This paper further explains tax policies on e-commerce in foreign countries as models for China to follow.This paper suggests that we should clarify applicable tax policies for e-commerce,design tax policies under the framework of consumption tax reform,and put forward preferential tax policies that are beneficial to economic and business development,as well as presents some views on preferences that can be introduced at the current stage.

Index Construction and Features of China’s Fiscal Policy Uncertainty and Its Causes

At present,most of the research discussing the uncertainty of fiscal policy is based on the total fiscal policy and foreign data.There is no literature on the index construction of China’s total and specific fiscal policy.By means of the standard data collecting methods of policy uncertainty with China’s contextual characteristics of fiscal policy,this paper constructs China’s fiscal policy uncertainty index.This paper also analyzes the statistical features of China’s fiscal policy uncertainty index and the main factors affecting the uncertainty.Firstly,the index constructed in this paper is robust while the volatility of fiscal expenditure uncertainty is higher than that of the policy.Secondly,the fiscal policy uncertainty index is characterized by regime-switching between“low mean,low volatility”and“high mean,high volatility”.Thirdly,the uncertainty of fiscal policy is closely related to the volatility of economic growth and monetary policy uncertainty.It means that studying the uncertainty of China’s fiscal policy is of practical significance.Finally,domestic factors are the main causes affecting fiscal policy uncertainty.

Tax Challenges and Opportunities of Post-COVID-19 Economic Recovery

Governments around the world have taken urgent measures including both fiscal and monetary policies,to address the severe economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.Initially measures were taken to support businesses and individuals during the pandemic,to support unemployed people and reduce insolvencies resulting from the crisis;however,as the health situation around the world begins to improve,countries affected by the pandemic should take measures to stimulate growth and employment.This article argues that countries should act to promote investment and economic growth,in support of green energy and future technologies.Policy measures could include tax and non-tax incentives.Stimulus measures should be carefully targeted to achieve the intended result and their effects should be monitored through the collection of relevant statistics.The BRITACOM can be a platform to establish standards and exchange experiences.

Tax Policies Supporting Growth and Sustainable and Equitable Development in Post-COVID Economic Recovery Period

As the pandemic begins to ease in some places,the support made available to individuals and businesses should be gradually phased out and replaced by spending to encourage economic growth and employment.While businesses and individuals are recovering from the problems caused by the pandemic,revenue from corporate and individual income taxes may be reduced.Additional tax revenues can however be gained from improved taxation of the digital economy and the opportunities to identify undisclosed income sources arising from agreements for the exchange of tax information.Jurisdictions must modernise tax administration to improve taxpayer compliance and reduce the size of the informal and shadow economies.Modernisation and digitalisation of tax administration can significantly improve tax collection.Using the dialogue process under BRITACOM,the BRI jurisdictions can benefit from the experience of other developing jurisdictions and receive technical support to improve tax administration and collection.Tax incentives could be used to encourage businesses to invest in the digital and green energy sectors.These incentives should be specifically framed and targeted to achieve the maximum effect and monitored to ensure that they continue to achieve the required goals.

Tax Reforms in Indonesia:Road to Stronger Economic Development and Beyond

Tax reform is perceived as an applicable strategy for attracting investment and promoting economic development for its impact on decision-making process carried out by business players and investors.Driven by the vision to boost economic growth,attain escalated national development,and establish a more solid tax landscape,Indonesia opened a new chapter of vast tax system reform during the period of 2018-2021.This paper discusses Indonesia’s tax reform on two essential aspects,which are tax policy reform and organisational reform of the tax authority,culminating with the impacts of the reform on business environment and potential investors.

Promoting Economic Recovery Through Taxation in Indonesia

After two consecutive quarters of decreasing GDP,Indonesia expe-rienced a recession for the first time in 22 years.The Indonesian government has responded since the COVID-19 pandemic and started with new measures to reduce the pandemic’s potential for further harm.In 2021,efforts to revive and speed up economic growth continued.Indonesia’s economic recovery has been boosted by the country’s tax policy,particularly concerning the tax incentives to mitigate the harm from the COVID-19 outbreak.