Modeling and Analysis of Airlift System Operating in Three-Phase Flow

Based on the momentum theorem, the fluid governing equation in a lifting pipe is proposed by use of the method combining theoretical analysis with empirical correlations related to the previous research, and the performance of an airlift pump can be clearly characterized by the triangular relationship among the volumetric flux of air, water and solid particles, which are obtained respectively by using numerical calculation. The meso-scale river sand is used as tested particles to examine the theoretical model. Results of the model are compared with the data in three-phase flow obtained prior to the development of the present model, by an independent experimental team that used the physical conditions of the present approach. The analytical error can be controlled within 12% for predicting the volumetric flux of water and is smaller than that （±16%） of transporting solid particles in three-phase flow. The experimental results and computations are in good agreement for air-water two-phase flow within a margin of ±8%. Reasonable agreement justifies the use of the present model for engineering design purposes.

Three-phase flow of submarine gas hydrate pipe transport

In the hydraulic transporting process of cutter-suction mining natural gas hydrate, when the temperature-pressure equilibrium of gas hydrate is broken, gas hydrates dissociate into gas. As a result, solid-liquid two-phase flow(hydrate and water) transforms into gas-solid-liquid three-phase flow(methane, hydrate and water) inside the pipeline. The Euler model and CFD-PBM model were used to simulate gas-solid-liquid three-phase flow. Numerical simulation results show that the gas and solid phase gradually accumulate to the center of the pipe. Flow velocity decreases from center to boundary of the pipe along the radial direction. Comparison of numerical simulation results of two models reveals that the flow state simulated by CFD-PBM model is more uniform than that simulated by Euler model, and the main behavior of the bubble is small bubbles coalescence to large one. Comparison of numerical simulation and experimental investigation shows that the values of flow velocity and gas fraction in CFD-PBM model agree with experimental data better than those in Euler model. The proposed PBM model provides a more accurate and effective way to estimate three-phase flow state of transporting gas hydrate within the submarine pipeline.

Flux vector splitting solutions for coupling hydraulic transient of gas-liquid-solid three-phase flow in pipelines

The gas-liquid-solid three-phase mixed flow is the most general in multiphase mixed transportation. It is significant to exactly solve the coupling hydraulic transient problems of this type of multiphase mixed flow in pipelines. Presently, the method of characteristics is widely used to solve classical hydraulic transient problems. However, when it is used to solve coupling hydraulic transient problems, excessive interpolation errors may be introduced into the results due to unavoidable multiwave interpolated calculations. To deal with the problem, a finite difference scheme based on the Steger- Warming flux vector splitting is proposed. A flux vector splitting scheme is established for the coupling hydraulic transient model of gas-liquid-solid three-phase mixed flow in the pipelines. The flux subvectors are then discretized by the Lax-Wendroff central difference scheme and the Warming-Beam upwind difference scheme with second-order precision in both time and space. Under the Rankine-Hugoniot conditions and the corresponding boundary conditions, an effective solution to those points located at the boundaries is developed, which can avoid the problem beyond the calculation region directly induced by the second-order discrete technique. Numerical and experimental verifications indicate that the proposed scheme has several desirable advantages including high calculation precision, excellent shock wave capture capability without false numerical oscillation, low sensitivity to the Courant number, and good stability.

Attractor comparison analysis for characterizing vertical upward oil gas water three-phase flow

We investigate the dynamic characteristics of oil-gas-water three-phase flow in terms of chaotic attractor comparison. In particular, we extract a statistic to characterize the dynamical difference in attractor probability distribution. We first take time series from Logistic chaotic system with different parameters as examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. Then we use this method to investigate the experimental signals from oil-gas-water three-phase flow. The results indicate that the extracted statistic is very sensitive to the change of flow parameters and can gain a quantitatively insight into the dynamic characteristics of different flow patterns.

Modeling and simulation of non-isothermal three-phase flow for accurate prediction in underbalanced drilling

The present study aims at investigating the effect of temperature variation due to heat transfer between the formation and drilling fluids considering influx from the reservoir in the underbalanced drilling condition. Gas-liquid-solid three-phase flow model considering transient thermal interaction with the formation was applied to simulate wellbore fluid to calculate the wellbore temperature and pressure and analyze the influence of different parameters on fluid pressure and temperature distribution in annulus. The results show that the non-isothermal three-phase flow model with thermal consideration gives more accurate prediction of bottom-hole pressure(BHP) compared to other models considering geothermal temperature. Viscous dissipation, the heat produced by friction between the rotating drilling-string and well wall and drill bit drilling, and influx of oil and gas from reservoir have significant impact on the distribution of fluid temperature in the wellbore, which in turn affects the BHP. Bottom-hole fluid temperature decreases with increasing liquid flow rate, circulation time, and specific heat of liquid and gas but it increases with increasing in gas flow rate. It was found that BHP is strongly depended on the gas and liquid flow rates but it has weak dependence on the circulation time and specific heat of liquid and gas. BHP increase with increasing liquid flow rate and decreases with increasing gas flow rate.

Analysis of the flow pattern and periodicity of gas–liquid–liquid three-phase flow in a countercurrent mixer-settler

In contrast to the concurrent mixer-settler,the interaction between the mixing and settling chambers have to be taken into account in the simulation of the countercurrent mixer-settler,and no work has been reported for this equipment.In this work,a three-phase flow model based on the Eulerian multiphase model,coupled with a sliding mesh model is proposed for a countercurrent mixer-settler.Based on this,the dispersed phase distribution,flow pattern,and pressure distribution are investigated,which can help to fill the gap in the operation mechanism.In addition,the velocity vector distribution at the phase port shows an intriguing phenomenon that two types of vectors with opposite directions are distributed on the left and right sides of the same plane,which indicates that the material exchange in the mixing and settling chambers is simultaneous.Analysis of this variation at this location by a fast Fourier transform(FFT)method reveals that it is mainly influenced by the mixing chamber and is consistent with the main period of the outlet flow fluctuations.Therefore,by monitoring the fluctuation of the outlet flow and then analyzing it by the FFT method,the state of the whole tank can be determined,which makes it promising for the design of control systems for countercurrent mixer-settlers.

Classification of Oil-Gas-Water Three-Phase Flow in a Pipeline Based on BP Neural Network Analysis

The flow pattern in a pipeline is a very important topic in petroleum exploitation. This paper is to classify the flow pattern of oil-gas-water flow in a pipeline by using BP neural network. The effects of different parameter combinations are investigated to find the most important ones. It is shown that BP neural network can be used in the analysis of the flow pattern of three-phase flow in pipelines. In most cases, the mean square error is large for the horizontal pipes. The optimized neuron number of the middle layer changes with conditions. So, we must changes the neuron number of the middle layer in simulation for any conditions to seek the best results. These conclusions can be taken as references for further study of the flow pattern of oil-gas-water in a pipeline.

Current optimization-based control of dual three-phase PMSM for low-frequency temperature swing reduction

In this paper,a control scheme based on current optimization is proposed for dual three-phase permanent-magnet synchronous motor(DTP-PMSM)drive to reduce the low-frequency temperature swing.The reduction of temperature swing can be equivalent to reducing maximum instantaneous phase copper loss in this paper.First,a two-level optimization aiming at minimizing maximum instantaneous phase copper loss at each electrical angle is proposed.Then,the optimization is transformed to a singlelevel optimization by introducing the auxiliary variable for easy solving.Considering that singleobjective optimization trades a great total copper loss for a small reduction of maximum phase copper loss,the optimization considering both instantaneous total copper loss and maximum phase copper loss is proposed,which has the same performance of temperature swing reduction but with lower total loss.In this way,the proposed control scheme can reduce maximum junction temperature by 11%.Both simulation and experimental results are presented to prove the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control scheme for low-frequency temperature swing reduction.

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THREE-PHASE FLOW IN AN AERATION TANK

Aeration plays an important role in the treatment of activated sludge due tothe interactions among bubbles, sewage and activated sludge in an aeration tank. The aerationperformance is directly concerned with the efficiency of sewage disposal. So the three-dimensionaltwo-fluid model was established with emphasis on the phase interaction terms in this paper. Thismodel, as an extension of the two-phase flow model, involved the motion laws of three-phases, andwas compared with experimental studies. The finite volume method was used in the numericalsimulation of gas-liquid two-phase flow and gas-liquid-solid three-phase flow. In order to discussthe influence of gas-phase, liquid-phase and solid-phase motions in an aeration tank on the sewagedisposal, three kinds of boundary and initial conditions were adopted. The simulated results of theflow structure show qualitatively good agreement with the experimental data. And the theoreticalbasis for designing the best aeration tank was discussed according to the simulated results.

Testing for Nonlinearity in Dynamic Characteristics of Vertical Upward Oil-Gas-Water Three-phase Bubble and Slug Flows

Based on the conductance fluctuation signals measured from vertical upward oil-gas-water three-phase flow experiment, time frequency representation and surrogate data method were used to investigate dynamical characteristics of oil-in-water type bubble and slug flows. The results indicate that oil-in-water type bubble flow will turn to deterministic motion with the increase of oil phase fraction f o and superficial gas velocity U sg under fixed flowrate of oil-water mixture Q mix . The dynamics of oil-in-water type slug flow becomes more complex with the increase of U sg under fixed flowrate of oil-water mixture. The change of f o leads to irregular influence on the dynamics of slug flow. These interesting findings suggest that the surrogate data method can be a faithful tool for characterizing dynamic characteristics of oil-in-water type bubble and slug flows.

On large scale CFD-DEM simulation for gas-liquid-solid,three-phase flows

Particulate flows in a mixture of gas and liquid,i.e.gas-liquid-solid three-phase flows,are frequently encountered both in nature and industry.In such flows,complex interactions between multiple phases,i.e.particle-particle interactions,fluid-particle interactions and interfacial interactions(such as surface tension and particle wetting),play a crucial role.In literature,simulations of three-phase flows are sometimes performed by incorporating interface capturing methods(e.g.VOF method)into the CFD-DEM coupling model.However,it is practically impossible to perform large(industrial)scale simulation because of the high computational cost.One of the strategies often employed to reduce the computational cost in CFD-DEM is to upscale particle size,which is applied mainly to particle single-phase and fluid-solid two-phase flows.The present work is focused on the scaled-up particle model for gas-liquid-solid three-phase flows.The interaction forces between multiple phases are scaled using the general criteria derived from the continuum assumption of particulate flow.A colour function based interface-capturing method with improved interface smoothness is developed,and the diffusion based coarse graining is employed to ensure sufficient space resolution in CFD even when particle size is increased.It is shown that the model developed is capable of predicting the both particles and fluid behaviour in the original system.

Performance characteristics of the airlift pump under vertical solid-water-gas flow conditions for conveying centimetric-sized coal particles

In this study,the installation of an airlift pump with inner diameter of 102 mm and length of 5.64 m was utilized to consider the conveying process of non-spherical coal particles with density of 1340 kg/m3 and graining 25-44.5 mm.The test results revealed that the magnitude of increase in the solid transport rate due to the changes in the three tested parameters between compressed air velocity,submergence ratio,and feeding coal possibility was not the same,which are stand in range of 20%,75%,and 40%,respectively.Hence,creating the optimal airlift pump performance is highly dependent on submergence ratio.More importantly,we measured the solid volume fraction using the method of one-way valves in order to minimize the disadvantages of conventional devices,such as fast speed camera and conductivity ring sensor.The results confirmed that the volume fraction of the solid phase in the transfer process was always less than 12%.To validate present experimental data,the existing empirical correlations together with the theoretical equations related to the multiphase flow was used.The overall agreement between the theory and experimental solid delivery results was particularly good instead of the first stage of conveying process.This drawback can be corrected by omitting the role of friction and shear stress at low air income velocity.It was also found that the model developed by Kalenik failed to predict the performance of our airlift operation in terms of the mass flow rate of the coal particles.

Modeling of Three-Phase Flow and Interface Deformation of Metal/Bath in Aluminum Reduction Cell With Cathode Protrusion

Stabilizing the interface wave of the molten aluminum(metal)-electrolyte(bath)is beneficial to shorten the anode-cathode distance(ACD)which is critical to the energy saving.A coupled mathematical model was developed to study the impact of the novel cathode protrusion on the molten fluid motion as well as the metal-bath interface deformation.The molten fluid motion in the aluminum reduction ceils is under the combined effect of the electro-magnetic forces(EMFs)and the gas bubbles generated at the anode.A transient inhomogeneous three-phase model(metal-bath-gas bubble)was established in order to calculate more accurate.The results indicate that the metal-bath interface deformation can be reduced significantly by the novel cathode protrusion which is beneficial to the electric energy saving.Besides,The EMFs decreases as a result of the optimizing of the magnetic field due to the novel cathode convex which is an important driving force for the deformation of the interface.In addition,large vortex in the metal flow field is break up into the small vortex by the cathode protrusion and then dissipated due to the viscous force and the hindering effect of the cathode protrusion.The quantity of the vortex as well as the strength of the vortex reduces significantly in the reduction cell with novel cathode protrusion.

Combination of a gamma radiation-based system and the adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system(ANFIS)for calculating the volume fraction in stratified regime of a three-phase flow

Background Understanding the volume fraction of water-oil-gas three-phase flow is of significant importance in oil and gas industry.Purpose The current research attempts to indicate the ability of adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system(ANFIS)to forecast the volume fractions in a water-oil-gas three-phase flow system.Method The current investigation devotes to measure the volume fractions in the stratified three-phase flow,on the basis of a dual-energy metering system consisting of the 152Eu and 137Cs and one NaI detector using ANFIS.The summation of volume fractions is equal to 100%and is also a constant,and this is enough for the ANFIS just to forecast two volume fractions.In the paper,three ANFIS models are employed.The first network is applied to forecast the oil and water volume fractions.The next to forecast the water and gas volume fractions,and the last to forecast the gas and oil volume fractions.For the next step,ANFIS networks are trained based on numerical simulation data from MCNP-X code.Results The accuracy of the nets is evaluated through the calculation of average testing error.The average errors are then compared.The model in which predictions has the most consistency with the numerical simulation results is selected as the most accurate predictor model.Based on the results,the best ANFIS net forecasts the water and gas volume fractions with the mean error of less than 0.8%.Conclusion The proposed methodology indicates that ANFIS can precisely forecast the volume fractions in a water-oil-gas three-phase flow system.

Operator Splitting for Three-Phase Flow in Heterogeneous Porous Media

We describe an operator splitting technique based on physics rather than on dimension for the numerical solution of a nonlinear system of partial differential equations which models three-phase flow through heterogeneous porous media.The model for three-phase flow considered in this work takes into account capillary forces,general relations for the relative permeability functions and variable porosity and permeability fields.In our numerical procedure a high resolution,nonoscillatory,second order,conservative central difference scheme is used for the approximation of the nonlinear system of hyperbolic conservation laws modeling the convective transport of the fluid phases.This scheme is combined with locally conservative mixed finite elements for the numerical solution of the parabolic and elliptic problems associated with the diffusive transport of fluid phases and the pressure-velocity problem.This numerical procedure has been used to investigate the existence and stability of nonclassical shock waves(called transitional or undercompressive shock waves)in two-dimensional heterogeneous flows,thereby extending previous results for one-dimensional flow problems.Numerical experiments indicate that the operator splitting technique discussed here leads to computational efficiency and accurate numerical results.

4D-Flow MRI在肥厚型心肌病左室流出道血流评估中的价值探索

目的 探索四维血流(four-dimensional flow,4D-Flow)磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)技术在左心室腔内应用的可行性。材料与方法 本研究为前瞻性、横断面研究,纳入2022年8月至2023年1月于我院接受心脏MRI检查的21例肥厚型心肌病患者,采用3.0 T MRI扫描仪进行二维血流(tow-dimensional flow,2D-Flow)及4D-Flow成像,收集患者一周内进行的超声心动图检查结果。采用组内相关系数(inter-class correlation coefficient,ICC)、变异系数(coefficients of variation,COV)及Bland-Altman分析比较2D-Flow、4D-Flow评估左室流出道峰值流速的可重复性及一致性,并通过Pearson相关性分析探究二者与超声心动图测量结果的关系。结果 2D-Flow和4D-Flow观察者内/观察者间的ICC分别为0.999/0.999和0.995/0.992,COV分别为0.5%/0.5%和2.4%/2.6%。4D-Flow与超声心动图的测量结果呈中度相关,相关系数r值为0.574(P=0.006),但一致性较差,ICC为0.375(P=0.013)。2D-Flow与4D-Flow和超声心动图间无显著的一致性及相关性。结论 4D-Flow技术能够可视化心腔内血流模式,对左室流出道峰值流速的测量具有高度可重复性,且与超声心动图的测量结果具有显著的一致性。

针对无线控制环境的OpenFlow流表申请优化机制

在无线控制环境下,受限于控制通道的带宽和时延,OpenFlow交换机通过Packet-In消息申请流表的过程耗时较长,这个时段内交换机可能收到同一条流的大量后续报文,并分别产生与首包报文完全相同的Packet-In消息发往控制器,明显浪费网络资源。同时,针对每条流独立发送一个Packet-In报文的方式容易导致控制通道负载以小包为主、包头开销占比过大、网络资源利用率不高的问题。因此,针对无线控制条件下报文粒度Packet-In消息触发和离散化Packet-In消息发送机制存在的问题,提出了一种基于流粒度实现Packet-In消息触发和Packet-In消息聚合发送的方案,并通过仿真试验,验证了方案的效果。

Deciphering engineering principle of three-phase interface for advanced gas-involved electrochemical reactions

As an alternative to conventional energy conversion and storage reactions,gas-involved electrochemical reactions,including the carbon dioxide reduction reaction(CO_(2)RR),nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR)and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),have become an emerging research direction and have gained increasing attention due to their advantages of environmental friendliness and sustainability.Various studies have been designed to accelerate sluggish kinetics but with limited results.Most of them promote the reaction by modulating the intrinsic properties of the catalyst,ignoring the synergistic effect of the reaction as a whole.Due to the introduction of gas,traditional liquid-solid two-phase reactions are no longer applicable to future research.Since gas-involved electrochemical reactions mostly occur at the junctions of gaseous reactants,liquid electrolytes and solid catalysts,the focus of future research on reaction kinetics should gradually shift to three-phase reaction interfaces.In this review,we briefly introduce the formation and constraints of the three-phase interface and propose three criteria to judge its merit,namely,the active site,mass diffusion and electron mass transfer.Subsequently,a series of modulation methods and relevant works are discussed in detail from the three improvement directions of‘exposing more active sites,promoting mass diffusion and accelerating electron transfer’.Definitively,we provide farsighted insights into the understanding and research of three-phase interfaces in the future and point out the possible development direction of future regulatory methods,hoping that this review can broaden the future applications of the three-phase interface,including but not limited to gas-involved electrochemical reactions.

基于 Moldflow 的汽车中控台框架翘曲变形分析及优化

以某汽车中控台框架为研究对象,测量试模样品发现其翘曲变形量超过了装配要求。通过Moldflow软件模拟了该塑件实际的注塑过程,翘曲变形量的模拟值与实测平均值的最大误差为5.98%,发现该塑件翘曲变形的主要因素为冷却不均和收缩不均。本文在原物料中添加质量分数为25%的玻璃纤维以及优化工艺参数后,翘曲变形量的模拟值与初始方案相比降低了86.22%。试模验证表明,优化后的翘曲变形量模拟值与实测平均值的最大误差为4.35%,证明了Moldflow软件模拟分析的准确性。试模后各检测点的最大翘曲变形量降到了1.6 mm以下,较优化之前降低了80%以上,为类似大型复杂注塑件的翘曲变形分析及优化提供了思路。

基于Flow Simulation的某发动机涡轮压气机流场与效率分析

涡轮机内部流场对涡轮增压器的性能和效率有着重要影响,采用SolidWorks Flow Simulation模块对某发动机涡轮压气机侧流场和压气效率分析。在六种不同空气体积流量工况下,体积流量为0.29时,压气机效率最高,达到80%左右。模型的建模和流体分析均在SolidWorks环境下,分析效率高,为涡轮增压器设计和优化提供了支撑。