Theoretical analysis on springback of L-section extrusion in rotary stretch bending process

The theoretical analysis of springback in rotary stretch bending process of L-section extrusion was studied. The models for characterizing the springback angle after unloading were established based on the stress and strain distributions in the cross-section of the part. With the proposed model, analysis of the effect of pre-stretch force and post-stretch force on springback angle shows that springback decreases as the pre-stretch force or post-stretch force increases. Comparative study with experiments clearly demonstrates that the prediction of springback can resort to the current model without the loss of accuracy.

Comparative Study of Two Carbon Fiber Cathodes and Theoretical Analysis in Microbial Fuel Cells on Ocean Floor

Cathode activity plays an important role in the improvement of the microbial fuel cells on ocean floor （BMFCs）. A comparison study between Rayon-based （CF-R） and PAN-based carbon fiber （CF-P） cathodes is conducted in the paper. The two carbon fibers were heat treated to improve cell performance （CF-R-H ＆ CF-P-H）, and were used to build a new BMFCs structure with a foamy carbon anode. The maximum power density was 112.4mWm-2 for CF-R-H, followed by 66.6mWm-2 for CF-R, 49.7 mWm-2 for CF-P-H and 21.6mWm-2 for CF-P respectively. The higher specific area and deep groove make CF-R have a better power output than with CF-P. Meanwhile, heat treatment of carbon fiber can improve cell power, nearly two-fold higher than heat treatment of plain fiber. This improvement may be due to the quinones group formation to accelerate the reduction of oxygen and electron transfer on the fiber surface in the three phase boundary after heat treatment. Compared to PAN-based carbon fiber, Rayon-based carbon fiber would be preferentially selected as cathode in novel BMFCs design due to its high surface area, low cost and higher power. The comparison research is significant for cathode material selection and cell design.

Theoretical Analysis of Retrieving Atmospheric Columnar Mie Optical Depth from Downward Total Solar Radiative Flux

In this paper, the principle to determine the atmospheric columnar Mie optical depth from downward total solar radiative flux is theoretically studied, and the effect on Mie optical depth solution of the errors in surface albedo, sin-gle scattering albedo, asymmetrical factor of scattering phase function, instrumental constant and the approximate expression of diffusion flux is analy/ed, and then a method for determining surface albedo in shorter wavelength range is presented.

Theoretical Analysis of the Frequency Jump in E-fishbone Experiments

It is identified that barely passing electrons are the drive of the e-fishbones, rather than the barely trapped electrons at low frequency. The frequency jump in e-fishbone experiments is reproduced and analyzed. It is found that the e-fishbone frequency increases with the hot electron energy, which is consistent with the experiments. The growth rate of the mode （m= 2, n = 2） is greater than that of the mode （m = 1, n = 1）.

Theoretical Analysis of Nano Displacement of Nanometer Precision Actuator and Its Application

The kind of micro-/nano-meter precision actuator in cludes a piezoelectric one, an electric deformation one, a magnetic deformation one, a mechanical one, and a mechanical and electrical one. This paper puts forw ard a mechanical and electrical step actuator of nanometer precision, which cons ists of a step motor of large fine-dividing number of step angle, shaft couplin gs, a decelerator of large decelerating ratio, a screw mechanism and a pole of U shape, and has the minimum step displacement of 10 nm, the step displac ement precision of 1 nm, the step frequency of 4 kHz, the maximum loadability of 20 kg. In order to achieve the nano displacement of nano precision by this actu ator, the theoretical analysis of stress and strain must be made on the transmit ting course of nano displacement of the actuator, and their numerical simulation is done by computer. The paper establishes the constitutive equation of 3-D stress and the strain co ordinate equation of the composing system of the nanometer precision actuator. A s a result, the theoretical relation among stress and strain and displacement is set up. The torque of the step motor produces a thrust to transmit the displace ment of the above system of the parts and assemblies to output the needed nano d isplacement. In the case of concrete analysis and calculating, the comparing met hod of film-roof is applied to analyze and calculate the motor axis, decelerato r axes, the screw pole and the nut. The analysis method of plane stress and stra in is used to analyze and calculate the shaft couplings and gears. The analysis method of beam stress and strain is used to do the pole of U shape. These calcul ation is belong to the physical non-linear problem. Under the condition of smal l deformation, the analysis way of the finite element can be combined with the a bove analyses and calculations. The elementary analysis results show that the na nometer precision actuator can be applied in STM nanofabrication.

Theoretical Analysis on Geometry Structure and Electronic Structure of LaNi_4Co

The theoretical calculation of LaNi4Co, in which Co substituted for Ni at various sites, was performed by adopting the method of total energy based on the Density Functional Theory. The augmented plane wave function was selected as a basis set in combination with Ultra-soft Pseudopotential technology. The geometry of LaNi5 was optimized and the parameters and properties of the structure were given. The theoretical results accord well with experiments. This method provides a theoretical approach for the structure prediction of such alloy. The calculations of total energy, electronic density of states and Mulliken population of LaNi4Co were carried out. The electronic structure of LaNi4Co and the change of the electronic structure due to the Co-substitution in LaNi5 alloy were analyzed from the calculated results. The stability of the alloy in which Ni was partially substituted by Co at various sites was compared and the factors controlling stability were discussed. The theoretical value of formation heat was calculated.

Theoretical Analysis of Rydberg and Autoionizing State Spectra of Antimony

We calculate the Rydberg and autoionization Rydberg spectra of antimony （Sb） from first principles by relativistic multichannel theory within the framework of multichannel quantum defect theory. Our calculation can be used to classify and assign the atomic states described in recently reported three Rydberg series and four autoionizing states. The perturbation effects on line intensity, variation and line profile are discussed. Assignments of the perturber states and autoionizing states are presented.

Cryo-EM Data Statistics and Theoretical Analysis of KaiC Hexamer

Cryo-electron microscopy(cryo-EM) provides a powerful tool to resolve the structure of biological macromolecules in natural state. One advantage of cryo-EM technology is that different conformation states of a protein complex structure can be simultaneously built, and the distribution of different states can be measured. This provides a tool to push cryo-EM technology beyond just to resolve protein structures, but to obtain the thermodynamic properties of protein machines. Here, we used a deep manifold learning framework to get the conformational landscape of Kai C proteins, and further obtained the thermodynamic properties of this central oscillator component in the circadian clock by means of statistical physics.

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS ON THE DEPTH OF NEEDLE-INSERTION

In the present paper, the author sums up and analyzes descriptions about needle-insertion depth in Chinese classical medical book Huang Di Nei Jing (《黄帝内经》The Yellow Emperor’s Internal Classic). In many chapters of Nei Jing, the needle-insertion depth is stressed to be various according to 1) the deficiency or excess of syndromes, 2) the patients’ constitution, 3) the severity of disease, 4) the duration of disease, 5) the location of disease, 6) the patient’s age, 7) the location of the needled acupoint, 8) the season, 9) the patient’s temperament, 10) the pulse condition, 11) the state of “Deqi”, and 12) the location of the running course of meridians. In addition, different kinds of diseases and different stages of diseases also need different depths of needle insertion, different manipulating skills and different stimulating quantity.

Theoretical Analysis of the Kinetics Electron Transport at Solid/Solid Processes

The kinetics of electron transmission at solid/solid interface system are investigation and studied using a simple model that derives depending on the quantum consideration. A two quantum state for donor state ｜αn 〉 and acceptor state ｜αA 〉 are supposed. Marcus-Hush semi classical continuum levels theory adapted to evaluated the energies for orientation before transfer. The probability of transmission of electron is calculated to investigation the kinetics of transfer. Our result for calculation of rate constant of electron transfer shows a good agreement with experiment data.

Enhancing Cultural Awareness in the EFL Classroom： Theoretical Analysis and Strategies Development

As the world becomes more interconnected, learning a foreign language in the associated cultural context proves to be more efficient and effective. EFL （English as a Foreign Language） Teachers are sparing no efforts to raise students＇ awareness and understanding of the culture and to help students become interculturally competent. On the basis of thorough literature review on cultural study, this paper probes into theoretical analysis and strategic approaches of cultural learning in EFL classes. The extensive strategies are discussed and presented in the paper so as for more confidence and capabilities from practitioners incorporating sufficient cultural knowledge and understanding into successful EFL classroom.

High-performance triboelectric nanogenerator based on theoretical analysis and ferroelectric nanocomposites and its high-voltage applications

With the growing economy and technology,disease prevention and individual health are becoming more and more important.It is highly urgent to develop a non-toxic,self-powered,and safe high-voltage power source to prevent diseases spread by mosquitoes,especially in isolated or remote areas.Herein,we reported a high-performance rotary triboelectric nanogenerator(R-TENG)based on customized theoretical simulations and a ferroelectric nanocomposite intermediate layer.The customized theoretical simulations based on gradient electrode gaps were established to optimize gap angles and segment numbers of the electrodes,which could prevent air breakdown and enhance the R-TENG output energy by at least 1.5 times.Meanwhile,the electrical output performance of the TENG was further enhanced with a highly oriented BaTiO3(BTO)nanoparticles intermediate layer by about 2.5 times.The open-circuit voltage of R-TENG reached more than 6 kV and could continuously light 3420 light-emitting devices(LEDs)or 4 serially connected 36 W household fluorescent lamps.Therefore,a self-powered high-voltage disease prevention system is developed based on the high-performance R-TENG to reduce the risk of disease transmission.This work provides a prospective strategy for the further development of TENGs and expands practical applications of self-powered and high-voltage systems.

A proposal for the theoretical analysis of the interactive coupled effects between urbanization and the eco-environment in mega-urban agglomerations

Mega-urban agglomerations are strategic core areas for national economic development and the main regions of new urbanization. They also have important roles in shifting the global economic center of gravity to China. However, the development of mega-urban agglomerations has triggered the interactive coercion between resources and the eco-envi- ronment. The interactive coupled effects between urbanization and the eco-environment in mega-urban agglomerations represent frontier and high-priority research topics in the field of Earth system science over the next decade. In this paper, we carried out systematic theo- retical analysis of the interactive coupling mechanisms and coercing effects between ur- banization and the eco-environment in mega-urban agglomerations. In detail, we analyzed the nonlinear-coupled relationships and the coupling characteristics between natural and human elements in mega-urban agglomerations. We also investigated the interactive coercion intensities between internal and external elements, and the mechanisms and patterns of local couplings and telecouplings in mega-urban agglomeration systems, which are affected by key internal and external control elements. In addition, we proposed the interactive coupling theory on urbanization and the eco-environment in mega-urban agglomerations. Furthermore we established a spatiotemporal dynamic coupling model with multi-element, multi-scale, multi-scenario, multi-module and multi-agent integrations, which can be used to develop an intelligent decision support system for sustainable development of mega-urban agglomera- tions. In general, our research may provide theoretical guidance and method support to solve problems related to mega-urban agglomerations and maintain their sustainable development.

Impacts of Non-farm Employment of Rural Laborers on Agricultural Land Use:Theoretical Analysis and Its Policy Implications

During rapid urbanization and industrialization process, non-farm employment of rural laborers has emerged as a prevalent phenomenon in rural areas of China and become an important driving factor for changes in agricultural land use. This article attempts to theoretically analyze the impacts of non-farm employment of rural laborers on agricultural land use based on economic frameworks. As rational agents, farmers aim to maximize their income and follow equilibrium principles when they decide how to allocate their labor forces（or working time） in two departments（farm and non-farm） and how to use their agricultural land with different quality and location. The income earned by non-farm employment is higher, and there exists a comparative advantage between labors, as a result the quantity and quality of labor input in agricultural land use decreases. With the limitation of labor input during agricultural land use decision-making of farm households, on the one hand, land with higher quality is still utilized by farmers. On the other hand, poor quality land will be less well managed and is more likely to be abandoned. Non-farm employment of rural laborers and the rising of opportunity costs will result in abandonment of poor quality land, and great importance should be attached to this by policy makers.

Theoretical analysis of effects of boundary layer bleed on scramjet thrust

The effects of boundary layer bleed on the scramjet thrust are studied in the present paper.A theoretical model is developed to evaluate the thrust increment and influencing factors.The thrust increment resulting from the bleed is dominated by the rise in total pressure recovery and bleed mass flow rate.The bleed mass flow rate exerts stronger impact on the engine thrust than the total pressure.According to current bleed design,it is a severe challenge for the engine to enhance its total pressure to maintain the original thrust when there is no bleeding.Furthermore,the initial total pressure recovery,fuel mass addition,combustion efficiency and area ratio of engine exit to entrance can affect the contributions of the bleeding to the thrust increment.The scramjet needs a higher rise in total pressure recovery to counteract the negative effect of bleed mass loss at higher initial total pressure recovery or larger area ratio of engine exit/entrance.More heat release results in a little lower demand on the rise in total pressure recovery for maintaining the scramjet thrust.These results will aid in understanding the fundamental mechanism of bleeding on engine thrust.

Theoretical analysis of non-probabilistic reliability based on interval model

The aim of this paper is to propose a theoretical approach for performing the nonprobabilistic reliability analysis of structure.Due to a great deal of uncertainties and limited measured data in engineering practice,the structural uncertain parameters were described as interval variables.The theoretical analysis model was developed by starting from the 2-D plane and 3-D space.In order to avoid the loss of probable failure points,the 2-D plane and 3-D space were respectively divided into two parts and three parts for further analysis.The study pointed out that the probable failure points only existed among extreme points and root points of the limit state function.Furthermore,the low-dimensional analytical scheme was extended to the high-dimensional case.Using the proposed approach,it is easy to find the most probable failure point and to acquire the reliability index through simple comparison directly.A number of equations used for calculating the extreme points and root points were also evaluated.This result was useful to avoid the loss of probable failure points and meaningful for optimizing searches in the research field.Finally,two kinds of examples were presented and compared with the existing computation.The good agreements show that the proposed theoretical analysis approach in the paper is correct.The efforts were conducted to improve the optimization method,to indicate the search direction and path,and to avoid only searching the local optimal solution which would result in missed probable failure points.

Theoretical analysis for sound wave scattering by parallel cylindrical tubes in boilers

Although the sonic soot cleaning techniques have been applied in boilers in power plants, petrochemical works and general industries world wide, most of the correlated basic problems have not been well solved yet. By using Helmholtz integral equation, sound wave scattered by heat-exchanger tubes is numerically calculated. Sound field distribution characteristics on the tube surfaces and around the tube group is obtained. The results can be applied to the development of sonic soot cleaning techniques in boilers.

Comprehensive Molten Salt Storage Shell and Supporting Structure Design and Analysis-Part I:A Conductive and Convective Theoretical Heat Transfer Analysis for Molten Salt Cylindrical Shells at 565℃ and 700℃

In this paper a full theoretical thermal analysis of a large molten salt container,80-foot in diameter and 46-foot high,including a four-foot elliptic shell roof,is presented for two temperatures,the standard 565℃ and a futuristic 700℃,which substantially improves the efficiency of the molten salt containers through the use of a highly stable chloride salt called SS700(SaltStream 700).The theoretical analysis includes conductive and convective heat transfer analysis in the steel container,elliptic roof shell,the fiberglass insulation,and firebrick insulation,and includes thermal insulation designs to safeguard against energy losses at high temperatures.The underlying soil and the high temperature concrete foundation were analyzed theoretically using conductive heat transfer,however the area surrounding the soil surface around the bottom of the molten salt storage tank had convective heat transfer analysis included.The final designs presented in this paper seek to limit heat losses to a maximum of 250 W/m^(2) while being able to operate at a minimum external ambient temperature of-10℃,which determines the thicknesses of the fiberglass and firebrick insulation.

Theoretical analysis and experimental research on non-cavitation noise modulation mechanism of underwater counter-rotation propeller

The underwater counter-rotation propeller non-cavitation noise has an obvious mod- ulation characteristic which is due to the interaction of flow and blade. A modulation mecha- nism is presented in this paper. A sound pressure spectrum model is presented to describe its non-cavitation noise with application of generalized acoustic analogy method, the modulation mechanism is expressed with the improvement of sound pressure model. The power spectrum and modulation spectrum are presented by numerical simulation. Theoretical analysis and nu- merical simulation results are verified by the cavitation tunnel experiment. The modulation model of counter-rotation propeller is beneficial to the prediction modulation characteristics and identification of underwater high-speed vehicles.

Multiple Impact Phenomenon in Impact Hammer Testing:Theoretical Analysis and Numerical Simulation

As conducting an impact hammer testing during experimental modal analysis,the multiple impact phenomenon must be avoided.It is generally recognized that the multiple impact phenomenon is induced by the tester’s improper operation and can be avoided through more careful operation.This study theoretically and numerically investigates the whole process of the dynamical interaction between the hammer tip and the impacted structure and discovers the intrinsically physical mechanism of the multiple impact phenomenon.The determination of the interacting process comes down to solve two sets of governing differential equations alternately,and the effectiveness of the theoretical analysis is validated by numerical simulations.Four dimensionless parameters governing the interacting process are recognized in the theoretical framework.The critical stiffness ratio for a given impacted location and the critical impacted location for a given stiffness ratio are analytically determined.These results can guide impact hammer testing to avoid the occurrence of multiple impact by suggesting the hammer tip and impacted locations.