Rational therapeutic strategy for T2 gallbladder carcinoma based on tumor spread

AIM:To evaluate the adequacy of surgical treatment of T2 gallbladder carcinoma(GBCa)according to tumor spread in the subserosal layer. METHODS:A series of 84 patients with GBCa were treated at Saga University Hospital,Japan between April 1989 and October 2008.The tumor stage was graded according to the TNM staging for GBCa from the American Joint Committee on Cancer Manual 6th edition. Tumor staging revealed 30 patients with T2 tumors.T2 GBCa was divided into three groups histologically by the extent of tumor spread in the subserosal layer,using a score of ss minimum(ss min),ss medium(ss med)or ss massive(ss mas). RESULTS:For ss min GBCa,there was no positive pathological factor and patient survival was satisfactory with simple cholecystectomy,with or without extra-he- patic bile duct resection.For ss med GBCa,some pathological factors,h-inf(hepatic infiltration),ly(lymphatic invasion)and n(lymph node metastasis),were positive. For ss mas GBCa,there was a high incidence of positive pathological factors.The patient group with extra-hepatic bile duct resection with D2 lymph node dissection (BDR with D2)and those with S4a5 hepatectomy had significantly better survival rates.CONCLUSION:We suggest that radical surgery is not necessary for ss min GBCa,and partial hepatectomy and BDR are necessary for both ss med and ss mas GBCa.

Large colonic lipoma with a laterally spreading tumor treated by endoscopic submucosal dissection:A case report

BACKGROUND Since fat does not transmit electrical energy well,delayed perforation and postpolypectomy syndrome due to electrical thermal injury are concerns in the endoscopic removal of colonic lipoma.The endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)technique concentrates electrical energy conducts to the submucosa,not the adipose tissue.This helps to minimize electrical thermal injury,especially in the case of large colonic lipomas.In rare cases,such as colonic lipomas accompanied by mucosal lesions,it is difficult for endoscopists to decide how to safely remove them.CASE SUMMARY A 78-year-old man underwent colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening.During colonoscopy,a yellowish submucosal tumor with positive cushion sign was observed in the ascending colon measuring about 4.5 cm.A nodular mucosal lesion of about 2.5 cm was observed on the mucosal surface of the lipoma.The lipoma was so large that it occupied much of the inside of the colon,making it difficult to see the entire laterally spreading tumor(LST)at once.The LST was confined to the surface of the lipoma,which had a semipedunculated shape with a wide neck.The margin of the LST was not observed at the neck of the lipoma.ESD was performed and the colonic lipoma with the LST was successfully removed without complications.After 3 d of hospitalization,the patient was discharged without any symptoms.The final pathology report showed that the lesion consisted of submucosal lipoma and tubulovillous adenoma with lowgrade dysplasia.CONCLUSION ESD is effective and safe for treating a large colonic lipoma with an LST by minimizing electrical thermal injury.

Predictors for malignant potential and deep submucosal invasion in colorectal laterally spreading tumors

BACKGROUND Colorectal laterally spreading tumors(LSTs)with malignant potential require en bloc resection by endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD),but lesions with deep submucosal invasion(SMI)are endoscopically unresectable.AIM To investigate the factors associated with high-grade dysplasia(HGD)/carcinoma and deep SMI in colorectal LSTs.METHODS The endoscopic and histological results of consecutive patients who underwent ESD for colorectal LSTs in our hospital from June 2013 to March 2019 were retrospectively analyzed.The characteristics of LST subtypes were compared.Risk factors for HGD/carcinoma and deep SMI(invasion depth≥1000μm)were determined using multivariate logistic regression.RESULTS A total of 323 patients with 341 colorectal LSTs were enrolled.Among the four subtypes,non-granular pseudodepressed(NG-PD)LSTs(85.5%)had the highest rate of HGD/carcinoma,followed by the granular nodular mixed(G-NM)(77.0%),granular homogenous(29.5%),and non-granular flat elevated(24.2%)subtypes.Deep SMI occurred commonly in NG-PD LSTs(12.9%).In the adjusted multivariate analysis,NG-PD[odds ratio(OR=16.8,P<0.001)and G-NM(OR=7.8,P<0.001)subtypes],size≥2 cm(OR=2.2,P=0.005),and positive non-lifting sign(OR=3.3,P=0.024)were independently associated with HGD/carcinoma.The NG-PD subtype(OR=13.3,P<0.001)and rectosigmoid location(OR=8.7,P=0.007)were independent risk factors for deep SMI.CONCLUSION Because of their increased risk for malignancy,it is highly recommended that NG-PD and G-NM LSTs are removed en bloc through ESD.Given their substantial risk for deep SMI,surgery needs to be considered for NG-PD LSTs located in the rectosigmoid,especially those with positive nonlifting signs.

Laterally spreading tumor-like primary rectal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma:A case report

BACKGROUND Colorectal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue(MALT)lymphoma is a rare disease,and only a few cases have been reported to date.It has no specific clinical presentations and shows various endoscopic appearances.There is no uniform consensus on its treatment.With the advancement of endoscopic technology,endoscopic treatment has achieved better results in individual case reports of early-stage patients.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of rectal MALT in a 57-year-old Chinese man with no symptoms who received endoscopy as part of a routine physical examination,which incidentally found a 25 mm×20 mm,laterally spreading tumor(LST)-like elevated lesion in the rectum.Therefore,he was referred to our hospital for further endoscopic treatment.Complete and curable removal of the tumor was performed by endoscopic submucosal dissection.We observed enlarged and dilated branch-like vessels similar to those of gastric MALT lymphoma on magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging.And immunopathological staining showed hyperplastic capillaries in the mucosa.Histopathological findings revealed diffusely hyperplastic lymphoid tissue in the lamina propria,with a visible lymphoid follicle structure surrounded by a large number of diffusely infiltrated lymphoid cells that had a relatively simple morphology and clear cytoplasm.In addition,immunohistochemical analysis suggested strongly positive expression for CD20 and Bcl-2.Gene rearrangement results showed positivity for IGH-A,IGH-C,IGK-B,and IGL.Taking all the above findings together,we arrived at a diagnosis of extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT lymphoma. Positron emission tomography-computed tomographyexamination showed no other lesions involved. The patient will be followed byperiodic endoscopic observation.CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, we report a case of rectal MALT with an LST-like appearancetreated by endoscopic submucosal dissection. Further studies will be needed toexplore the clinical behavior, endoscopic appearance, and treatment of rectalMALT.

Laterally spreading tumors:Limitations of computed tomography colonography

AIM:To prospectively investigate the detection rate of laterally spreading tumors(LSTs)of the colorectum by computed tomography(CT)colonography(CTC).METHODS:Patients with LSTs measuring≥20 mm detected during colonoscopy were prospectively enrolled in the study.All patients underwent colonoscopy and subsequent CTC on the same day.CTC was performed using multi-detector CT without contrast in the prone and supine positions.Two radiologists blinded to the existence of LSTs read the virtual endoscopic images as well as 2-D images.LSTs were classified into granular and non-granular types based on colonoscopic appearance.RESULTS:Forty-seven pathologically proven LSTs were evaluated prospectively.Histology included adenomas in 19,mucosal cancers in 19 and T1 cancers in 9.The mean diameter of the LSTs was 35.1 mm.Twenty-eight(60%)LSTs were correctly identified by CTC,and the configuration was similar to the colonoscopic appearance in most cases.Detection rate for the granular type was significantly higher than that for the nongranular type(71%vs 31%,P=0.013).Detection rate of adenomas was significantly lower than mucosal cancers(32%vs 79%,P=0.008)and T1 cancers(32%vs 78%,P=0.042).CONCLUSION:The detection rate of LSTs by CTC,particularly the non-granular type was not acceptable.Practitioners should be aware of the relatively low detection rate when using CTC.

Endoscopic submucosal dissection for large laterally spreading tumors involving the ileocecal valve and terminal ileum

Endoscopic submucosal dissection is a challenging technique that enables en-bloc resection for large colorectal tumors, as laterally spreading tumors, particularly difficult, if the ileocecal valve and terminal ileum is involved. Herein, we report on one of 4 cases. The procedures, using a bipolar needle knife (B-Knife) to reduce the perforation risk and carbon dioxide instead of conventional air insufflation for patient comfort, achieved curative resections without any complications.

Rectal neuroendocrine tumor with uncommon metastatic spread:A case report and review of literature

Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract are rare neoplasms. Rectal neuroendocrine tumors consist approximately the 5%-14% of all neuroendocrine neoplasms in Europe. These tumors are diagnosed in relatively young patients,with a mean age at diagnosis of 56 years. Distant metastases from rectal neuroendocrine tumors are not very common. Herein we describe a case of a rectal neuroendocrine tumor which metastasized to the lung,mediastinum and orbit. This case underscores the importance of early identification and optimal management to improve patient's prognosis. Therefore,the clinical significance of this case is the necessity of physicians' awareness and education regarding neuroendocrine tumors' diagnosis and management.

MUC5AC/β-catenin expression and KRAS gene alteration in laterally spreading colorectal tumors

AIM:To clarify differences in mucin phenotype, prolif-erative activity and oncogenetic alteration among subtypes of colorectal laterally spreading tumor (LST). METHODS:LSTs, defined as superficial elevated lesions greater than 10 mm in diameter with a low vertical axis, were macroscopically classified into two subtypes:(1) a granular type (Gr-LST) composed of superficially spreading aggregates of nodules forming a flat-based lesion with a granulonodular and uneven surface; and (2) a non-granular type (NGr-LST) with a flat smooth surface and an absence of granulonodular formation. A total of 69 LSTs, comprising 36 Gr-LSTs and 33 NGr-LSTs, were immunohistochemically stained with MUC2, MUC5AC,MUC6, CD10 (markers of gastrointestinal cell lineage), p53, β-catenin and Ki-67 antibodies, and examined for alteration in exon 1 of v-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) and exon 15 of v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homologue B1 (BRAF) by poly-merase chain reaction followed by direct sequencing. RESULTS:Histologically, 15 Gr-LST samples were adenomas with low-grade dysplasia (LGD), 12 were high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and 9 were adenocarcinomas invading the submucosa (INV), while 12 NGr-LSTs demonstrated LGD, 14 HGD and 7 INV. In the proximal colon, MUC5AC expression was significantly higher in the Gr-type than the NGr-type. MUC6 was expressed only in NGr-LST. MUC2 or CD10 did not differ. P53 expression demonstrated a significant stepwise increment in progression through LGD-HGD-INV with both types of LST. Nuclear β-catenin expression was significantly higher in the NGr-type. Ki-67 expression was signifi-cantly higher in the Gr-type in the lower one third zone of the tumor. In proximal, but not distal colon tumors, the incidence of KRAS provided mutation was signifi-cantly higher in the Gr-type harboring a specific mutational pattern (G12V). BRAF mutations (V600E) were detected only in two Gr-LSTs. CONCLUSION:The two subtypes of LST, especially in the proximal colon, have differing phenotypes of gastrointestinal cell lineage, proliferation and activation of Wnt/β-catenin or RAS/RAF/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling.

Endoscopic management of difficult laterally spreading tumors in colorectum

Due to the advent of the screening programs for colorectal cancer and the era of quality assurance colonoscopy the number the polyps that can be considered difficult,including large(>20 mm)laterally spreading tumors(LSTs),has increased in the last decade.All LSTs should be assessed carefully,looking for suspicious areas of submucosal invasion(SMI),such as nodules or depressed areas,describing the morphology according to the Paris classification,the pit pattern,and vascular pattern.The simplest,most appropriate and safest endoscopic treatment with curative intent should be selected.For LST-granular homogeneous type,piecemeal endoscopic mucosal resection should be the first option due to its biological low risk of SMI.LST-nongranular pseudodepressed type has an increased risk of SMI,and en bloc resection should be mandatory.Underwater endoscopic mucosal resection is useful in situations where submucosal injection alters the operative field,e.g.,for the resection of scar lesions,with no lifting,adjacent tattoo,incomplete resection attempts,lesions into a colonic diverticulum,in ileocecal valve and lesions with intra-appendicular involvement.Endoscopic full thickness resection is very useful for the treatment of difficult to resect lesions of less than 20 up to 25 mm.Among the indications,we highlight the treatment of polyps with suspected malignancy because the acquired tissue allows an exact histologic risk stratification to assign patients individually to the best treatment and avoid surgery for low-risk lesions.Endoscopic submucosal dissection is the only endoscopic procedure that allows completes en bloc resection regardless of the size of the lesion.It should therefore be indicated in the treatment of lesions with risk of SMI.

188例侧向发育型肿瘤内镜及临床病理学分析

目的总结并评价结直肠侧向发育型肿瘤(laterally spreading tumor,LST)的内镜及临床病理特征。方法回顾性分析2010年12月至2019年12月首都医科大学附属北京世纪坛医院消化内科经内镜下治疗并诊断为LST的患者,根据LST病变内镜下特点,分为颗粒型LST(granular LST,LST-G)及非颗粒型LST(non-granular LST,LST-NG)两个亚组和四个亚型,总结并分析患者的临床一般资料、内镜下特征、组织病理特征、治疗方法等相关资料。结果(1)内镜下特征:共收集176例LST患者(188处病变),LST-NG亚组病变最多,LST病变直径为(22.48±12.26)mm(10~65 mm),LST-G组病变直径大于LST-NG组(P<0.001);LST-G及LST-NG好发于升结肠,LST-G较LST-NG更好发于直肠(χ^(2)=42.360,P<0.001);NICE分类对非肿瘤性息肉及癌和癌前病变诊断的敏感性为97.9%,特异性为82.6%,Kappa值为0.820(P<0.001),NICE分型与病理金标准具有很高的一致性。(2)病理特征:LST亚组均以管状腺瘤为主,LST-NG的癌变率包括HGIN为41.9%,高于LST-G的16.7%(χ^(2)=14.63,P<0.01);LST亚组间微卫星不稳定状态、p53的表达和Ki-67增殖指数差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(3)治疗方式:结肠病变多选择使用EMR及ESD治疗,直肠病变多选择ESD及手术治疗(χ^(2)=19.596,P<0.01),<20 mm的病变多选用EMR治疗,20~<30 mm的病变多选用ESD治疗,≥30 mm的病变,手术治疗的比例逐渐升高(χ^(2)=102.725,P<0.01)。结论LST的临床特性及内镜下表现存在一定的特殊性,临床应重视识别LST病变,提高LST的检出,并对于不同病变采取合适的治疗方案。

Ⅰ期非小细胞肺癌患者肺穿刺活检是否增加胸膜复发和气腔播散的风险

近年来,随着肺结节的比例升高,术前经皮肺穿刺活检或经支气管镜活检越来越受到重视。大量临床证据也证实,Ⅰ期非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的肺穿刺活检是安全可行的。但是,由于肺磨玻璃结节的组织学特点,与实性结节相比穿刺时更容易发生出血或咳嗽,肿瘤细胞在血流或气流冲击下可能会沿着肺泡壁或针道种植,导致胸膜复发和气腔播散(spread through air spaces,STAS),尤其是胸膜下结节合并有脏层胸膜侵犯和淋巴细胞浸润时需要慎重选择。

小探头超声内镜在结直肠侧向发育型肿瘤浸润深度评估中的应用

目的分析小探头超声内镜评估结直肠侧向发育型肿瘤(LST)黏膜下层浸润的准确率及其影响因素。方法回顾性分析2018年6月-2021年8月就诊于该院内镜中心拟行内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗的213例结直肠LST患者(共268处病灶)的临床资料。总结结直肠LST的临床病理特征和小探头超声内镜检查结果,分析超声内镜检查准确率及其影响因素。结果小探头超声内镜评估准确率为93.28%,不同病变表面形态的小探头超声内镜评估准确率比较,差异有统计学意义(P=0.000)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,结节混合型和假凹陷型病变是影响小探头超声内镜评估准确率的危险因素。结论结直肠LST是一种特殊的肿瘤,小探头超声内镜评估其浸润深度,具有较高的准确率。病变表面形态是影响小探头超声内镜评估准确率的危险因素,当病变为结节混合型和假凹陷型时,易影响其评估准确率。

结直肠侧向发育型肿瘤的癌变及筛查研究现状

结直肠侧向发育型肿瘤(colorectal laterally spreading tumor,CLST)是起源于结直肠黏膜,直径≥10 mm的一类平坦隆起型病变,以侧向发育为主要特征,与结直肠其他隆起性腺瘤相比,CLST具有不同的形态学特征、特殊的生长方式及更高的恶性潜能,被认为与结直肠癌的发生发展密切相关。现有共识是,大规模早期筛查、早诊断、早治疗是防控结直肠癌及CLST癌变的关键。CLST的癌变过程涉及多种分子机制,近年来,随着内镜设备的更新、各种辅助技术的发展,以及内镜医师对CLST的认识增强,CLST检出率较前增加。现对CLST癌变及筛查研究现状做一综述。

冷内镜黏膜切除术对最大径<20mm结直肠侧向发育型肿瘤的临床疗效

目的 比较冷内镜黏膜切除术(cold snare endoscopic mucosal resection,CS-EMR)与常规内镜黏膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR)治疗最大径<20mm结直肠侧向发育型肿瘤(colorectal laterally spreading tumor,CLST)的临床疗效。方法 选取2020年1月至2022年6月湖州市第一人民医院收治的行内镜下切除治疗CLST患者248例,根据随机数字表法将其分为EMR组和CS-EMR组,每组各124例。统计比较两组患者的一般资料、病灶特征、手术相关指标、并发症发生率。结果 两组患者的病灶整块切除率、完全切除率及术后复发率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。CS-EMR组患者的手术操作时间、住院时间均显著短于EMR组,钛夹数量、住院费用均显著少于EMR组,术中出血、迟发性出血及迟发性穿孔的发生率均显著低于EMR组(P<0.05)。结论 在最大径<20mm CLST治疗中,CS-EMR既保留手术相关并发症少的优点,又具有与EMR相似的治疗效果,且减轻患者的费用负担,值得临床借鉴与推广。

Resection of polyps involving the appendiceal orifice by combined endo-laparoscopic surgery: Two case reports

BACKGROUND The management of polyps involving the appendiceal orifice(AO)presents notable challenges.Endoscopic resection is frequently hindered by operational complexities,a heightened risk of incomplete removal,and an elevated risk of procedural complications,including appendicitis.Conversely,surgical resection may entail unnecessary excision of intestinal segments,leading to potential morbidity.CASE SUMMARY Here,we reported two patients who presented with polyps deeply situated within the AO,with indistinct boundaries making it challenging to ensure completeness using traditional endoscopic resection.To overcome these challenges,we em-ployed combined endo-laparoscopic surgery(CELS),achieving curative resection without postoperative complications.CONCLUSION The application of CELS in managing polyps involving the AO is emerging as a safe and effective treatment modality.

带线钛夹牵引技术在直肠乙状结肠巨大侧向发育型肿瘤内镜黏膜下剥离术中的应用价值

目的研究带线钛夹牵引技术在直肠乙状结肠巨大侧向发育型肿瘤(LST)内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)中的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2018年1月-2022年6月该院67例行ESD治疗的直径≥3 cm的直肠乙状结肠LST患者的临床资料。根据是否使用带线钛夹牵引,将患者分为A组(带线钛夹牵引组,n=32)和B组(传统ESD组,n=35)。比较两组患者病灶大小、切除总时间、黏膜下剥离时间、黏膜下剥离速率、黏膜下补充注射次数、病变整块切除率、完整切除率(R0切除率)、治愈性切除率和并发症发生率等。结果两组患者镜下形态均以颗粒型-结节混合型(LST-G-M)多见,术后病理均以绒毛状腺瘤为主。两组患者病变整块切除率、R0切除率和并发症发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。A组病灶平均面积为(13.6±8.4)cm^(2),明显大于B组的(9.3±4.7)cm^(2),A组切除总时间为(42.3±10.3)min,明显短于B组的(47.9±10.1)min,A组黏膜下剥离时间为(30.7±8.2)min,明显短于B组的(36.1±7.6)min,A组黏膜下补充注射次数为(2.7±1.1)次,明显少于B组的(3.5±1.2)次,A组单位时间剥离速率为(0.4±0.2)cm^(2)/min,明显快于B组的(0.2±0.1)cm^(2)/min,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论带线钛夹牵引技术可为直肠乙状结肠巨大LST的ESD治疗提供更清晰的视野,且操作简单,能提高单位时间剥离速率,具有较好的临床应用价值。

右半结肠巨大侧向发育型肿瘤内镜黏膜下剥离术中选择不同麻醉方式的效果评价

目的分析不同麻醉方式下,内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗右半结肠巨大侧向发育型肿瘤的疗效和安全性。方法回顾性统计本中心从2017年7月至2021年10月治疗的166例右半结肠巨大侧向发育肿瘤(LST)接受ESD治疗的患者,探讨分析不同麻醉方式、术后并发症情况、围手术期处理等。结果气管插管全麻下ESD治疗右半结肠LST较静脉麻醉手术效率更高,术后切缘阳性率、完整切除率、治愈性切除率、术后并发症发生率方面差异均无统计学意义。结论静脉麻醉和气管插管两种麻醉方式,对右半结肠巨大侧向发育型肿瘤的ESD治疗,在短期疗效和安全性方面差异无统计学意义,但气管插管麻醉方式能使ESD治疗效率更高。

结肠巨大侧向发育型肿瘤黏膜下剥离术的术中护理配合1例报告

总结1例结肠巨大侧向发育型肿瘤黏膜下剥离术的术中护理配合体会。护理要点:全面评估患者病情,做好术前各项准备工作,掌握设备、器械的性能并熟练操作,掌握手术步骤,配合医生完成内镜下手术,重视患者术中穿孔、出血等并发症的护理配合,预防术中低体温、皮肤受压等情况。该患者手术过程顺利,无迟发性出血及穿孔等术后并发症。

一种内镜手术用辅助带在结直肠侧向发育型肿瘤内镜黏膜下剥离术中的应用价值

目的探讨简易手工橡胶牵引装置在结直肠侧向发育型肿瘤(LST)内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2022年6月1日-2023年6月9日66例在该院因结直肠LST行ESD治疗的患者的临床资料,根据术中是否使用简易手工橡胶牵引装置,分为结直肠牵引ESD组(tESD组,n=22)和结直肠传统ESD组(cESD组,n=44),比较两组患者术中止血次数、钛夹使用个数、ESD成功率、术后并发症发生率、住院时间和治疗费用等的差异。结果tESD组手术时间较cESD组长,住院时间较cESD组短,但差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患者钛夹使用个数、术后并发症发生率和住院费用比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论简易手工橡胶装置用于ESD,可作为在传统ESD难以进行时的补救方案,且借助牵引后,并不会增加患者住院成本,两者术后并发症相当。值得临床推广应用。

MRI评价鼻窦鼻腔和鼻咽部腺样囊性癌的区域侵犯和神经扩散的价值

目的 探讨MRI评价原发于鼻窦鼻腔和鼻咽部的腺样囊性癌(adenoid cystic carcinoma,ACC)区域侵犯和神经扩散的价值。方法 回顾性分析经手术、病理证实的22例鼻窦鼻腔和鼻咽部ACC患者的MRI和临床资料。结果 22例患者中,MRI分别见肿瘤侵犯翼腭窝15例,咀嚼肌13例,颅底骨质13例,海绵窦9例,眶下裂9例,眼眶5例,颅内6例。只有3例患者在就诊时有颅神经症状,10例患者MRI可见颅神经增粗和强化,9例为三叉神经(V)的上颌支、下颌支(V2,V3),6例可见肌肉的失神经病变,接受手术的12例患者中有9例病理证实神经扩散,其中7例MRI可见颅神经改变,1例可见肿瘤累及翼腭窝、翼内肌至海绵窦、Meckel腔,另1例表现为肿瘤累及翼腭窝至蝶腭孔。治疗后随访11例患者中有4例复发,均伴有肺转移和治疗前神经扩散。结论 鼻窦鼻腔和鼻咽部ACC具有嗜神经性、局部广泛侵犯与易复发等特点,MRI有助于明确其侵袭范围和神经扩散情况,对临床诊疗具有一定的价值。