Cross-Correlation between Global Temperature and Atmospheric CO2 with a Temperature-Leading Time Lag

The temperature change and rate of CO2 change are correlated with a time lag, as reported in a previous paper. The correlation was investigated by calculating a correlation coefficient r of these changes for selected ENSO events in this study. Annual periodical increases and decreases in the CO2 concentration were considered, with a regular pattern of minimum values in August and maximum values in May each year. An increased deviation in CO2 and temperature was found in response to the occurrence of El Niño, but the increase in CO2 lagged behind the change in temperature by 5 months. This pattern was not observed for La Niña events. An increase in global CO2 emissions and a subsequent increase in global temperature proposed by IPCC were not observed, but an increase in global temperature, an increase in soil respiration, and a subsequent increase in global CO2 emissions were noticed. This natural process can be clearly detected during periods of increasing temperature specifically during El Niño events. The results cast strong doubts that anthropogenic CO2 is the cause of global warming.

Stochastic resonance based on correlation coefficient in parallel array of threshold devices

The phenomenon of stochastic resonance （SR） based on the correlation coefficient in a parallel array of threshold devices is discussed. For four representative noises： the Gaussian noise, the uniform noise, the Laplace noise and the Cauchy noise, when the signal is subthreshold, noise can improve the correlation coefficient and SR exists. The efficacy of SR can be significantly enhanced and the maximum of the correlation coefficient can dramatically approach to one as the number of the threshold devices in the parallel array increases. Two theorems are presented to prove that SR has some robustness to noises in the parallel array. These results further extend the applicability of SR in signal processing.

Study of road tunnel threshold zone lighting reduction coefficient

The luminance in the road tunnel threshold zone attracts broad attention due to its enormous energy consumption and direct influence on tunnel transportation security.Current lighting design methods in threshold zones mostly adopt the reduction coefficient method.However,the determination of reduction coefficient k simply considers tunnel design speed and flow rate,while excluding outside tunnel luminance and threshold zone color temperature and luminance,which have a major impact on driver visual adaptation.Existing problems in the determination of k value are analyzed;a visual performance experiment is utilized;and the reaction time of drivers in changeable outside tunnel luminance and threshold zone color temperature and luminance conditions is obtained;thus,the equations concerning reduction coefficient variation law are derived.In the end,a comparative analysis is made of the k values of the reduction coefficient stipulated by various norms under different color temperature conditions.

Research on blind source separation of operation sounds of metro power transformer through an Adaptive Threshold REPET algorithm

Purpose–The safe operation of the metro power transformer directly relates to the safety and efficiency of the entire metro system.Through voiceprint technology,the sounds emitted by the transformer can be monitored in real-time,thereby achieving real-time monitoring of the transformer’s operational status.However,the environment surrounding power transformers is filled with various interfering sounds that intertwine with both the normal operational voiceprints and faulty voiceprints of the transformer,severely impacting the accuracy and reliability of voiceprint identification.Therefore,effective preprocessing steps are required to identify and separate the sound signals of transformer operation,which is a prerequisite for subsequent analysis.Design/methodology/approach–This paper proposes an Adaptive Threshold Repeating Pattern Extraction Technique(REPET)algorithm to separate and denoise the transformer operation sound signals.By analyzing the Short-Time Fourier Transform(STFT)amplitude spectrum,the algorithm identifies and utilizes the repeating periodic structures within the signal to automatically adjust the threshold,effectively distinguishing and extracting stable background signals from transient foreground events.The REPET algorithm first calculates the autocorrelation matrix of the signal to determine the repeating period,then constructs a repeating segment model.Through comparison with the amplitude spectrum of the original signal,repeating patterns are extracted and a soft time-frequency mask is generated.Findings–After adaptive thresholding processing,the target signal is separated.Experiments conducted on mixed sounds to separate background sounds from foreground sounds using this algorithm and comparing the results with those obtained using the FastICA algorithm demonstrate that the Adaptive Threshold REPET method achieves good separation effects.Originality/value–A REPET method with adaptive threshold is proposed,which adopts the dynamic threshold adjustment mechanism,adaptively calculates the threshold for blind source separation and improves the adaptability and robustness of the algorithm to the statistical characteristics of the signal.It also lays the foundation for transformer fault detection based on acoustic fingerprinting.

Temporal-spatial cross-correlation analysis of non-stationary near-surface wind speed time series

Temporal-spatial cross-correlation analysis of non-stationary wind speed time series plays a crucial role in wind field reconstruction as well as in wind pattern recognition.Firstly,the near-surface wind speed time series recorded at different locations are studied using the detrended fluctuation analysis(DFA),and the corresponding scaling exponents are larger than 1.This indicates that all these wind speed time series have non-stationary characteristics.Secondly,concerning this special feature( i.e.,non-stationarity)of wind signals,a cross-correlation analysis method,namely detrended cross-correlation analysis(DCCA) coefficient,is employed to evaluate the temporal-spatial cross-correlations between non-stationary time series of different anemometer pairs.Finally,experiments on ten wind speed data synchronously collected by the ten anemometers with equidistant arrangement illustrate that the method of DCCA cross-correlation coefficient can accurately analyze full-scale temporal-spatial cross-correlation between non-stationary time series and also can easily identify the seasonal component,while three traditional cross-correlation techniques(i.e.,Pearson coefficient,cross-correlation function,and DCCA method) cannot give us these information directly.

A Correlation Coefficient Approach for Evaluation of Stiffness Degradation of Beams Under Moving Load

This paper presents a new approach using correlation and cross-correlation coefficients to evaluate the stiffness degradation of beams under moving load.The theoretical study of identifying defects by vibration methods showed that the traditional methods derived from the vibration measurement data have not met the needs of the actual issues.We show that the correlation coefficients allow us to evaluate the degree and the effectiveness of the defects on beams.At the same time,the cross-correlation model is the basis for determining the relative position of defects.The results of this study are experimentally conducted to confirm the relationship between the correlation coefficients and the existence of the defects.In particular,the manuscript shows that the sensitivity of the correlation coefficients and cross-correlation is much higher than the parameters such as changes in stiffness(EJ)and natural frequency values(Δf).This study suggests using the above parameters to evaluate the stiffness degradation of beams by vibration measurement data in practice.

Effects of signal modulation and coloured cross-correlation of coloured noises on the diffusion of a harmonic oscillator

The diffusion in a harmonic oscillator driven by coloured noises ξ（t） and η（t） with coloured cross-correlation in which one of the noises is modulated by a biased periodic signal is investigated. The exact expression of diffusion coefficient d as a function of noise parameter, signal parameter, and oscillator frequency is derived. The findings in this paper are as follows. 1） The curves of d versus noise intensity D and d versus noises cross-correlation time z3 exist as two different phases. The transition between the two phases arises from the change of the cross-correlation coefficient A of the two Ornstein-Uhlenbeck （O-U） noises. 2） Changing the value of T3, the curves of d versus Q, the intensity of colored noise that is modulated by the signal, can transform from a phase having a minimum to a monotonic phase. 3） Changing the value of signal amplitude A, d versus Q curves can transform from a phase having a minimum to a monotonic phase. The above-mentioned results demonstrate that a like noise-induced transition appears in the model.

考虑启动压力梯度的致密油藏水平井裂缝干扰渗流特征

针对致密油开发中体积压裂水平井裂缝干扰的问题,在三线性流模型的基础上,通过引入半渗透边界条件和井间干扰系数α,建立了考虑未改造区启动压力梯度的致密油藏水平井裂缝干扰渗流模型,对不同干扰情况下水平井井底压力动态及产量递减特征进行了研究。研究结果表明:(1)α越大,裂缝干扰条数越多,压力动态曲线改造区线性流持续的时间越长,改造区窜流、拟稳定流动发生得越晚;未改造区启动压力梯度越大,拟稳定流发生的时间就越早。(2)裂缝导流能力越大,主裂缝线性流出现时间越早,两井裂缝导流能力越接近,α对压力动态的影响较明显。(3)α越大,井底压力相对较低的水平井初期产量越高,至晚期后,产量下降越明显,无因次启动压力梯度越大,后期产量递减越快。(4)裂缝导流能力越小,前期阶段产量曲线越靠下,两井裂缝导流能力相近时,α对产量的干扰相对较大。

环境规制、数据要素配置水平与产业结构调整

文章基于数字经济、绿色经济发展深刻影响产业结构转型升级进程这一背景,首先在理论分析的基础上构建了数据要素配置水平综合评价指标体系;然后采用Dagum基尼系数对数据要素配置水平的空间差异及主要来源进行分解测算;最后,基于2012—2019年省级面板数据探讨了环境规制的结构调整红利及数据要素有效配置的渠道效应。研究结果显示,我国数据要素配置水平总体空间差异明显,且区域间差异为主要来源,区域内差异次之。环境规制对产业结构升级存在先促进后抑制的“倒U”型影响,数据要素配置也有显著促进作用。动态边际效应结果显示,在研究期内环境规制所带来的产业结构“调整红利”正在逐渐弱化,数据要素优化配置可充当环境规制促进产业结构升级的有效路径,且从子维度来看,数据传播共享的渠道效应最为显著。数据要素配置的网络外部性特征对环境规制和产业结构优化的调节作用在不同地区所呈现的阶段性特征不同。

多向加权Tsallis熵最大化导向的自动阈值分割方法

受噪声或随机细节、目标和背景的大小比例、成像时的点扩散等不同因素的影响,许多图像的灰度直方图呈现为无模态、单模态、双模态或者多模态样式.为了在统一框架内处理这4种不同模态情形下的自动阈值选择问题,本文提出了一种多向加权Tsallis熵最大化导向的自动阈值分割方法(Multi-directional Weighted Tsallis Entropy,MWTE).基于新设计的反正切方向性卷积核的多尺度乘积效应,该方法将不同模态的灰度直方图转化为统一的单模态右偏灰度直方图.在4个不同方向上提取出这种特殊的单模态右偏灰度直方图后,通过多向加权策略构建出与原始图像灰度值紧密相关的加权Tsallis熵目标函数,并以该目标函数取最大值时对应的灰度值作为最终分割阈值.本文将提出的方法和3个阈值分割方法、1个软分割方法、1个活动轮廓分割方法以及1个自动聚类分割方法进行了比较.在4种不同模态情形下的4幅合成图像和50幅真实世界图像上的实验结果表明,本文提出的方法虽然在计算效率方面不占有优势,但它对不同模态的测试图像具有更稳健的分割适应性,且在量化分割精度所用的马修斯相关系数方面优于其他6个分割方法.

基于改进切尾均值的矿井图像去噪算法

现有矿井图像去噪算法对于复杂噪声的去除效果有限,且处理速度不能满足实时监控需求。针对该问题,提出一种基于改进切尾均值的矿井图像去噪算法。首先,采用切尾均值滤波器对图像噪声进行初步滤除,同时引入二次检验机制处理残留的噪声点,通过引入离散系数提升算法对不同像素的区分能力,增强去噪性能;其次,采用基于极值数量的分类处理及再次检验机制,有效减少残留噪声问题;然后,在小波函数中引入新的控制变量优化软阈值函数和硬阈值函数,构建双阈值函数,结合Radon变换增强对线性特征的处理,增强对矿井图像的检测能力;最后,采用均方误差(MSE)与峰值信噪比(PSNR)进行图像质量评价。实验结果表明:相较于切尾均值算法、硬阈值算法、软阈值算法,基于改进切尾均值的矿井图像去噪算法处理的图像的MSE增长相对缓慢,MSE最小,图像去噪效果最好;引入离散系数后,去噪图像的MSE相较于引入前低300 dB左右,PSNR相较于引入前高20 dB左右,引入离散系数能有效减少噪声点对算法的影响;相较于卡尔曼遗传优化算法、变换域图像去噪算法、交叉分支卷积去噪网络,基于改进切尾均值的矿井图像去噪算法处理的图像MSE分别降低了27,21,13 dB,PSNR分别提升了8,6,3 dB,去噪耗时分别缩短了0.20,0.16,0.14 s。

《“三下”开采规范》中安全煤(岩)柱留设问题探讨

针对《建筑物、水体、铁路及主要井巷煤柱留设与压煤开采规范》中安全煤(岩)柱设计以及水压对顶板突水控制作用等问题进行探讨。首先分析了规范的附表4-3表头文字,指出保护层厚度的有关规定仅适用于松散含水层(含地表水体),至于基岩含水层下采煤应如何确定保护层厚度则未明确;进而以泥岩与黏性土层均具有阻水功能为桥梁,推导出基岩含水层下采煤可参照“松散层下黏性土层累计厚度大于采厚”条件执行,遵照“就高不就低原则”,基岩含水层下保护层厚度统一取采厚的4倍为宜;既然规范适用条件为单层采厚不大于3.0 m,则附表4-3中“松散层厚度小于采厚”的规定难以理解,建议删除。其次,基于“保护”一词的科学内涵对“保护层”重新定义,即导水裂缝带顶界面到含水层底界面之间的隔水岩层均具有“保护”功能,应统称为保护层H_(b);进而提出了保护系数B_(s)概念,即保护层厚度与单层采厚的比值;松散含水层下保护系数分区阈值(B_(i)=2、3、4、5、6、7),基岩含层下保护系数分区阈值B_(i)=4,据此对顶板水害风险进行等级划分:突水区(B_(s)≤0)、危险区(0<B_(s)<B_(i))、安全区(B_(s)≥B_(i))。此外,借鉴底板突水系数概念,将单位厚度保护层承受的水头压力称为保护层承压系数(T=P/H_(b)),通过对3种煤水结构条件下承压系数的分析,得出第4系松散含水层、非煤系基岩含水层下采煤可以不考虑水压,煤系基岩含水层下采煤随着开采深度增加、水压随之增大而带来突(涌)水风险。最后,分析了底板含水层顶部存在被泥质物充填隔水带时,《“三下”开采规范》给出的底板防水安全煤(岩)柱表达式(h_(a)≥h_(1)+h_(2)+h_(4))与附图相矛盾,正确的表达式应为h_(a)≥h_(1)+h_(2)-h_(4)。

参数优化VMD结合改进小波包阈值的去噪方法

针对轴承信号故障特征容易被噪声淹没的问题,提出一种参数优化变分模态分解结合改进小波包阈值的去噪方法。首先,通过变分模态分解(Variational Mode Decomposition,VMD)结合改进粒子群算法(Improve Particle Swarm Optimization,IPSO)将含噪信号分解为若干本征模态分量(Intrinsic Mode Function,IMF)。以最大相关系数-相关峭度为准则,把IMF分为高值分量(High-value Intrinsic Mode Function,HIMF)和低值分量(Low-value Intrinsic Mode Function,LIMF)。再对LIMF进行改进小波包(Improved Wavelet Packet,IWP)阈值去噪。最后对重构信号进行包络解调,提取轴承故障特征频率,完成故障诊断。实验结果表明,该方法不仅能够避免“过扼杀”现象,并且可以得到信噪比更高的去噪信号。

煤层顶板水害风险保护系数法评价技术研究

关于近水体下采煤防水安全煤(岩)柱保护层厚度取采高倍数问题,《建筑物、水体、铁路及主要井巷煤柱留设与压煤开采规范》(以下简称《“三下”开采规范》)附表4-3“防水安全煤(岩)柱保护层厚度”仅适用于“松散含水层”下采煤,至于基岩含水层下采煤以及老空水体下采煤如何确定保护层厚度并未涉及;常用的顶板水害风险评价技术方法评价的主要内容包括富水性评价、导通性评价、充水强度评价,在含水层富水性已知的情况下,评价方法可以进一步简化,仅评价“导通性”即可。基于以上2点,从《“三下”开采规范》出发,试图构建类似于底板突水系数那样简单的判据用于评价顶板水害风险。首先,基于“保护”一词的科学内涵,提出导水裂隙带顶界面至上覆含水层之间的隔水岩层均具有保护功能,应统称为保护层(Hb);基于《“三下”开采规范》中保护层厚度选取采高(A)一定倍数的做法,提出了保护系数(Bs)概念,即保护层厚度与采高的比值(Bs=Hb/A)。其次,基于《“三下”开采规范》附表4-3关于防隔水煤(岩)柱保护层厚度取值的规定,提出松散含水层下采煤的保护系数分区阈值Bi=(0,2、3、4、5、6、7);煤系地层一般为砂、泥岩互层型沉积建造,其中泥岩具有阻水功能(相当于松散层下的黏性土层),且泥岩总厚度一般大于累计采厚,故基岩含水层下保护层厚度可参照《“三下”开采规范》附表4-3“松散层底部黏性土层厚度大于累计采厚”的条件并按最大值选取,即4A,遂提出评价基岩含层的保护系数分区阈值Bi=(0,4)。根据保护系数和分区阈值,可将评价区划分为突水区(Bs≤0)、危险区(0<Bs<Bi)、安全区(Bs≥Bi)。当煤层上方有多层含水层时,应分别进行评价。最后,举例说明应用保护系数评价顶板水害风险的过程和方法,指出当含水层富水性为中等及以上时,“突水区”“危险区”的内涵侧重于安全性,通常作为防水安全煤柱留设;当含水层富水性弱或疏放经济时,“突水区”“危险区”主要用于指导疏干工程设计。

基于小波双阈值滤波算法的膈肌肌电信号去噪方法

针对传统去心电信号(ECG)干扰算法处理异常ECG信号效果欠佳的问题,提出一种基于小波双阈值滤波算法的膈肌肌电(EMGdi)信号降噪方法。该方法以小波系数为基础,构造QRS群波中R峰的检测阈值,进而准确定位R峰位置。在此基础上,采用干扰区间两侧小波平均能量作为干扰区间阈值计算依据,对干扰区间进行平滑处理。通过临床EMGdi信号去ECG干扰实验,结果表明本文方法在去干扰性能上优于传统算法,尤其针对弱EMGdi信号去干扰优势更加明显。

基于参数优化VMD-小波阈值的轴承振动信号降噪方法

为了解决复杂工况下滚动轴承振动信号存在随机噪声的问题,提出了一种基于参数优化变分模态分解(VMD)-小波阈值的滚动轴承降噪方法。首先,利用以包络熵为适应度函数的天鹰算法对变分模态分解算法的模态分解数K和惩罚因子α进行了自适应选择,代入VMD分解中,得到若干本征模态函数(IMFs);然后,根据峭度-相关系数将IMF分量划分为纯净分量和含噪分量,对含噪分量进行了小波阈值降噪处理;最后,对处理后的分量进行了重构,并用重构信号进行了包络谱分析,实现了滚动轴承的信号降噪目的,并利用仿真信号和美国凯斯西储大学公开的轴承数据集对上述降噪方法的有效性进行了验证。研究结果表明:基于参数优化VMD-小波阈值的降噪方法减少了滚动轴承运行状态下的随机噪声,相对小波阈值降噪方法,所得仿真信号信噪比提升53%,均方误差降低13%;在故障特征频率为162 Hz时,所得实验降噪信号包络谱的前6倍频谱峰值更为明显,且受随机噪声影响较小。该研究方法在滚动轴承等旋转机械信号降噪方面具有一定的参考价值。

滇池环湖截污体系优选截留率及其影响因素研究

农村农业非点源污染是滇池污染负荷的主要来源之一,环湖截污治污体系对农村农业污水的截留具有重要意义。为实现对该体系的自动化控制,有效支撑智能化控制平台的高效运行,本研究在前期通过对比分析,确定截污治污体系截流井采用基于总磷(TP)浓度阈值控制模式对农村农业非点源污染物负荷截留效果最好的基础上,针对环湖截污治污体系现状条件下,采用TP浓度阈值控制模式对应的优选截留率进行研究,探讨了重现期和雨峰系数的影响,并就选择性截留后枯、平和丰水年农业农村非点源污染负荷的入湖系数进行计算。结果表明,(1)当干渠发生溢流时,存在优选TP浓度阈值,当截留TP浓度大于等于该阈值的径流时,可以使溢流进入滇池的污染物负荷最小,此时截留径流量与总径流量的比值即为优选截留率。(2)随重现期的增大,TP浓度阈值的设定值整体呈减小趋势,所截留的污染物平均浓度减小,优选截留率减小。(3)随雨峰系数增大,TP浓度阈值的设定值增大,优选截留率变化不大。(4)考虑基于TP浓度阈值控制模式的环湖截污系统截留作用后,滇池农业农村非点源污染负荷的入湖系数:枯、平、丰水年COD分别为0.09、0.14、0.23;总氮分别为0.10、0.22、0.31;TP分别为0.07、0.12、0.19,均较不考虑环湖截污系统截留作用时显著降低。(5)采用TP浓度阈值控制模式,在枯、平及丰水年均可有效提升截污干渠末端水质净化厂的进水浓度,增强处理工艺的运行稳定性。

公路隧道照明中阈限亮度差研究

对比显示系数能够衡量公路隧道照明方式和照明质量,为了得到对比显示系数需要先确定阈限亮度差的取值情况。基于对比显示系数与阈限亮度差之间的关系,采用定值刺激法通过计算机模拟完成阈限亮度差实验。实验分别得到了正负亮度对比、小目标物呈现时间2s情况下不同识别几率时的阈限亮度对比数据,经统计分析得到正负亮度对比下的阈限亮度差数学模型;最后依据观察者年龄、小目标物正负亮度对比和小目标物呈现时间来修正阈限亮度差。

A Novel CMOS Voltage Reference Based on Threshold Voltage Difference Between p-Type and n-Type MOSFETs

A novel MOS-only voltage reference is presented,which is based on the threshold voltage difference between p-type and n-type MOSFETs. Its precision is improved by the cancellation of the process variation. The reference has been successfully implemented in a Chartered 0.35μm CMOS process. The occupied chip area is 0. 022mm^2. Measurements indicate that without trimming, the average output voltage error is 6mV at room temperature compared with the simulation result. The temperature coefficient is 180ppm/℃ in the worst case in the temperature range of 0 to 100℃ ,and the line regulation is ± 1.1%. The reference is applied in an adaptive power MOSFET driver.

3D digital-image correlation insight into generalized relaxation behavior of sandstone under stress and pore pressure coupling

The occurrence of geological hazards and the instability of geotechnical engineering structures are closely related to the time-dependent behavior of rock.However,the idealization boundary condition for constant stress in creep or constant strain in relaxation is not usually attained in natural geological systems.Therefore,generalized relaxation tests that explore the simultaneous changes of stress and strain with time under different stress levels with constant pore-water pressure are conducted in this study.The results show that in area Ⅰ,area Ⅱ,and area Ⅲ,the stress and strain both change synchronously with time and show similar evolutionary laws as the strain-time curve for creep or the stress-time curve for relaxation.When the applied stress level surpasses the δ_(ci) or δ_(cd) threshold,the variations in stress and strain and their respective rates of change exhibit a significant increase.The radial deformation and its rate of change exhibit greater sensitivity in response to stress levels.The apparent strain deforms homogeneously at the primary stage,and subsequently,gradually localizes due to the microcrack development at the secondary stage.Ultimately,interconnection of the microcracks causes the formation of a shear-localization zone at the tertiary stage.The strain-time responses inside and outside the localization zone are characterized by local strain accumulation and inelastic unloading during the secondary and tertiary stages,respectively.The width of the shear-localization zone is found to range from 4.43 mm to 7.08 mm and increased with a longer time-to-failure.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)reveals a dominant coalescence of intergranular cracks on the fracture surface,and the degree of physiochemical deterioration caused by water-rock interaction is more severe under a longer lifetime.The brittle sandstone’s time-dependent deformation is essentially controlled by microcrack development during generalized relaxation,and its expectancy-life is determined by its initial microstructural state and the rheological path.