基于Language Testing(2008～2018)的效度研究热点综述

效度是语言测试最核心的要求之一。本文对2008年至2018年刊登在国际语言测试领域最权威的学术期刊Language Testing上的与效度有关的所有研究论文进行了综合性文献分析。通过归纳发现:在以往的10年中,语言测试效度研究主要集中在口语测试效度研究、评分者效度研究、测试的预测与诊断功能效度研究、基于逻辑分析与统计技术的效度验证、效度与公平性关系的理论探讨、基于新技术测试的效度考察以及特殊类型测试量表的开发与测试效度验证等7个方面。研究结果期望对我国基于'中国英语能力等级量'(CSE)的各类英语测试的开发、效验,以及针对来华留学生的各类汉语作为第二语言测试的开发、效验理论和实践提供些许启发,从而推动国内的语言测试效度研究向着纵深发展。

Thickness measurement approach for plasma sprayed coatings using ultrasonic testing technique

The special ultrasonic testing system has been developed for thickness measurement of plasma sprayed coatings. The ultrasonic immersion method was used to obtain stable coupling condition and avoid other disadvantages of contact method. Spherical acoustic lens were designed to focus ultrasonic beam so as to improve beam directivity and concentrate ultrasonic energy. To increase testing precision and avoid mussy wave signals, moderate pulse width and frequency of the transducer has been selected. The displacement of transducer in X-Y-Z directions was precisely manipulated by step-controlled system to insure the accuracy of focus length and repetition of measurement. Optimized testing conditions (with the transducer of center frequency of 10 MHz and crystal diameter of 8 mm, focus length of 9.5 mm, diameter of focal column of 0. 1 mm and length of focal column of 0.27 mm) were selected to determine the thickness between 285 -414 μm of ZrO2 coatings plasma sprayed on the nickel based superalloy. The frequency interval of the periodic extremums in ultrasonic power spectra decreases with increasing coating thickness. The ultrasonic results accord with those of metallographical method.

Analysis and Applications of the Measurement Uncertainty in Electrical Testing

Recently, uncertainty measurement is more and more recognizable in modern data management, conformity assessment, and laboratory accreditation system because of its importance. In this paper, a set of reasonable probability explanations are introduced and an effective method is pro- posed to quantify the assessment indices for the uncertainty measurement of electrical testing laboratory. First of all, the influence from uncertainty factors during the test process is taken into account. With the use of ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 standard and probability theory, the index and model for the measurement uncertainty assessment of a laboratory is then derived. From the simulation results of safety testing, laboratory uncertainty measurement assessment activity for actual electrical appliances, and the confirmation of Monte Carlo simulation method, the appropriateness and correctness of proposed method are verified.

Inversion of thicknesses of multi-layered structures from eddy current testing measurements

Luquire et al. ' s impedance change model of a rectangular cross section probe coil above a structure with an arbitrary number of parallel layers was used to study the principle of measuring thicknesses of multi-layered structures in terms of eddy current testing voltage measurements. An experimental system for multi-layered thickness measurement was developed and several fitting models to formulate the relationships between detected impedance/voltage measurements and thickness are put forward using least square method. The determination of multi-layered thicknesses was investigated after inversing the voltage outputs of the detecting system. The best fitting and inversion models are presented.

Software Development for Digital Control of WDW Series Testing Machine and Measurement of K_(IC)

Software has been developed for digital control of WDW series testing machine and the measurement of fracture toughness by modularized design. Development of the software makes use of multi-thread and serial communication techniques, which can accurately control the testing machine and measure the fracture toughness in real-time. Three-point bending specimens were used in the measurement. The software operates stably and reliably, expanding the function of WDW series testing machine.

A novel method for geometric quality assurance of rock joint replicas in direct shear testing-Part 2:Validation and mechanical replicability

Each rock joint is unique by nature which means that utilization of replicas in direct shear tests is required in experimental parameter studies.However,a method to acquire knowledge about the ability of the replicas to imitate the shear mechanical behavior of the rock joint and their dispersion in direct shear testing is lacking.In this study,a novel method is presented for geometric quality assurance of replicas.The aim is to facilitate generation of high-quality direct shear testing data as a prerequisite for reliable subsequent analyses of the results.In Part 1 of this study,two quality assurance parameters,smf and V_(Hp100),are derived and their usefulness for evaluation of geometric deviations,i.e.geometric reproducibility,is shown.In Part 2,the parameters are validated by showing a correlation between the parameters and the shear mechanical behavior,which qualifies the parameters for usage in the quality assurance method.Unique results from direct shear tests presenting comparisons between replicas and the rock joint show that replicas fulfilling proposed threshold values of σ_(mf)<0.06 mm and
|V_(Hp100)|
<0.2 mm have a narrow dispersion and imitate the shear mechanical behavior of the rock joint in all aspects apart from having a slightly lower peak shear strength.The wear in these replicas,which have similar morphology as the rock joint,is in the same areas as in the rock joint.The wear is slightly larger in the rock joint and therefore the discrepancy in peak shear strength derives from differences in material properties,possibly from differences in toughness.It is shown by application of the suggested method that the quality assured replicas manufactured following the process employed in this study phenomenologically capture the shear strength characteristics,which makes them useful in parameter studies.

Speed Measurement Feasibility by Eddy Current Effect in the High-Speed MFL Testing

It is known that eddy current effect has a great influence on magnetic flux leakage testing(MFL).Usually,contacttype encoder wheels are used to measure MFL testing speed to evaluate the effect and further compensate testing signals.This speed measurement method is complicated,and inevitable abrasion and occasional slippage will reduce the measurement accuracy.In order to solve this problem,based on eddy current effect due to the relative movement,a speed measurement method is proposed,which is contactless and simple.In the high-speed MFL testing,eddy current induced in the specimen will cause an obvious modification to the applied field.This modified field,which is measured by Hall sensor,can be utilized to reflect the moving speed.Firstly,the measurement principle is illustrated based on Faraday’s law.Then,dynamic finite element simulations are conducted to investigate the modified magnetic field distribution.Finally,laboratory experiments are performed to validate the feasibility of the proposed method.The results show that Bmz(r1)and Bmx(r2)have a linear relation with moving speed,which could be used as an alternative measurement parameter.

Balanced Fertilizer Use through Soil Testing Leads to Higher Yields and Nutrient Contents of Maize Grains

Fertilizers use can be optimized through soil testing and leaf analysis. This paper deals with using soil analysis as a base for fertilizer use in maize. A field experiment was carried out in two summer seasons of 2013 and 2014 with maize (triple hybrid) in Oraby Village, Mariut sector, Alexandria, Egypt. Soil testing shows that soil was clay loam, with high Na and CaCO3 contents with high pH, low organic matter, medium P and K and low micronutrient contents (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu), seven treatments were designed. The most promising treatment was when P and K were increased and micronutrients were added based on soil testing. This treatment resulted in the highest yield with better grain contents of protein and nutrients which indicated that soil-test based on fertilizer use was superior. Soil analysis at the end of the experiment showed higher P and K contents. This approach could be adopted for regions with similar soil conditions in other parts of the world.

A Cross-cultural Examination of the Noise-sensitivity Scale-short Form:Measurement Invariance Testing between the US and Chinese Samples

Unwanted sound that is unpleasant or disruptive to hear, often interpreted as noise, is a widespread environmental pollutant. Similar to other environmental pollutants, this noise incurs a variety of costs to society. Numerous negative health impacts are linked to increases in noise exposure,such as increased cardiovascular risk;and sleep

Empirical Study of Hybrid Optimization Strategy for Evolutionary Testing

Evolutionary testing (ET) is an effective test case generation technique which uses some meta-heuristic search algorithm, especially genetic algorithm, to generate test case automatically. However, the population prematurity problem may decrease the performance of ET. In this paper, a hybrid optimization strategy is proposed based on extended cataclysm which integrates both static configuration strategies and dynamic optimization strategy. Dynamic optimization strategy included the optimization of initial population and the dynamic population optimization based on extended cataclysm, where the diversity of population was monitored during the evolution process of ET, and once the population prematurity was detected, extended cataclysm operation was used to renew the diversity of the population. Experimental results show that the hybrid optimization strategy can improve the performance of ET.

Results and Analysis on Proficiency Testing and Measurement Audit for Molds and Yeast in Cosmetics

In order to improve and evaluate the proficiency testing of cosmetic microorganism detection laboratory,strengthen the control of cosmetic microbial detection quality.In 2019 and 2020,the laboratory of the author’s unit participated in the proficiency testing(NIFDC-PT-242)and measurement audit(NIFDC-MA-2020-148)for molds and yeasts in cosmetics organized by the National Institutes for Food and Drug Control,respectively.According to the operation instruction for counting molds and yeasts in cosmetics and the Safety and Technical Standards for Cosmetics,the results of the sample for proficiency testing numbered NIFDC-PT-242 were unsatisfactory,and the results of the sample for measurement audit numbered NIFDC-MA-2020-148 were satisfactory.In view of the unsatisfactory results,the laboratory analyzed and summarized from the aspects of“human,machine,material,method and environment”,providing reference for the laboratories participating in proficiency testing and measurement audit..

STUDY ON TESTING TECHNIQUE FOR MEASUREMENT OF FATIGUE－CREEP INTERACTION RESISTANCE

By using dropped stress creep method a new testing technique for measurement of the fa-tigue-creep interaction resistance is developed. At varied adjusted mean stresses the creep testingwas performed repeatedly When an unlimited extensive incubation period with zero creep rate oc-curred. the stress cavsing zero creep rate is defined as fatigue-creep resistance. The developped test-ing technique was used to measure the fatigue-creep resistance in F anc C regions. The dynamic ef-fective stress could yield a better descrption of fatigue and creep interaction. The fatigue-creep rateequations with varied exponents inF of C region are established. The different deformation mecha-nisms in F or C regions are indicated

Robustness self-testing of states and measurements in the prepare-and-measure scenario with 3 → 1 random access code

Recently, Tavakoli et al.proposed a self-testing scheme in the prepare-and-measure scenario, showing that self-testing is not necessarily based on entanglement and violation of a Bell inequality [Phys.Rev.A 98 062307(2018)].They realized the self-testing of preparations and measurements in an N → 1(N ≥ 2) random access code(RAC), and provided robustness bounds in a 2 → 1 RAC.Since all N → 1 RACs with shared randomness are combinations of 2 → 1 and 3 → 1 RACs, the3 → 1 RAC is just as important as the 2 → 1 RAC.In this paper, we find a set of preparations and measurements in the3 → 1 RAC, and use them to complete the robustness self-testing analysis in the prepare-and-measure scenario.The method is robust to small but inevitable experimental errors.

盾构隧道下穿高铁路基变形影响规律及加固优化研究

为研究盾构隧道下穿高铁路基施工时对路基的影响规律,探究在隧道开挖过程中运用不同加固措施对既有高铁路基的影响程度。以西安市某地铁工程为依托,利用室内模型试验对比分析盾构隧道下穿高铁CFG桩复合路基过程中,无加固、超前管幕工法加固与地表袖阀管注浆加固3种隧道施工条件下,地表沉降值和沉降槽的空间分布规律;采用数值模拟分析验证超前管幕工法加固工况下盾构隧道下穿时,高铁路基、道床的位移变化规律。室内模型试验结果表明:盾构隧道施工中采用管幕工法加固后复合地基正上方的地表沉降最大值减小28.6%,采用袖阀管注浆加固后减小18.0%,并且采用两种加固措施后的CFG桩最大附加轴力均减小20%以上。因此,在隧道掘进过程中采用一定加固措施,可改善围岩稳定性,其中管幕工法加固效果更为显著。数值模拟分析表明:采取管幕工法加固施工与不采取加固措施相比,路基最大沉降量减少33.78%,道床最大沉降量减少45.08%。因此,管幕工法加固能够有效减小对既有高铁路基的影响。

基于CFD与风洞试验的边主梁涡振气动措施

为能够快捷且经济地完成开口类钝体桥梁断面涡振制振气动措施的选型,以一座边主梁叠合梁斜拉桥为背景,采用“CFD(computation fluid dynamics)数值模拟选型+风洞试验验证”的思路对其涡振制振气动措施选型进行研究.该桥原设计主梁断面在常遇风速下存在显著涡激振动,为完成气动措施的初步选型,采用CFD数值计算对原设计断面的流场进行模拟,通过研究原设计断面的旋涡脱落状态确定主要旋涡抑制对象,进而有针对性地模拟了3种气动措施(下中央稳定板、导流板与风嘴)对主要脱落旋涡的抑制作用,通过将各断面旋涡脱落状态与三分力系数进行对比分析,得到各断面涡振性能的相对优劣关系,并最终选取风嘴与下中央稳定板结合而成的组合气动措施进行风洞验证试验.试验结果表明:该组合气动措施能够有效抑制梁体在各风攻角下的涡激振动,且在+5°风攻角下,通过风洞试验得到的导流板、下中央稳定板、风嘴组合气动3种措施对原设计断面涡振振幅的减小作用依此递增,分别为2.7%、27.7%与87.4%,制振能力高低关系与数值模拟结果相一致;本次数值模拟结果符合预期要求,未来可针对不同类型桥梁断面进一步扩展数值模拟与风洞试验结果对比的数据集,以期更为准确、快捷地完成气动措施的选型.

Quantitative Testing of Defect for Gun Barrels

The magnetic flux leakage (MFL) method is commonly used in the nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of gun barrels. The key point of MFL testing is to estimate the crack geometry parameters based on the measured signal. The analysis of magnetic leakage fields can be obtained by solving Maxwell’s equations using finite element method (FEM). The radial component of magnetic flux density is measured in MFL testing. The peak-peak value, the separation distance between positive and negative peaks of signal and the lift-off value of Hall-sensor are used as the main features of every sample. This paper establishes the multi-regression equations related to the width (the depth) of crack and the main characteristic values. The regression model is tested by use of the magnetic leakage data. The experimental results indicate that the regression equations can accurately predict the 2-D defect geometry parameters and the MFL quantitative testing can be achieved.

大跨度公铁双层斜拉桥主梁涡激共振机理与控制

以拟建的某主跨808 m公铁双层斜拉桥为工程依托,采用节段模型风洞试验研究不同攻角下双层桁架梁断面的涡振性能及5种气动控制措施的抑振效果,结合计算流体动力学(CFD)静态绕流模拟,对比分析双层桁架梁断面的涡振机理及控制方法.研究表明:主梁断面原设计方案在+3°和0°风攻角下存在明显的竖向和扭转涡振现象,且振幅超过规范允许值;间隔封闭上层桥面栏杆或增设抑流板可有效抑制主梁扭转涡振,但竖向涡振振幅仍不满足规范要求;上弦杆外侧增设风嘴可有效抑制主梁竖向和扭转涡振,而下弦杆外侧增设风嘴对主梁涡振抑振效果有限.气流经主梁原设计断面上层桥面分离后,在其上下表面形成周期性脱落的大尺度旋涡,并在上层桥面后部再附,这是主梁发生竖向涡振的主要诱因;上弦杆外侧增设风嘴可引导气流平稳通过上层桥面,消除了周期性的旋涡脱落,并在其上表面形成一段狭长“回流区”,从而有效抑制了涡振的发生.

测耙数量对进气道稳态畸变特性测量的影响

在现代战斗机进气道相关试验中,受低速辅助进气门打开和隐身大S弯管道、大迎角侧滑角飞行姿态等复杂因素影响,进气道流场畸变较大,不同测耙数量的测试结果相差较大。国内外对进气道出口流场稳态畸变的测量及计算有较多研究,但鲜有测耙数量对进气道稳态畸变测量影响的全面对比研究。本文采用测耙测量进气道大压力梯度区和低压区并计算其稳态畸变,针对进气道风洞试验、全尺寸进发联合台架试验和进发匹配试飞,对常用的6支耙和8支耙形式测量结果进行对比研究。结果表明,对于形状复杂的战斗机进气道而言,进气道出口流场的测试需要尽可能采用8支测耙的测量方式,才能取得满意的结果。特别是舰载战斗机在舰面环境下,受舰首来流及偏流板反射等因素影响,进气道流场更加复杂,且发动机工作在特殊加力状态,对进发匹配稳定性要求也更加苛刻,更有必要采用8支测耙的测量方式。

基于测量不确定度评定理论的波浪能发电装置实验数据质量评价研究

通过采用测量不确定度评定理论提出波浪能发电装置实验室俘获宽度比测试的数据质量评价模型并进行验证,可为后续建立波浪能发电装置实验数据的量值溯源链,完善波浪能发电数据评估技术提供研究基础。研究表明,在同一工况下实验结果的测量不确定度与样本量有关,在采用测量不确定度评价不同装置的实验数据质量时应在相同或相近的样本量条件下进行,避免由于样本量的不同造成实验结果的评价差异。

Lognormal Process Software Reliability Modeling with Testing-Effort

We propose a software reliability growth model with testing-effort based on a continuous-state space stochastic process, such as a lognormal process, and conduct its goodness-of-fit evaluation. We also discuss a parameter estimation method of our model. Then, we derive several software reliability assessment measures by the probability distribution of its solution process, and compare our model with existing continuous-state space software reliability growth models in terms of the mean square error and the Akaike’s information criterion by using actual fault count data.