Enhanced lithium leaching from lepidolite in continuous tubular reactor using H_(2)SO_(4)+H_(2)SiF_(6) as lixiviant

An acidic mixture of sulfuric and fluosilicic acid(H_(2)SO_(4)+H_(2)SiF_(6))was employed as lixiviant to enhance leaching of lithium from lepidolite.The H_(2)SiF_(6) was obtained as a byproduct of anhydrous hydrofluoric acid production,aiming to provide HF molecules.It was found that the HF molecules were the main reaction component and played a key role in strengthening the dissolution of lepidolite.Different factors,including mass ratio of ore/H_(2)SO_(4)/H_(2)SiF_(6),concentrations of H_(2)SO_(4) and H_(2)SiF_(6),leaching temperatures(40−80℃)and time(15−75 min),were investigated.Moreover,an efficient tubular reactor was employed to improve this acid leaching system.Under the optimal conditions(ore/H_(2)SO_(4)/H_(2)SiF_(6) mass ratio of 1:0.8:1.6,80 wt.% H_(2)SO_(4),15 wt.% H_(2)SiF_(6),80℃,15 min),97.9% of Li,96.4% of K,97.6% of Rb,96.7% of Cs and 81.4% of Al(mass fraction)were leached.Additionally,a two-step thermal process was proposed to remove fluorine of leaching slurry.This acid treatment using an acidic mixture of H_(2)SO_(4) and H_(2)SiF_(6) in a continuous tubular reactor shows potential as an alternative process to extract lithium from lepidolite.

Modeling and Optimization of Ethane Steam Cracking Process in An Industrial Tubular Reactor with Improved Reaction Scheme

Ethane steam cracking process in an industrial reactor was investigated.An one-demsional(1D)steady-state model was developed firstly by using an improved molecular reaction scheme and was then simulated in Aspen Plus.A comparison of model results with industrial data and previously reported results showed that the model can predict the process kinetics more accurately.In addition,the validated model was used to study the effects of different process variables,including coil outlet temperature(COT),steam-to-ethane ratio and residence time on ethane conversion,ethylene selectivity,products yields,and coking rate.Finally,steady-state optimization was conducted to the operation of industrial reactor.The COT and steam-to-ethane ratio were taken as decision variables to maximize the annual operational profit.

Continuous Production of Biodiesel from Soybean Oil Using Supercritical Methanol in a Vertical Tubular Reactor：I.Phase Holdup and Distribution of Intermediate Product along the Axial Direction

Production of biodiesel with supercritical methanol is a green synthesis process.A study was carried out in a vertical tubular reactor with a length of 3700 mm and a diameter of 20 mm at 275-375°C,15 MPa,and molar ratio of methanol to soybean oil of 40︰1.The phase holdup,intermediate product,yield and axial distribution of methyl ester(ME) were investigated.Methanol and oil were mixed non-uniformly due to the formation of biodiesel and difference in their densities,even when the reaction system was in the supercritical state.From top to bottom,the phase holdup of methanol increased and that of oil decreased.As temperature increased,the concentrations of monoglyceride and diglyceride decreased gradually and the ME yield increased.When the temperature reached 300°C,the critical temperature of the system,the ME yield was 50%.Further increase in temperature led to a sharp in-crease of ME yield.However,at 375°C after 1200 s of reaction time,the decomposition rate of ME was greater than its formation rate,reducing the ME yield.

Synthesis of Biodiesel Using ZrO_2 Polycrystalline Ceramic Foam Catalyst in a Tubular Reactor

With the help of the ceramic foam research efforts and preparation techniques, the ZrO2 polycrystalline ceramic foam catalyst was synthesized, and its characteristics, including the crystal structure, the phase composition, the acid–base properties, and the microstructure, were analyzed by XRD, SEM, Py-IR, and BET techniques. The performance of the ZrO2 polycrystalline ceramic foam catalyst in a tubular reactor was investigated via biodiesel synthesis using S. wilsoniana oil and methanol. The effects of reaction conditions(i.e., reaction temperature, reaction pressure, and volume ratio of methanol to S. wilsoniana oil) on transesterification efficiency were investigated, and the reaction conditions were optimized using RSM. The optimum reaction temperature, reaction pressure, and volume ratio of methanol to S. wilsoniana oil were determined to be 290 ℃, 10 MPa, and 4:1, respectively. Under this condition, the FAME content in the product oil reached 98.38%. The performance of the ZrO2 polycrystalline ceramic foam catalyst synthesized in this work for biodiesel synthesis from S. wilsoniana oil with a moisture content of 7.1% and an acid value of 130.697 mg KOH/g was examined, and the FAME content in the product oil was found to be 93% and 97.67%, respectively. The FAME content in the product oil exceeded 97% after five consecutive cycles(12 h per cycle of use) of the catalyst. The proposed catalyst represents a new type of solid catalyst with excellent acid resistance, water resistance, esterification efficiency, and catalytic stability.

Modeling and experimental studies of methyl methacrylate polymerization in a tubular reactor

In this study, rheological examination of the mixture of a tubular reactor in which methyl methacrylate was polymerized has been studied. The n(flow behavior index) value of Power Law Model of mixture contained in the reactor has been determined within the span of 0.3492 to 0.9889 by curve fitting. Employing these numerical data for velocity profile, the reactor has been modeled. Moreover, the functions of the reactor have been compared in the three modes of plug, mixed and laminar flow. The results obtained in this research indicate that the polymethyl methacrylate mixture contained in the reactor is pseudo-plastic. Moreover, as the conversion grows, the velocity profile starts as a parabolic profile and approaches the plug mode; although it never reaches the plug. The other conclusions borne in this study indicate that when the reactor's radius is decreased, the conversion rate grows. However, as decreasing the radius would also reduce the productions rate, this procedure is not economical. Finally, in this modeling, the amount of conversion is equal to 56.47% at the end and according to its laboratory proportion which is 55.88%, it has reached the conclusion that the modeling duly undertaken is applicable and valid.

Preparation of Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether Acetate Using a Tubular Reactor

Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate (EGEA), an excellent solvent, is prepared with ethylene oxide (EO) and ethyl acetate (EA) in a tubular reactor under suitable reaction condition. The single circulation yield can reach 81%. This technology is not only safe but also makes it possible to continuously produce EGEA in industry,with low content of high boiling point by-products.

Computational Modelling of the Hydride Generation Reaction in a Tubular Reactor and Atomization in a Quartz Cell Atomizer

In this study, we present a model whereby the centre of the atomization channel is shown to be the optimal location for the spectrometric data acquisition in a quartz cell atomizer. The study aims to explore the hydride generation technique which is normally coupled with efficient thermal source to apply determination of heavy metals in water samples via spectrometric analysis. The arsenic hydride generation process and the atomization of the generated hydride in a quartz cell atomizer were studied analytically as model case studies. The hydride generation (HG) process was analyzed by adopting two hypotheses, the nascent hydrogen and formation of intermediate hydroboron species, where the results based on the second hypothesis are found to be more realistic for design purposes. Moreover, the release of the generated hydride from the liquid phase and their transport to the gas phase is simulated in a helical tubular section, in which the actual tubular section length required for separation is deduced. The analytical results have been verified experimentally by measuring the signal intensity for the free arsenic atoms against several reaction tube lengths, in which increasing the tubular section length from 12 cm to 100 cm results in signal amelioration by no more than 6.6%. Furthermore, the atomization of the hydride and the distribution of the generated free atoms are deduced in two configurations of tubular quartz atomizers. The results obtained from both studied cases illustrate that a high concentration of the free analyte atoms is generated in the first part of the atomization channel, saturates to a maximum in a position at the atomizer centre, and dissipates at the inside wall of the tubular atomizer before reaching the atomizer outlet edge, which is found to be in total agreement with the current understanding of atomization mechanism in tubular atomizer and emphasizes the fact that the centre of the quartz cell atomizer is the best location for the spectrometric data acquisition.

VLDPE Synthesis by Radical Ethylene Polymerization in Tubular Reactors–Negative Factor or Unrealized Opportunities

This paper presents the results of polymeric deposit analysis in HP recycling system on two ethylene polymerization trains in tubular reactors when using mixed initiation (organic peroxides and oxygen) in the process of various grade production. It is demonstrated that polymers belong to the very low density type (with ρ in 0,860 to 0,900 g/cm3 range), due to ultra high branching. Consideration is given to known processes of that kind polymer production. There discussed the alternatives of different approaches to special process features found. It is stated that 80-year high pressure PE synthesis history has been keeping potential for the development.

Computational simulation of fluid dynamics in a tubular stirred reactor

The flow and concentration fields in a new style tubular stirred reactor were simulated by simulating the fluids dynamics(CFD),in which FLUENT software was used and the standard k-ε model and multiple reference frame(MRF) were adopted. The various values of initial rotating speed and inlet flow rate were adopted. Simulations were validated with experimental residence time distribution(RTD) determination. It is shown that the fluid flow is very turbulent and the flow pattern approaches to the plug flow. The velocity increases from shaft to the end of impeller,and the gradient is enlarged by increasing the rotating speed. Comparison between RTD curves shows that agitation can improve the performance of reactor. As the flow rate increases,the mean residence time decreases proportionally,and the variance of RTD lessens as well. When rotating speed increases to a certain value,the variance of RTD is enlarged by increasing rotating speed,but the mean residence time has no obvious change.

Performance of a tubular oxygen-permeable membrane reactor for partial oxidation of CH_4 in coke oven gas to syngas

A gas-tight BaCo 0.7 Fe 0.2 Nb 0.1 O 3-δ（BCFNO） tubular membrane was fabricated by hot pressure casting.And a membrane reactor with BCFNO tubular membrane and Ag-based sealant was readily constructed and applied to partial oxidation of CH4 in coke oven gas.At 875 ℃,95% of methane conversion,91% of H 2 and as high as 10 ml cm-2·min-1 of oxygen permeation flux were obtained.There was a good match in the coefficient of thermal expansion between Ag-based alloy and BCFNO membrane materials.The tubular BCFNO membrane reactor packed with Ni-based catalysts exhibited not only high activity but also good stability in hydrogen-enriched coke oven gas（COG） atmosphere.

Application of pH control to a tubular flow reactor

Tubular flow reactors are mainly used in chemical industry and waste water discharged units. Control of output variables is very difficult because of the existence of high dead-time in these types of reactors. In the present work, sodium hydroxide and acetic acid solutions were sent to the tubular flow reactor. The aim was to control p H at 7 in the nonlinear region. The p H control of a tubular flow reactor with high time delay and a highly nonlinear behavior in p H neutralization reaction was investigated experimentally in the face of the various load and set point changes. Firstly, efficiency of conventional Proportional-Integral-Derivative(PID) algorithm in the experiments was tested. Then self-tuning PID(STPID) control system was applied by using the ARMAX model. The model parameters were calculated from input–output data by using PRBS signal as disturbance and Bierman algorithm. Lastly, the experimental fuzzy control of p H based on fuzzy model was achieved to compare the success of fuzzy approach with the performance of other control cases studied.

STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF VERTICAL TUBULAR LEACHING REACTOR

Hydrodynamics in vertical tubular leaching reactor was studied in this work. Based on the observation of particle saltation in curved and square return bends, the inclined return bend was developed and examined. For the narrow and wide size distribution particle system, the method for calculating the particle holdup in upflow and downflow tubes was derived on the basis of generalized fluidization equation. The model of unit pressure drop was given and examined by experiments.

大型轴向列管式固定床反应器的设计、制造、运输

通过对大型轴向列管式固定床反应器的列管布置、管板强度计算、支持板结构、管板的焊接及热处理、壳体组装、运输等多方面优化,从设计、制造、运输三方面综合考虑,使大型轴向固定床反应器的本质安全、运行效果达到更高的要求。

光伏企业生产废水处理工程实例

根据光伏企业生产废水水质特征,按照分类收集、分质处理原则,将含氟废水经混凝沉淀预处理后再与综合废水合并,采用电催化-混凝沉淀-管式微滤-UASB-AO组合工艺进行处理。运行结果表明,该工艺对光伏企业综合废水中的污染物有较高的去除率,对F^(-)、COD_(Cr)、BOD_(5)、NH_(4)^(+)-N、TN和SS的最终去除率分别达到了89.1%、97.6%、96.5%、90.6%、84.3%和85.3%,出水水质可以达到《电池工业污染物排放标准》(GB 30484—2013)表2新建企业水污染物间接排放标准要求,工程投资共计797万元,运行费用为8.36元/t,通过沼气回收、磁悬浮风机节能技术,每年产生经济效益为34.0万元,为光伏企业生产废水的设计与运行处理提供参考。

高压法LDPE管式反应器的结构优化方法

高压管式反应器是生产低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)和乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)等产品的重要装备。高压聚合反应条件苛刻,高压管式反应器的设计不仅要满足聚合反应工艺要求,还要满足装备的机械强度和疲劳寿命要求。以高压法LDPE管式反应器为研究对象提出了管式反应器结构的两步法优化策略,首先根据超高压容器标准确定反应器的管径比要求,并基于管式反应器的详细模型计算引发剂配方对管式反应器升温速率的影响规律,然后以单位转化率下的年度总费用作为目标函数,采用遗传算法优化得到反应器的管径、分区长度等结构参数。所提出的管式反应器的结构优化方法具有较高的准确性,可为高压法LDPE管式反应器的优化设计和技术改造提供理论指导。

连续管式反应器中降黏型聚羧酸减水剂的合成及性能

以异戊烯醇聚氧乙烯聚氧丙烯醚(IPEPPG)、2-甲基-2-(丁基三硫代碳酸酯基)丙酸(BTMP)和马来酸酐为主要反应原料,在连续管式反应器中利用热引发可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)聚合,合成了1种窄相对分子质量分布的降黏型聚羧酸减水剂VR-PCE-TR。采用1HNMR、FTIR和GPC对VR-PCE-TR进行了表征,考察VR-PCE-TR对混凝土的工作性能和流变性能的影响,并与釜式反应器中采用常规水相自由基聚合制备的降黏型聚羧酸减水剂进行了性能对比。结果表明,当减水剂溶液质量分数为10%时,VR-PCE-TR具有最低表面张力(30.65 mN/m);当减水剂质量分数为0.8%时,VR-PCE-TR对水泥颗粒具有更高的吸附量(2.803 mg/g);在减水剂掺量(以水泥质量计,下同)0.13%时,掺加VR-PCE-TR后的水泥浆体具有更好的分散性和分散保持性;当减水剂掺量为0.4%时,掺加VR-PCE-TR后的水泥净浆具有更小的屈服应力(1.3 Pa)和更低的塑性黏度(0.26 Pa·s)。连续管式反应器避免了物料除氧步骤,能够保持聚合控制性和聚合反应速率,因此,制备的VR-PCE-TR具有更窄的相对分子质量分布(多分散性指数为1.19),进而有更好的降黏效果和应用性能。

Natural gas pyrolysis in double-walled reactor tubes using thermal plasma or concentrated solar radiation as external heating source

The thermal pyrolysis of natural gas as a clean hydrogen production route is examined. The concept of a double-walled reactor tube is proposed and implemented. Preliminary experiments using an external plasma heating source are carried out to validate this concept. The results point out the efficient CH4 dissociation above 1850 K （CH4 conversion over 90%） and the key influence of the gas residence time. Simulations are performed to predict the conversion rate of CH4 at the reactor outlet, and are consistent with experimental tendencies. A solar reactor prototype featuring four independent double-walled tubes is then developed. The heat in high temperature process required for the endothermic reaction of natural gas pyrolysis is supplied by concentrated solar energy. The tubes are heated uniformly by radiation using the blackbody effect of a cavity-receiver absorbing the concentrated solar irradiation through a quartz window. The gas composition at the reactor outlet, the chemical conversion of CH4, and the yield to H2 are determined with respect to reaction temperature, inlet gas flow-rates, and feed gas composition. The longer the gas residence time, the higher the CH4 conversion and H2 yield, whereas the lower the amount of acetylene. A CH4 conversion of 99% and H2 yield of about 85% are measured at 1880 K with 30% CH4 in the feed gas （6 L/min injected and residence time of 18 ms）, A temperature increase from 1870 K to 1970 K does not improve the H2 yield.

基于CFD-DEM方法与多孔介质模型的管式固定床反应器柱状颗粒床层特性研究

使用计算流体力学与离散元法(CFD-DEM)和多孔介质模型分别对管式固定床反应器进行数值模拟,讨论在不同装填方式与管径比条件下,柱状颗粒床层的堆积特性与单位压降变化规律,并对比两种数值模拟方法计算结果的一致性和计算效率。计算结果表明,混合装填方式比单一装填方式更容易使柱状颗粒床层达到稳定状态。在采用单一装填方式且管径比一定时,床层压降会随入口气速增大而增大,在实际应用中应选择合适的入口气速,以防止设备损坏。当采用混合装填方式时,床层截面压力波动显著减小20.63%,床层颗粒堆积更均匀。对比CFD-DEM与多孔介质模型的计算结果与效率,发现当颗粒雷诺数(Re_(p))小于229时,多孔介质模型与耦合算法得到的床层压降最大偏差为6.3%;当Re_(p)从229增大到458时,床层压降的偏差随Re_(p)增大而增大,最大偏差为13.4%,满足工程误差要求。在计算效率方面,使用多孔介质模型计算所需要的时间是CFD-DEM耦合算法的1320。因此,当管径比大于16.58、Re_(p)小于458时,多孔介质模型对于柱状颗粒床层计算的适用性和可靠性更高。

振荡管式连续流反应器酯化制备油酸甲酯的研究

连续流反应器能减少返混,缩短反应时间,在废弃油脂的酯化反应中提高油酸甲酯收率。采用振荡管式连续流反应器,浓硫酸为催化剂,油酸为模型化合物,与甲醇酯化反应制备油酸甲酯,研究了反应条件对油酸转化率的影响。结果表明,反应温度、催化剂用量以及醇油摩尔比对油酸转化率影响显著。当体积空速2.2 h^(-1)、催化剂用量1.0%(以油酸质量计)、反应温度60℃、醇油摩尔比10∶1、振荡频率280次/min时,油酸转化率达到88.5%。

3-溴吡啶连续化合成工艺研究

采用分段式管式反应器连续化合成3-溴吡啶,当吡啶、氢溴酸和双氧水按摩尔比为1∶3∶1.2,一段管式反应器温度为50℃,停留时间为5 min,二段管式反应器温度为90℃,停留时间为20 min时,吡啶转化率达到99.2%,反应收率达到80.6%。采用负压精馏提纯,3-溴吡啶含量达到98.5%以上。合成与分离过程节能、高效,适合工业化生产。